Download Julien`s Primer of Drug Action Thirteenth Edition 40th Anniversary

Claire D. Advokat, Joseph E. Comaty, Robert M. Julien
Julien’s Primer of Drug Action
Thirteenth Edition
40th Anniversary Edition
Chapter 7
Cocaine, the Amphetamines,
and Other Psychostimulants
Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers
Table 7.1
Claire D. Advokat, Joseph E. Comaty, Robert M. Julien: Julien’s Primer of Drug Action, Thirteenth Edition
Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers
Figure 7.1
Claire D. Advokat, Joseph E. Comaty, Robert M. Julien: Julien’s Primer of Drug Action, Thirteenth Edition
Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers
Dr. Noah Craft
Skin Reactions to Adulterated Cocaine
The U.S. Department of Justice has reported that up to 70 percent of cocaine in the United States is contaminated with the
drug levamisole, which is cheap, widely available, and commonly used for deworming livestock. Levamisole had been
prescribed for humans in the past but was discon-tinued after patients developed side effects similar to those found in the
cocaine users. There are recent reports of patients who developed purple-colored patches of necrotic skin on their ears, nose,
cheeks, and other parts of their body and, in some instances, suffered permanent scarring after they had used cocaine.
Twenty-three cases were recently described, with symptoms of fever, body aches, and sore throats, in addition to necrotic
lesions (Vagi et al., 2013).
Figure 7.2
Claire D. Advokat, Joseph E. Comaty, Robert M. Julien: Julien’s Primer of Drug Action, Thirteenth Edition
Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers
Figure 7.3
Claire D. Advokat, Joseph E. Comaty, Robert M. Julien: Julien’s Primer of Drug Action, Thirteenth Edition
Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers
Figure 7.4
Claire D. Advokat, Joseph E. Comaty, Robert M. Julien: Julien’s Primer of Drug Action, Thirteenth Edition
Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers
Figure 7.5
Claire D. Advokat, Joseph E. Comaty, Robert M. Julien: Julien’s Primer of Drug Action, Thirteenth Edition
Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers
Multnomah County Sheriff’s Office/Faces of Meth™
Two-and-a-Half Years of Meth Abuse
One of the most striking effects of meth is the change in the physical appearance of meth
users. Because meth causes the blood vessels to constrict, it cuts off the steady flow of
blood to all parts of the body. Heavy usage can weaken and destroy these vessels, causing
tissues to become prone to damage and inhibiting the body’s ability to repair itself. Acne
appears, sores take longer to heal, and the skin loses its luster and elasticity. Some users
are covered in small sores, the result of obsessive skin-picking brought on by the
hallucination of having bugs crawling beneath the skin, a disorder known as formication.
Heringlake, DDS, St. Cloud Correctional Facility
Meth Mouth
Users with “meth mouth” have blackened, stained, or rotting teeth, which often cannot be
saved, even among young or short-term users. The exact causes of “meth mouth” are not
fully understood. Various reports have attributed the decay to the corrosive effects of the
chemicals found in the drug, such as anhydrous ammonia (found in fertilizers), red
phosphorus (found on matchboxes), and lithium (found in batteries), which when smoked or
snorted might erode the tooth’s protective enamel coating; however, it is more likely that this
degree of tooth decay is brought on by a combination of side effects from a meth high. The
drug causes the salivary glands to dry out, which allows the mouth’s acids to eat away at the
tooth enamel, causing cavities. Teeth are further damaged when users obsessively grind
them, binge on sugary food and drinks, and neglect to brush or floss for long periods of time.
Figure 7.6
Claire D. Advokat, Joseph E. Comaty, Robert M. Julien: Julien’s Primer of Drug Action, Thirteenth Edition
Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers
Figure 7.7
Claire D. Advokat, Joseph E. Comaty, Robert M. Julien: Julien’s Primer of Drug Action, Thirteenth Edition
Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers
Figure 7.8
Claire D. Advokat, Joseph E. Comaty, Robert M. Julien: Julien’s Primer of Drug Action, Thirteenth Edition
Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers