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Reproduction, Pregnancy, and
Development
Female Reproductive System
Chapter 18: Sec. 2
pp. 436-442
Objectives
 State the role of the female reproductive system
 Describe the function of each of the organs of the
female reproductive system
 Describe the changes in the body during the
menstrual cycle
 Summarize four problems that can occur with the
female reproductive system
 List five things a female can do to keep her
reproductive system healthy
Motivation
 What does it mean to be a woman in today’s society?
 Should one be able to procreate (have children) in order to
be perceived as a man or woman?
 What do you think is the source for the historic perception
of women as an inferior species in comparison to men?
 What would you do and can be done in order to change the
negative perception of women?
Do Now
 What do you think happens to the ovulated
egg if it is not fertilized by a sperm?
 List five things a female can do to keep her
reproductive system healthy.
What the Female Reproductive
System Does
 Makes eggs and female hormones
 Provides a place to support and nourish a
developing human
 Serves as a passageway for menstrual flow
 Serves as birth canal to deliver a fetus
*The female reproductive system is made
up of several internal and external organs
Ova (Eggs)
 Female reproductive cells
– 0.135 mm in diameter = size of a very sharp
pencil point
– Produce 1-2 million before birth
– Has 700,000 by birth
– 400,000 are viable during puberty
 Unite with the sperm to form a new human being
Ovaries
 Produce eggs (ova)
– Ovulation (releasing an egg)
• 12-14 days after 1st monthly period
 Produce hormones
– Estrogen
– Progesterone
Vagina
 Female sex organ and birth canal
 The vagina allows menstrual flow
to exit the body
Cervix
Opening from the vagina to
the internal organs (uterus)
Uterus
 The organ where the baby will form
 Capable of tremendous enlargement
Endometrium
The blood lining of the uterus
It makes up the menstrual flow
Fallopian Tubes
Tubes where egg and sperm
will meet (fertilization)
Fimbria
The “fingerlike” ends of the
fallopian tubes
They catch the egg after
ovulation
Ovulation
The release of an egg from the ovary
Menstrual Cycle
a woman will have her period about
once every 28 days
a range of 21-32 days is normal
during this cycle, a woman’s body
prepares for pregnancy
Menstrual Cycle ( 28 Days )
 Days 1-5 (Menstrual Flow)3-7 days avg.
 Days 6-13( New egg is maturing and
estrogen causes a new endometrium to form
in the uterus
 Day 14 ( Ovulation )
 Day 14-18 ( Egg travels in tube,
progesterone causes the endometrium to
thicken)
Menstrual Cycle (28 days) cont.
 Days 19-28 ( Estrogen and progesterone
gradually cease)
 This causes the endometrium to gradually
break down
 The menstrual period will begin on Day 1
 The cycle will repeat itself
Diagram of a 28 Day Cycle
(Flow of blood)
(ovulation)
(Hormones stop, endometrium breaks down)
12345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728
(New egg matures, Estrogen)
(egg in tube, Progesterone)
Problems of the Female
Reproductive System
Cystitis: inflammation of the urinary
bladder
Vaginitis: vaginal infection by fungus,
bacteria, or protozoa; may also be an
STD
Problems of the Female
Reproductive System
 Delayed puberty (amenorrhea): late
puberty due to anorexia, endocrine
problems, or excessive weight loss
 Menstrual cramps: cramps due to
prostaglandin production
Problems of the Female
Reproductive System
 Premenstrual syndrome (PMS): mental
and physical changes related to menstrual
cycle
 Toxic shock syndrome (TSS): poisoning of
body from bacteria in vagina; often related
to tampon use
Problems of the Female
Reproductive System
 Endometriosis: growth of tissue from
uterine lining outside the uterus
 Ovarian cyst: failure of follicle in ovary to
rupture and release an egg
 Cervical cancer: abnormal division of cells
in the cervix
Keeping the Female Reproductive
System Healthy
 Preventing sexually transmitted diseases, infertility, and
vaginal irritation
 Relieving menstrual cramps
 Annual Pelvic Exam (includes a breast and genital exam,
Pap smear/test)
 Early Detection of Breast Cancer
– Perform the breast self-exam (BSE) during or after a warm bath or
shower, and at least 1 week after a menstrual period (refer to pg.
442)
Seven Ways to Keep Healthy
 Exercise regularly, and maintain a balanced diet
 Gently wash the genital area everyday
 Wipe the vaginal opening from front to back after
urination
 Change sanitary napkins or tampons every 4 to 6
hours when menstruating
 Avoid wearing tight clothing that can cause
discomfort
 Have an annual pelvic exam with a doctor
 Do a breast self-exam each month
Closure
 Summarize the path of the egg through the
female reproductive system.