Download (2) nucleic acid`s structure and function

Syllabus for cellular biochemistry
Course Code: 140580
Instructor ： Jiao Li
Siguang Li
Credits：4.0
Xiaojing Pan
Total Hours：68
Examiner ： Lixia Lu
1. Characteristics and Objective
Cellular biochemistry is a basic course for medicine major students. It is made up
of cell biology and biochemistry theory. Students will master the following
knowledge: 1. Structure and function macro-molecules; 2. Metabolic process of
nutrient substances; 3. cell morphology, movement, division, communicating with
each other and cell death; Furthermore, renewal of organs or tissues and generation of
tumor cells will also be discussed. The aim of the foundation course is to help
students build up solid foundation for Physiology and Pathology and enable students
to relate basic medicine knowledge to clinical application. Students can get a general
idea on molecular mechanism, diagnosis and therapy of disease.
2. Basic Requirement
Students are required to:
1. Understand general principles of biochemistry and basic theory of cell biology.
2. Attend the class with active attitude, participate with discussion, finish and
hand-in homework on time
3. Communicate with teacher and other students when they have questions.
3. Basic Content
Module1 Macromolecules
(1) Protein’s structure and function
1) Grasping following points:
a. nitrogen content in protein.
b. name of 20 amino acids including English abbreviation.
c. peptide bond.
d. protein structure (from primary structure to quaternary structure and relating
features).
e. relationship between protein structure and function.
2)Familiarizing with following points:
a. physical properties of protein.
b. molecule disease.
c. amino acid sequence determination.
3) getting a general idea on:
a. classifications of protein
b. biologically active peptide.
d. three-dimensional structure determination of protein.
(2) nucleic acid’s structure and function
1) Grasping following points:
a. chemical composition including base, phosphate and ribose.
b. DNA structure(primary structure, double helix and super helix structure).
c. RNA classifications and structure.
2)Familiarizing with following points:
a. nomenclature of nucleotide acid and cycling nucleic acid.
b. physical properties of DNA and RNA.
3) getting a general idea on:
a. nucleosome structure.
b. DNA diversity.
(3) Enzyme and co-enzyme
1) Grasping following points:
a. catalytic characteristics of enzyme.
b. classifications and composition of enzymes with examples. Coenzyme, holoenzyme
and cofactors.
c. zymogen activation and significance
d. isoenzyme: properties and significance
e. kinetics of enzyme: Michaelis-Menten equation. Significance of Km. Factors
affecting enzymatic activity: substrate concentration, enzyme concentration,
temperature and pH.
f. inhibitors of enzyme action: competitive, non-competitive and irreversible
inhibition. Lineweaver-Burk blot.
2)Familiarizing with following points:
a. catalytic mechanism of enzyme.
b. deduction of Michaelis-Meten equation
c. Fe: content, distribution, absorption, transport and function.
3) getting a general idea on:
a. clinical significance of enzyme.
b. vitamin’s classification and function.(It can be discussed in related chapters.)
(4) glycoconjugate
Familiarizing with following points:
a. carbohydrate: concept, composition and classification.
b. Glycoprotein and proteoglycan: concept, structure,classification and function.
Module 2 Cellular structure and function
(1): Cell structure
The universal features of cells on Earth, the diversity of genomes and the tree of life,
visualizing cells, prokaryotes, eukaryotes
(2): Cell membrane
The lipid bilayer, membrane proteins, membrane transport of small molecules and
electrical properties of membrane, intracellular vesicular traffic (endocytosis,
exocytosis), active transportation, passive transportation, cell junction, tight junction
and organization of epithelia
(3): Intracellular compartments and protein sorting
The compartmentalization of cells, protein can move between different compartments,
the endoplasmic reticulum
(4): DNA, chromosomes and genomes
The structure and function of DNA, chromosomal DNA and its packaging in the
chromatin fiber, the regulation of chromatin structure, the global structure of
chromosomes, how genomes evolve, nucleus, nucleosome, histone, nuclear lamina
(5): The cytoskeleton
The self-assembly and dynamic structure of cytoskeletal filaments, how cells regulate
their cytoskeletal filaments, molecular motors, the cytoskeleton and cell behavior
(6): Energy conversion: mitochondria
The mitochondrion, electron-transport chains and their proton pumps, the evolution of
electron-transport chains
(7): Mechanisms of cell communication
General principle of cell communication, signaling through G-protein-coupled
cell-surface receptors (GPCRs) and small intracellular mediators, signaling through
enzyme-coupled cell-surface receptors, signaling pathways dependent on regulated
proteolysis of latent gene regulatory proteins
(8): Cell cycle
Overview of the cell cycle, the cell cycle control system, S phase, mitosis, control of
cell division and cell growth, meiosis, mitosis
(9): Apoptosis and cancer
Programmed
cell
death,
proteolytic
cascade,
Bcl2,
IAPs,
cancer
as
a
microevolutionary process, the preventable causes of cancer, finding the
cancer-critical genes, the molecular basis of cancer-cell behavior, cancer treatment:
present and future
(10): Specialized tissues, stem cells and tissue renewal
Epidermis and its renewal by stem cells, sensory epithelia, the airway and the gut,
renewal by multipotent stem cells: blood cell formation, skeletal muscle genesis,
modulation
and
regeneration,
fibroblasts
and
their
transformations:
the
connective-tissue cell family, stem-cell engineering
Module 3 Material metabolism
(1) Metabolism of Carbohydrates
1) Grasping following points:
a. key enzyme, characteristics of reaction, energy produced or consumed and
significance of main metabolic pathway including glycolysis and gluconeogenesis,
glycogenesis and glycogenolysis, aerobic oxidation , phosphate pentose pathway and
tricarboxylic acid cycle.
2)Familiarizing with following points:
a. relationships between metabolic pathways mentioned above.
b. significance of lactate cycle or Cori cycle.
c. regulation of key enzymes in above pathways.
d. origin and metabolic pathway of blood sugar. Regulation and significance of blood
sugar.
3) getting a general idea on:
a. digestion and absorption of carbohydrates.
b. non-oxidative phase of PPP.
(2) Metabolism of Lipids
1) Grasping following points:
a. synthesis and degradation of triglyceride. β- oxidation of even carbon atom fatty
acids. Synthesis and transport of R-CoSCoA.
b. formation , degradation and significance of ketone bodies.
c. classifications and functions of phospholipids.
d. biosynthesis(key enzyme) and biotransformation of cholesterol.
e. plasma lipoprotein: classifications, composition and function.
2)Familiarizing with following points:
a. digestion and absorption of lipids.
b. synthesis of fatty acid: location, substrates, ATP, key enzyme and regulation.
c. apolipoprotein: classifications and functions.
3) getting a general idea on:
a. extension of fatty acid chain.
b. synthesis of unsaturated and derivatives of polyunsaturated fatty acids.
c. α and ω oxidation of fatty acids
d. hyperlipemia.
(3) biological oxidation
1) Grasping following points:
a. biological oxidation: concept, characteristics and significance.
b. mitochondrial respiratory chain: organization, sequence and function.
c. oxidative phosphorylation: sites of ATP formation, ATP synthase, inhibitors and
uncouplers.
2)Familiarizing with following points:
a. chemiosmotic hypothesis.
b. α-glycerophosphate shuttle and malate-aspartate shuttle.
c. generation and disposal of superoxide radicals and enzymes involved.
3) getting a general idea on:
a. factors affecting oxidative phosphorylation.
(4) Metabolism of amino acids
1) Grasping following points:
a. dietary protein: function and nutrition value.
b. degradation of amino acid: transamination, oxidative deamination and
transdeamination.
c. urea cycle: process and significance.
d. function of histamine, γ- aminobutyric acid and 5-hydroxytryptamine.
e. one carbon unit: carrier, name and function.
f. physical function of phosphate creatine, SAM and PAPS.
2)Familiarizing with following points:
a. catalytic characteristics of protein hydrolase in pancreatic juice.
b. α- ketone acid: classification and biotransformation.
3) getting a general idea on:
a. carriers involving amino acid absorption.
b. putrefaction and hyperammonemia.
c. aromatic amino acid: conversion of tyrosine and catecholamine synthesis;
conversion of tryptophan .
d. degradation of branch amino acid.
(5) Metabolism of nucleotide acid
1) Grasping following points:
a. de novo synthesis of purine and pyrimidine nucleotide: substrates, process, key
enzyme , conversion of IMP to AMP and GMP, conversion of UMP to CTP.
b. synthesis of dNTPs.
c. regulation of nucleotide acid synthesis.
2)Familiarizing with following points:
a. salvage pathway of purine and pyrimidine nucleotide acid.
b. degradation of purine and pyrimidine nucleotide acid.
3) getting a general idea on:
a. antimetabolite: concepts and mechanism.
b. abnormal metabolism of purine nucleotide: uarthritis.
(6) hemal and liver biochemistry
1) Grasping following points:
a. synthesis of heme: substrates, key enzymes and regulation.
b. metabolism of red blood cell: pathway( 2,3BPG branch pathway) and significance.
c. oxidation and reduction system: composition and function.
d. Fe: absorption and metabolism.
e. biotransformation: concepts, classifications and significance.
f. bile pigment: origin, transportation, conversion in liver, excretion in intestine and
bilinogen enterohepatic circulation.
g. bile acid: origin, classifications, transportation, conversion in liver, excretion in
intestine and bile acid enterohepatic circulation.
2)Familiarizing with following points:
a. plasma protein: composition, classifications ( ultracentrifugation and
electrophoresis), and main function.
b. status of liver in material metabolism.
c. mixed function oxidase: function.
3) getting a general idea on:
a. metabolism of White Blood Cell and metabolism of lipid in RBC.
b. jaundice
Module 4 Transmission of genetic information
(1) DNA replication
1) Grasping following points:
a. central dogma.
b. DNA replication: basic laws. Process and enzymes( DNA polymerase) involved.
Significance.
c. Telomere and telomerase: composition and function.
2) Familiarizing with following points:
a. DNA damage: concepts.
b. DNA repair: types(excision repair) and enzymes involved
c. Characteristics of reverse transcription.
3) getting a general idea on:
a. other replication styles.
b. types of mutation.
(2) RNA synthesis
1) Grasping following points:
a. RNA transcription: template( promoter -characteristcs) and enzymes( RNA
polymerase- composition and function.)
b. posttranscriptional modification of mRNA in eukaryote.
2)Familiarizing with following points:
a. posttranscriptional modification of tRNA and rRNA.
b. ribozyme
3) getting a general idea on:
a. mechanism of intron splicing.
(3) protein synthesis
1) Grasping following points:
a. biosynthesis system: composition, characteristics and function(aminoacyl tRNA
synthetase).
b. function of mRNA, tRNA and rRNA.
c. synthesis process: initiation( formation of 70s initiation complex and (e)IF2);
elongation (four steps and EF-Tu/Ts, EFG); termination
2)Familiarizing with following points:
a. posttranslational modification and target transportation.
3) getting a general idea on:
a. interference and inhibition of protein synthesis( antibiotics and interferon).
4. Experiment or Computer Operation
See lab course.
5. Preparatory Course Requirement
6. Hours Distribution
Hours
NO.
1
2
Content
Protein’s structure and
function
Nucleic acid’s structure
and function
Theoretic
Teaching
4
2
Experi
ment
Exer
cise
Computer
Operation
Subtotal
3
Enzyme and co-enzyme
4
4
Glycoconjugate
2
5
Cell structure
2
6
Cell membrane
4
7
8
9
10
11
Intracellular
compartments and
protein sorting
DNA, chromosomes
and genomes
The cytoskeleton
Energy conversion:
mitochondria
Mechanisms of cell
communication
2
2
2
2
2
12
Cell cycle
2
13
Apoptosis and cancer
2
14
15
Specialized tissues,
stem cells and tissue
renewal
Metabolism of
Carbohydrates
2
5
16
Metabolism of Lipids
5
17
Biological oxidation
2
18
19
20
Metabolism of amino
acids
Metabolism of
nucleotide acid
Hemal and liver
biochemistry
3
2
3
21
DNA replication
3
22
RNA synthesis
3
23
Protein synthesis
4
24
Flexible hours
4
Total
68
7. Textbooks and Main Reference Books
Textbooks:
Molecular Biology of the Cell, 5th edition, Bruce Alberts, Alexander Johnson, Julian
Lewis, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter Walter, Published by Garland Science, Taylor &
Francis Group, 2007.
Biochemistry- The molecular basis of life, 4th edition, Trudy McKee, published by
Oxford university press, 2009.
Reference books:
Molecular Cell Biology, 5th edition, published by Garland Science, Taylor & Francis
Group, 2007.
Essential Cell Biology, 2nd edition, Bruce Alberts, Dennis Bray, Karen Hopkin, Alexander
Johnson, Peter Walter, published by Garland Science, Taylor & Francis Group, 2003.