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Chapter 10
Rocks and the Rock Cycle
Magma
Magma
Parent material of all rocks
Magma
Cooling
Igneous rocks
Magma
Cooling
Igneous rocks
Igneous rock
eroded, moved, and
sediment is made
into rock by
pressure and
cementation
Sedimentary Rock
Magma
Cooling
Igneous rocks
Igneous rock
eroded, moved, and
sediment is made
into rock by
pressure and
cementation
Sedimentary Rock
Heat and pressure and chemical
change push sedimentary rock into a
new form
Magma
Cooling
Igneous rocks
Igneous rock
eroded, moved, and
sediment is made
into rock by
pressure and
cementation
Sedimentary Rock
Metamorphic Rock
Heat, pressure, and chemical changes
push sedimentary rock into a new
form
Magma
Cooling
If the rock melts
again, it will
become an
igneous rock
again.
Igneous rocks
Igneous rock
eroded, moved, and
sediment is made
into rock by
pressure and
cementation
Sedimentary Rock
Metamorphic Rock
Heat, pressure, and chemical changes
push sedimentary rock into a new
form
1. Which major type of rock ~ igneous, sedimentary or
metamorphic ~ forms from magma that cools and
hardens?
2. Which major type of rock is composed of cemented
fragments of rocks or minerals?
3. Which major type of rock forms from other rocks as a
result of intense heat, pressure or chemical processes?
4. What is the rock cycle?
5. Does every rock go through the complete rock cycle?
Give one example
6. The sedimentary rock limestone is changed into marble,
which is a metamorphic rock. Name the three processes
that cause this change.
1. Which major type of rock ~ igneous, sedimentary or
metamorphic ~ forms from magma that cools and
hardens? IGNEOUS
2. Which major type of rock is composed of cemented
fragments of rocks or minerals? SEDIMENTARY
3. Which major type of rock forms from other rocks as a
result of intense heat, pressure or chemical processes?
METAMORPHIC
4. What is the rock cycle? SHE SAYS LOTS OF STUFF
5. Does every rock go through the complete rock cycle?
Give one example NO.. IGNEOUS MELTS
6. The sedimentary rock limestone is changed into marble,
which is a metamorphic rock. Name the three processes
that cause this change. HEAT, PRESSURE AND
CHEMICAL PROCESSES
Igneous Rocks
Igneous Rocks
When magma hardens and cools
Igneous Rocks
When magma hardens and cools
Intrusive
Hardens below the ground
Igneous Rocks
When magma hardens and cools
Extrusive
Hardens above the ground
Intrusive
Hardens below the ground
Igneous Rocks
When magma hardens and cools
Extrusive
Hardens above the ground
Intrusive
Hardens below the ground
Cools slowly, so
crystals can grow large
Granite
Pinkish, large crystals, igneous, intrusive
Igneous Rocks
When magma hardens and cools
Extrusive
Hardens above the ground
Cools very quickly, so
crystals cannot grow
large, sometimes air is
caught in pockets.
Intrusive
Hardens below the ground
Cools slowly, so
crystals can grow large
Igneous rock families (page 179)
Igneous rock families (page 179)
Granite
1.
Felsic ~ high in
mineral silica, and light
colored.
2.
Makes up continents
3.
Obsidian is actually in
this family - but does
not look the same
Igneous rock families (page 179)
Basalt
Granite
1.
Mafic ~ low in
silica, high in iron,
and dark colored.
1.
Felsic ~ high in
mineral silica, and light
colored.
2.
Makes up the sea
floors.
2.
Makes up continents
3.
Obsidian is actually in
this family - but does
not look the same
Igneous rock families (page 179)
Basalt
Diorite
1.
Medium colored.
2.
Little/no quartz
3.
Course or fine
grained.
Granite
1.
Mafic ~ low in
silica, high in iron,
and dark colored.
1.
Felsic ~ high in
mineral silica, and light
colored.
2.
Makes up the sea
floors.
2.
Makes up continents
3.
Obsidian is actually in
this family - but does
not look the same
Andesite
Looks like grey granite, igneous, intrusive, from
Andes mountain ranges
Basalt
Very small crystals, black, very dense, makes up
the sea floor, igneous, can be intrusive or extrusive.
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (U ncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Batholith ~ covers 100’s of square kilometers
Stock ~ covers less than 100 square kilometers
Laccolith ~ “lake of rock”. It may push up hills.
Black Hills have a laccolith under them
Sill ~ a sheet of magma between rock layers
Dike ~ a magma flow between rock layers, usually
along faults
Volcanic neck ~ central vent of a volcano
Lava Plateau ~ layer of lava
1. What determines whether an igneous rock will have large
or small crystals?
2. Name the three families of igneous rocks.
3. What is a batholith?
4. Rock that is formed from Magma is called what?
5. What is the process that changes one rock into another?
6. What is the name of an underground intrusion, that covers
hundreds of square kilometers?
7. What are the three types of rocks that we have studied?
8. What is a Dike?
9. What is a Sill?
10. What is the difference between a batholith and a laccolith?
Sedimentary Rocks
Compaction ~ weight of overlaying rock
Cementation ~ water brings in minerals
Sedimentary Rocks ~ made of other things
Compaction ~ weight of overlaying rock
Cementation ~ water brings in minerals
Chemical Sed.
Clastic Sed.
Organic Sed.
Sedimentary Rocks ~ made of other things
Compaction ~ weight of overlaying rock
Cementation ~ water brings in minerals
Chemical Sed.
Clastic Sed.
1.
Made of other
rocks.
2.
Classified by size of
other rocks
3.
Siltstone,
mudstone,
sandstone,
conglomerate
Organic Sed.
Sedimentary Rocks ~ made of other things
Compaction ~ weight of overlaying rock
Cementation ~ water brings in minerals
Chemical Sed.
Clastic Sed.
1.
Made of other
rocks.
2.
Classified by size of
other rocks
3.
Siltstone,
mudstone,
sandstone,
conglomerate
Organic Sed.
1.
2.
3.
Made from things
that were
dissolved in water.
Limestone settles
to ocean floor
Evaporites form
from evaporating
water.
Sedimentary Rocks ~ made of other things
Compaction ~ weight of overlaying rock
Cementation ~ water brings in minerals
Chemical Sed.
Clastic Sed.
1.
Made of other
rocks.
2.
Classified by size of
other rocks
3.
Siltstone,
mudstone,
sandstone,
conglomerate
Organic Sed.
1.
1. Made of things
that were once
alive.
2.
2. Coal
3.
3. Chalk
4. Coquina
Made from things
that were
dissolved in water.
Limestone settles
to ocean floor
Evaporites form
from evaporating
water.
Sedimentary Rock Features.
Sedimentary Rock Features.
Stratification
Layering of a
sedimentary rock,
based upon the
type of sediment
being deposited.
Sedimentary Rock Features.
Ripple and Mud
Cracks
1. Formed by wind or
water action.
2. Preserved when the
sediment becomes
solid.
Stratification
Layering of a
sedimentary rock,
based upon the
type of sediment
being deposited.
Sedimentary Rock Features.
Ripple and Mud
Cracks
1.
Formed by wind or water action.
2.
Preserved when the sediment
becomes solid.
Stratification
Layering of a sedimentary
rock, based upon the type
of sediment being
deposited.
Concretions
A lump or nodule, built up by molecules left over from water.
Metamorphic Rock
Means it has changed form
Metamorphic Rock
Means it has changed form
Must have heat, pressure and chemical changes
Contact Metamorphism
Regional Metamorphism
Metamorphic Rock
Means it has changed form
Must have heat, pressure and chemical changes
Contact Metamorphism
Regional Metamorphism
Over large area, because of the
movement of one tectonic plate
moving against another.
Metamorphic Rock
Means it has changed form
Must have heat, pressure and chemical changes
Contact Metamorphism
Regional Metamorphism
When one rock actually touches the
hot magma of an underground
chamber.
Over large area, because of the
movement of one tectonic plate
moving against another.
Both can have lines of foliation, which split the rock into
layers.
1. How does clastic sedimentary rock differ from chemical
sedimentary rock?
2. What kind of sedimentary rock forms from the remains of
decaying organisms?
3. What term describes the remains or impressions of plants
and animals in sedimentary rock?
4. You suspect that a rock you have found is a sedimentary
rock. What features might prove that you are right?
5. What kind of metamorphism affects only those rocks near
or touching hot magma?
6. What is a line of foliation? DENSITY