Download Chapter 22 The Industrial Revolution

Chapter 22
The Industrial Revolution
Part 1
The Industrial Revolution
1780-1850
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Part of the Dual Revolution (the other part is
the French Revolution)
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Machines began to replace human and animal
power in the manufacture and production of
goods
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The use of the steam engine for textile
productin in the 1780’s was the turning point
Europe gradually changed
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From an agricultural and commercial society to a
modern industrial society
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In the 1830’s only a small segment of British
working people were employed in factories
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By 1850, industrialism had spread throughout
Europe…20 years!
The Economic Changes

Of the Industrial Revolution did more to
revolutionize life in Europe and Western
civilization than any other movement
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Society had not experienced such a radical
change since the development of agriculture in
the Neolithic period
Roots of the Industrial Revolution
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The Commercial Revolution (1500-1700)
Spurred great economic growth
Brought about the Age of Exploration
The Price Revolution
Inflation stimulated production as producers
could get more money for their goods
The Bourgeoisie acquired much of their wealth
from trading and manufacturing
Roots of the Industrial Revolution
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The Rise of Capitalism
Increased the use of surplus money for investment in
ventures to make a profit
The Middle Class provided the leadership for the
economic revolution (joint-stock companies,
chartered companies
The Scientific Revolution: produced the first wave of
mechanical inventions and technological advances
Roots of the Industrial Revolution
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The increase of Europe’s population provided
larger markets
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Proto-industrialization: the Cottage Industry
The Merchant-capitalist
The Family Unit
Unregulated Production
Its Problems (for the merchant capitalist)
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Roots of the Industrial Revolution
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Proto industrialism Technology
1733 Kay’s Flying Shuttle
1764 Hargreaves’s Spinning Jenny: early units
required 6-24 workers
1769 Arkwright’s Water Frame: could employ
as many as 1,000 workers
1779 Crompton’s Spinning Mule
Machines too big, required too many workers to
be contained in cottages
England was the first to industrialize
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Began in the 1780’s
Was complete by 1830’s
Had no impact on European continent until
Napoleon’s final defeat in 1815
Why was England First?
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Geographic isolation from the continent offered
protection and separation from many of the
continental wars
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Ample supply of coal and iron
From Wales and Northern England
No need to rely on foreign importation of raw
materials
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Why England First?
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Waterways offered a source of alternate power
for factories and navigable transport for trade
and communication
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No part of England is more than 20 miles from
navigable water
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Was much cheaper to move goods via
waterways than over land
Why England First?
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England had an expanding role in the 18th
century Atlantic economy
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The growth of the Royal Navy and increasing
number of global ports provided protection
from foreign threats to England’s commercial
empire
The Agricultural Revolution
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Was vital to the Industrial Revolution
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Supply of cheap and abundant labor was provided for
factories as the enclosure movement forced landless
farmers to move to the towns and cities
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The Agricultural Revolution made it possible for
fewer farmers to feed larger numbers of people
The Population in England
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Doubled in the 18th century
So demand for goods within the country
inspired increased production
Because of increased food production, more
people were freed up to work in factories
The End of Feudalism
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People were free to move and seek employment
because serfdom and feudalism was long gone in
England and gone in Europe
200 years of profitable commercial
activity
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Meant that capital was available for investment
England could avoid costly continental wars if
she chose
The British merchants and gentry often
prospered due to the many wars on the
continent
The Bank of England 1694
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Provided capital for investment in industry
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Insurance companies (like Lloyd’s of London)
provided a degree of protection from
commercial failure
Entrepreneurs
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A group of motivated, inventive folks who had
technical skill and the willingness to take risks
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Were often young men from the gentry class
who were interested in careers in business
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Members of the middle class found
opportunities to rise into the nobility through
success in business
The Protestant Work Ethic
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Didn’t hurt
England’s Colonial Empire
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Gave her access to raw materials
Gave her markets for manufactured goods
England’s Government
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Encouraged industrial development
Well-established institutions (bank of England)
made loans available
The limited monarchy in England meant that
government was not likely to stifle expansion of
business and the growth of the middle class (not
true in France and Russia)
Government stability did not hurt
England’s Government
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England was not devastated by by the
Napoleonic Wars
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The Rise of the House of Commons became a
tool for the rising middle class so the
government earned its loyalty
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(The French middle class started the revolution)
Strong monarchies stifled the middle class
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Parliamentary Legislation favored
Big Business
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The Bubble Act was repealed to allow (once again) for
the creation of joint stock companies
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The Lowes Act: allowed for limited liability for
business owners
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The Repeal of the Navigation Acts
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The eventual repeal of the Corn Laws (1846)