Download Binary and Decimal Number Systems What is 101011002 in decimal

Binary and Decimal Number Systems
ƒ Decimal numbers
Use 10 digits –
0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
Addressing the Network
– IPv4
Base 10 numbers (or radix 10)
ƒ Binary numbers
Use two digits (bits) – 0,1
Base 2 numbers (or radix 2)
Network Fundamentals – Chapter 6
Only concerned with 8-bit
numbers – range 0 to 255
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
© 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
00000000
0
00000001
1
00000010
2
00000011
3
00000100
4
00000101
5
00000110
6
00000111
7
00001000
8
00001001
9
00001010 10
00001011 11
00001100 12
11111111 255
2
1
Cisco Public
What is 101011002 in decimal?
Place values:
Binary number:
Add these:
128 64 32 16
1
128
0
1
0
32
8
4
2
1
1
1
0
0
8
4
128 + 32 + 8 + 4 = 172
There’s a tool to practice Binary to Decimal
conversions on page 6.1.3 in the curriculum material.
3
What is 17210 in binary?
4
An IPv4 Address is a 32-bit number:
110000001010100000000101000000001
Continuously subtract place values:
Place values:
Binary number:
128 64 32
172
44 44
1
0
1
16
11000000 . 101010000 . 00001010 . 00000001
8
12 12
0
1
4
2
1
192 . 168 . 10 . 1
4
1
0
0
Octet – a group of 8 bits, e.g 11000000
Dotted decimal format: 4 decimal numbers
There’s a tool to practice Decimal to Binary
conversions on page 6.1.5 in the curriculum material.
5
Copyright © 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
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Three Types of IPv4 Addresses
Host Address: 192.168.10.1 /24
ƒ An IPv4 address is 32-bits.
ƒ An IP address has two parts
The Network Address portion – high-order bits
The Host ID portion – low-order bits
ƒ How many bits represent the network portion,
and how many the host portion?
ƒ Determined by the Prefix length: /24
ƒ Network Address
The Host ID bits are all zero’s
ƒ 24 high-order bits are Network bits (the prefix)
ƒ Remaining 8 bits are host ID bits (32 – 24 = 8)
ƒ Host Address
Each host on the network has a unique Host ID
Host IP:
11000000 . 101010000 . 00001010 . 00000001
Network addr:
11000000 . 101010000 . 00001010 . 00000000
Broadcast addr: 11000000 . 101010000 . 00001010 . 11111111
ƒ Broadcast Address
The Host ID bits are all one’s
ƒ How do we know how many bits represent the
network portion? We add a prefix length.
7
Network Address: 192.168.10.0 /26
Host IP:
192.168.10.1 /24
Network addr:
192.168.10.0 /24
Broadcast addr: 192.168.10.255 /24
8
Network Address: 192.168.10.96 /27
ƒ What is the broadcast address on this network?
ƒ What is the broadcast address on this network?
ƒ What is the range of valid host addresses on
this network?
ƒ What is the range of valid host addresses on
this network?
Network:
First host:
Last host:
Broadcast:
11000000 . 101010000 . 00001010 . 00000000
11000000 . 101010000 . 00001010 . 00000001
11000000 . 101010000 . 00001010 . 00111110
11000000 . 101010000 . 00001010 . 00111111
Network:
192.168.10.0 /26
First host:
192.168.10.1 /26
Last host:
192.168.10.62 /26
Broadcast:
192.168.10.63 /26
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Unicast Addresses
Network:
First host:
Last host:
Broadcast:
192.168.10. 01100000
192.168.10.
192.168.10.
192.168.10. 01111111
.96
.97
.126
.127
Network:
Host range:
Broadcast:
192.168.10.96
192.168.10.97 to 192.168.10.126
192.168.10.127
There’s an interactive tool to practice this on page 6.2.2.2 in
the curriculum material
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Broadcast Addresses
ƒ Normal host-to-host communication
ƒ Directed Broadcast, e.g. 192.168.10.255 /24
ƒ Source and Destination IP addresses in packet
header
ƒ Delivered to all hosts on a remote network
ƒ Unicast
addresses have
first octet in the
range 1 to 223
ƒ Limited Broadcast
ƒ Destination address is
255.255.255.255
ƒ Most network
transmissions
are unicast
ƒ Limited to local network,
i.e. broadcast domain
ƒ Not passed by routers.
Packet Tracer activity 6.2.3
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Copyright © 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
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IPv4 32-bit addresses
span 0.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255.
Multicast Addresses
ƒ Allows a host to send a single packet to a
selected set of hosts
ƒ Multicast clients use
services initiated by a
client program to
subscribe to the
multicast group.
0.?.?.?
Default route
1 . 0 . 0 . 0 to
223.255.255.255
Host and
network
addresses
Multicast
addresses
RFC 790
240. 0 . 0 . 0 to
255.255.255.254
Experimental
RFC1700
255.255.255.255
Limited
broadcast
224 . 0 . 0 . 0 to
239.255.255.255
ƒ IP addresses 224.0.0.0
to 239.255.255.255 are
reserved for multicast
groups.
13
Public IPv4 addresses
RFC1700
RFC3330
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Private Addresses
10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255
172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255
192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255
ƒ The range 1.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255 are Public
addresses used for hosts and networks
connected to the Internet
(10.0.0.0 /8)
(172.16.0.0 /12)
(192.168.0.0 /16)
ƒ However, within this range, some addresses are
reserved as follows:
Loopback addresses:
127.0.0.0 /8
Private addresses:
10.0.0.0 /8
172.16.0.0 /12
192.168.0.0 /16
Link-Local addresses:
169.254.0.0/16
TEST-NET addresses:
192.0.2.0/24
15
16
17
18
Link-Local and TEST-NET Addresses
Copyright © 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
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