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Periodic Table A table of chemical elements arranged in order of atomic number. Pure Substance A pure substance cannot be separated into simpler substances by chemical or physical means Element An element is a pure substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by chemical or physical means. Groups Groups are vertical columns on the periodic table. Periods Periods are horizontal rows on the periodic table. Chemical Symbol Abbreviations for the chemical elements Ex. Ca is the chemical symbol for calcium Atomic Mass The mass of an atom is that of the protons and neutrons found in the nucleus Atomic Number The number of protons in the atomic nucleus Atom The smallest unit of an element that has all the properties of that element Atoms are the building blocks of matter. Protons positively charged particles located in the nucleus Neutrons neutrally charged particles located in the nucleus Electrons negatively charged particles, located in the various orbitals of energy levels outside the atomic nucleus