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- Second Quarter English 10/06/10 A. Indian Literature History - - Sanskrit Literature Has its origin in an oral tradition that produce the vedic holy texts Oral history, legend and moral tales were later fused into two great books of hindu tradition, The Mahabharata and The Ramayana which have been used as sources of countless literary works. Major additions to Sanskrit literature are the Puranas and the Panchatantra. Religious Works: - 4 One of the world’s oldest or richest. Oral traditions – storytellers present traditional Indian text Literature is influenced by: Religious doctrine karma – the chain of good and bad action and their inevitable consequences, which result to the repeated birth and death of the soul. Mythology of the dominant Hindu deities. - Prose - Poetry : Oldest sacred literature of India is found in four Vedas (Book of Knowledge) Vedas - Rig-Veda: Anthology of 1080 hymns to various Gods. Sama-Veda: “book of chants” consists of liturgies. Yajur-Veda; “Prayer book” which consists of liturgies and repetition of Rig-Veda but contain many original prose formulas. Atharva-Veda: “book of spells” which contains some hymns, spells incantations and notions about demonology and witchcraft. Brahman: Commentaries on the Vedic hymns and religious rites. Upanishads: collection of 108 discourses on the Brahman religion. Sutras: extremely concise, often unintelligible treatises concerning ritual. Secular Works: Epic: - Mahabharata : the longest poem in the world about 200,000 lines, nearly 8 times as long as the lliad and odyssey combined. The epic number of the poem concerns the battle between kauravas. Represents the principle of Good. : Tale of Savitri King Aswapati was loved by his people. He was devoted to the gods and prayed that he would have a child Goddess Savitri appeared to King Aswapati Queen Madra conceived a child and the child was named Savitri Savitri was too perfect that no man dared to ask her hand in marriage Fated Bridegroom Savitri searched for a husband and found Satyavan Narad, a wise man warned Savitri not to marry Satyavan because he was to die after their 1st year of marriage Savitri still married Satyavan Overtaken by Fate Savitri fasted and went without sleep Satyavan set to go to the forest and Savitri came with him the sound of an axe was heard and Satyavan felt a sharp pain stabbing his brain and felt his blood was hot. He died. Triumph Over Fate Savitri met and followed Yama, the god of death Yama was touched by Savitri’s loyalty and pureness of heart and granted her 3 wishes 1st wish: give back the eyesight of Satyavan’s father 2nd wish: restore the old king’s kingdom 3rd wish: to have children with Satyavan all wishes were granted and Satyavan came back to life - Ramayana : A poem of about 96,000 lines in 7 books. It concerns Rama ( an incarnation of Vishnu) and his wife Sita; Rama’s Exile; Sita’s faithfulness when tempted by Ravana , an evil spirit and Rama’s eventual destruction of Ravana. Drama: -very little is known about origin of Indian drama. -there was no theatre; the dramas were presented in the banquet hall or ballroom of the ruler’s palace. Examples: Toy Day Cart Sakuntala / The Fatal Ring *Kalidasa is the hindu Shakespeare. - Mrichchhakatika (The Little Clay Cart) by Shudraka - Malati-Madhava (Malati and Madhava) a romance by Bhavabhuti Tales: -ancient Indian had a great talent for telling stories. -the most important collections are the ff: * The Jatakas - imaginative legends concerning the 550 births of Buddha and his early life. * The Panchatantra - “5 books”, a series of tales intended as manual instruction for the kings sons. - collection of Indian animal fables in verse and prose. -an original Sanskrit work attributed to Vishnu. -it is an inter-woven series of colorful fables, for the benefit of 3 ignorant princess mainly about wise conduct of life. -5 books *The Separation of Friends (The Lion and The Bull) *The Gaining of Friends (Dove, Crow, Mouse, Tortoise and Deer) *War and Peace (Of Crows and Owls) *Loss of Gains ( Monkey and Crocodile) * Ill-Considered Action / Rash Deeds (Brahman and Mongoose) Lyrics: -Kalidasa: famous for the “the Cloud Messenger” : SHAKUNTALA (Shakuntala and the Ring of Recollection) - poetic drama, tells the story of a love affair between a king and a woodland maiden Shakuntala - a universal drama of the passion, separation, suffering and reunion of lovers. -Javadeva: Author of “Gitogavinda” or Cowherd in song. *The Puranas -A genre of mythological narratives -Five topics of Puranas: 1. The creation of the universe 2. The destruction and re-creation of the universe 3. The genealogy of the gods and holy sages 4. 5. The reign of the Manus )legendary Hindu figures) The histories of the kings who trace their ancestry the sun and the moon Classical -Started with the flowering of the Gupta dynasty. -Great achievements in philosophy, sciences and arts. -Reflected values of Hinduism. -Literature was nurtured by the caste system: *Brahman – scholars and priest *Kshatriya – the warriors *Vaisya – merchants *Sudra – laborers - Kavya was the major form of classical literature in Sanskrit. Medieval Literature -Different regions began to develop its own distinctive culture -Islamic dynasties conquered many territories -Indian languages were influenced by Islamic religion, Persian and Arabic languages -Unique version of local myths, legends, romances and epics emerged *Bhakti: Devotional Literature -Authors who belong to Hindu movement, who wrote lyric poetry -Bhakti: was an aspect of religion that involved passionate, emotional devotion to a particular god. -They addressed devotional poems to the major Hindu gods and goddesses; Shiva, Vishnu, Bhrama, Krishna, Rama, Lakhsmi, Ganesha, -Some major Bhatik poets were women and men of the lower caste Colonial Literature -British became a colonial power -The colonial government introduced English education for upper-class Indians so that they can serve the colony -Introduction of the printing press, which made possible the establishment of newspapers and journals -Bengal Renaissance *Rabindranath Tagore -An innovative poet of the Bengali language -Drew on traditional forms of poetry and performance -The first non-European winner of the Nobel Prize award for literature *GITANJALI (Song Offerings, 1910) -His best known work, which is a collection of poems. Independence Literature -Indian independence from Britain in 1947 marked the start of modern Indian literature. Hindu Deities: -Brahman: Creator -Shivan: Destroyer -Vishnu: Preserver : (Reincarnation of Brahman) -Lakshmi: Mother of Fortune and Health : Sita is the reincarnation of Lakshmi. -Krishna: Attracts or draws people / Drains people away from sin. B. Vocabs III. Vocabulary Words 1. Adroit /uh-droit/ (adj.) expert or nimble in the use of the hands or body (adj.) cleverly skillful, resourceful or ingenious 2. Aloof /uh-loof/ (adv.) at a distance, especially in feeling or interest; apart (adj.) reserved or reticent; indifferent; disinterested 3. Ambiance /am-bee-uns/ (n.) a particular environment or surrounding influence (n.) the atmosphere of an environment intend to return; every person is compelled to have one and only one domicile at a time (n.) housing that someone is living in 4. Amble /am-bul/ (n.) a leisurely walk (v.) walk leisurely 12. Dubious /dyoo-bee-us/ (adj.) fraught with uncertainty or doubt (adj.) open to doubt or suspicion (adj.) not convinced 5. Amicable /am-i-kuh-buhl/ (adj.) characterized by or showing goodwill; friendly; peacable 13. Emulate /e-my-leyt/ (v.) strive to equal or match, especially by imitating 6. Benevolent /bu’ne-vu-lunt/ (adj.) intending or showing kindness (adj.) generous in providing aid to others and assistance to the poor 14. Painstaking /’peynz,tey-king/ (adj.) characterized by extreme care and great effort 7. Cower /kaw-ur/ (v.) crouch or curl-up (v.) show submission or fear 8. Delude /di’lood/ (v.) be false to; be dishonest with 9. Discriminate /di’skri-mu-neyt/ (v.) recognize or perceive the difference (v.) treat differently on the basis of factors such as sex, race, age, etc. (v.) distinguish (adj.) marked by the ability to see or make fine distinctions 10. Docile/dow-siul/ (adj.) willing to be taught, led, supervised or directed (adj.) ready and willing to be taught (adj.) easily handled or managed 11. Domicile /do-mi-siul/ (n.) the residence where you have your permanent home or principal establishment and to where, whenever you are absent, you 15. Prolific /pru’li-fik/ (adj.) intellectually productive (adj.) bearing in abundance especially in offspring 16. Purport /pu(r)’port/ (v.) have the often specious appearance of being, intending or claiming (v.) have as a plan or objective 17. Relentless /ri’lent-lus/ (adj.) not to be placated, appeased or moved by entreaty (adj.) never-ceasing 18. Squamish /skwee-mish/ (adj.) excessively fastidious disgusted and easily