Download New Government - Moore Public Schools

10/6/2011
It depends on:
◦ how you define “President”
◦ how you define “United States”
New Government:
Actual Practice
Early Administrations’ Attempt to Make a Fresh Start
Who Was the First “President” of
the United States?
It depends on:
◦ how you define “President”
◦ how you define “United States”
It depends on:
◦ how you define “President”
◦ how you define “United States”
John Hancock
Declaration of Independence
6/4/1776
Who Was the First “President” of
the United States?
It depends on:
Samuel Huntington
Articles of Confederation
3/2/1781
Who Was the First “President” of
the United States?
◦ how you define “President”
◦ how you define “United States”
Elias Boudinot
Treaty of Paris (Revolution’s end)
9/3/1783
Who Was the First “President” of
the United States?
It depends on:
◦ how you define “President”
◦ how you define “United States”
George Washington
Constitutional Republic
4/30/1789
Who Was the First “President” of
the United States?
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10/6/2011
It depends on:
◦ how you define “President”
◦ how you define “United States”
Each elector casts 2 votes
◦ Most votes = President
◦ 2nd place = Vice President
◦ If no majority (or tie), top 3
names sent to House of
Representatives
Members vote as a unified
“state bloc”
◦ In history, it’s often more about perspective
and using information to defend a perspective
than a clear “correct” answer.
◦ Washington = 69 votes
◦ Adams = 34
Who Was the First “President” of
the United States?
First Electoral College
2 Constitutional Roles:
◦ Serve in absence of President
◦ Serve as President of the Senate
◦ Format of Supreme Court
◦ 6 justices (1 as “Chief”)
◦ John Jay as 1st Chief Justice
◦ only vote to break a tie
◦ John Adams was most active in this role
Judiciary Act of 1789
◦ Gives each state at least 1
Federal District Court
Tradition to today:
◦ Serves in Cabinet
◦ Represents President internationally
Role of Vice President
Anti-federalists attacked the absence of a
general list of rights in Constitution
Federalists counter argue that “amendment
process” could create such a list
New Judicial Branch
Congress proposed a list of 12
amendments as a “Bill of Rights”
◦ The states ratified 10 of them
◦ LONG TIME LATER…the 11th finally gets ratified as #27
Amendment Process
◦ Congress Proposes (2/3 vote in EACH house)
◦ Ratified by ¾ of the states
A “Bill of Rights”
A “Bill of Rights”
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First: freedom of …
Religion—Congress can’t make one or keep you
from practice the one you choose
Press
Speech
Assembly
Petition
A “Bill of Rights”
Fourth:
Form a state militia
To bear arms
No “double jeopardy”
No “self-incrimination”
No punishment without “due
process” of law
Eminent Domain
Seventh:
A “Bill of Rights”
Civil lawsuits in federal
courts
A “Bill of Rights”
Ninth:
You may have other rights in addition to those
listed here in the Bill of Rights
Used to argue for a whole host of additional rights
including the “right to privacy”
Eighth:
No cruel/unusual
punishment
No excessive bail
Sixth:
Speedy and public trial
Jury of your peers
Officially told of accusations
against you
You can question the
witnesses against you
Assistance from a lawyer
Fifth:
A “Bill of Rights”
Third: no quartering of soldiers during
peace time
A “Bill of Rights”
protection from unreasonable
search & seizure
Warrants based only on
“probable cause”
Second: freedom to …
Tenth:
Any power not specifically given to Congress is
reserved for the states & people
A “Bill of Rights”
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Reports on Public Credit
Sell lands in Northwest to pay
off debt to Europeans
Pay off state debt by adding it
to national debt
Sell new bonds to pay off old
Public/private partnership
Operating costs come from interest payments of
customers’ loans
National government could deposit tax revenues &
earn interest
Regulate state chartered banks
Issue paper bank notes (paper currency)
Improve whole credit system
Still in debt but shifting it around
Reduces interest on new bonds
Import taxes & excise tax on
whiskey to pay interest on
remaining debt
Some debt is “good”—if you owe
$$ people/banks don’t want to see
you fail
Hamilton’s Financial Plans
Southern anger over
debt “assumption”
Hamilton’s Financial Plans
Debates on Credit & Bank split
Washington’s Cabinet
Bank of England manipulates British policies
Too many Congressmen as investors = looking out for
selves rather than public good
Is it even constitutional ?!?!
Strict interpretation: Congress is not given the power to
create a bank
Loose interpretation: Congress is not denied the power
to create a bank
“necessary and proper” clause (Article 1, Section 8)
Political Divides
Western PA Farmers
Cheaper to turn rye/corn into alcohol & haul
eastward over mts than pay 15% tax to ship grain
through Spanish controlled New Orleans
Hamilton’s 25% “whiskey tax” stole profits
Hamilton: Secretary of the Treasury
pro-Business, pro-Credit Plan, pro-Bank, pro-New
England, & pro-Loose Interpretation
Jefferson: Secretary of State
Tax evaders tried in federal court; only one district and
based in Philadelphia
Tax not heavily enforced outside of western PA
pro-Farmers, anti-Credit plan, anti-Bank, pro-South, &
pro-Strict Interpretation
July 1794, rebellion broke out
Coming of Political Parties
Tax collectors tarred/feathered & their homes burned
Washington sent troops to SQUASH rebellion
Hamilton & Federalists
Jefferson/Madison & Democratic-Republicans
Political Divides
Attacks on the Bank
Benefits elites
Could lead to corruption
Southern war debt small
& mostly paid off
Agreed to support if
capital city on Potomac
River
Political Divides
Report on a National Bank
Compared to Shays’ Rebellion?
Whiskey Rebellion
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Issues with Spain
Initially blocked U.S. trade through New Orleans;
opened up port to U.S. trade in 1789
Treaty of New York, 1790:
French Revolution’s “reign of terror” split U.S.
Jefferson, Demo-Repubs, Southerners: supported the
assault on monarchy/tyranny; feared slave-revolt like St.
Domingue (French colony)
Hamilton, Federalists, Northerners: denounced
“mobocracy”& class warfare; wanted to help Britain
prevent revolution’s spread
Protected Creek lands from further white expansion
Georgia gives up claims to Chickasaw & Choctaw lands
Designed to improve relations with southeastern tribes
and limit Spanish influence in region
Washington proclaims neutrality
“Pinckney’s Treaty” (of San Lorenzo), 1796:
Citizen Genet recruits American volunteers
Provokes British anger
Tax free use of Mississippi River
U.S./Spanish border at 31st parallel
Removal of Spanish forts
Foreign Policy
Foreign Policy
Issues with Britain
Attacked “French” ships with American crews
Impressment of runaway “British sailors” serving
on American ships
Influenced Indians to attack white settlements in
the Ohio River valley
Britain promised to remove troops from Ohio River valley
Failed to end policy of impressment or compensate for
slaves taken during Revolution
Foreign Policy
Stepped Down after 2 terms
Farewell Address & Warning:
Condemned political parties as self-serving &
danger to survival of Republic
Avoid permanent alliances with other countries
Treaty of Greenville, 1795, with Shawnees
Jay’s Treaty, 1796
John Adams
Federalist: 71 votes
Issues with France
Did we listen?
Federalists—Britain
Demo-Repubs—France
Washington’s Farewell
Thomas Jefferson
Demo.-Repub.: 68 votes
Issues with France…continued
Jay’s Treaty = Federalist support of Britain
France attacks U.S. ships going to British ports
U.S. peace team met by “XYZ Affair” bribe
Quasi War: undeclared naval war in Caribbean
Remember…2nd place
becomes Vice President
Election of 1796
Foreign Policy
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#1: Alien Enemies Acts
Process to determine if citizen of a hostile
country is a threat to U.S. national security
President can deport any foreign citizen
considered to be dangerous
Were they a spy?
If “yes” then deported or jailed
Could ONLY be used during a declared war
Proof was not needed because a “true spy” would
destroy evidence of espionage
Could ONLY be used in peace time & had a 2 year
expiration date
Democratic-Republicans believed it was designed to
deport immigrants critical of Federalist policies
Who has power to declare war?
Quasi War was an undeclared war
LEAST controversial of the A&S Acts; still in effect
today
Alien & Sedition Acts, 1798
#3 Naturalization Act
#2 Alien Friends Act
Alien & Sedition Acts, 1798
#4 Sedition Act
ONLY measure enforceable against
U.S. citizens
Designed to distinguish between
legitimate free speech versus
speech used to get others to violate
federal laws or to overthrow the
government
Increased residency requirement for citizenship
from 5 to 14 years
Democratic-Republicans believed it was designed to limit
citizenship (and voting rights) to Irish who by-and-large
supported the Demo.-Repubs.
Democratic-Republicans felt it was
worded so broadly so as to limit the
criticism of ANY Federalist policy
That’s basically how it was used
Set to expire the day before John
Adams’ term ended
Alien & Sedition Acts, 1798
#4 Sedition Act
“…if any person shall write, print, utter, or publish any false,
scandalous and malicious writing or writings against the
government of the United States…with intent to defame…or
to stir up sedition within the United States…then such
person…shall be punished by a fine…and by imprisonment
not exceeding two years…”
Alien & Sedition Acts, 1798
Electoral College NIGHTMARE
Demo.-Republicans have majority of delegates
ALL 73 D-R delegates list the same two names:
Thomas Jefferson & Aaron Burr
Tie in Electoral College sends vote to House
One state = One vote
Still no “winner” after 35 votes
Hamilton throws support to Jefferson in 36th vote
12th Amendment Added
Due to 1796’s Pres.-VP party split
Due to 1800’s tie
Separate voting for Pres. & VP
Stay tuned for the continued “adventures” of
Aaron Burr: including murder and treason
Alien & Sedition Acts, 1798
Election of 1800
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10/6/2011
Hancock: http://uploads0.wikipaintings.org/images/john-singleton-copley/john-hancock-1772.jpg
Huntington: http://www.leftjustified.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/Samuel_Huntington.jpg
Boudinot: http://en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/5960
Washington: http://4photos.net/photosv3/george_washington_1307582258.jpg
Washington 2: http://www.whatsoproudlywehail.org/wp-content/uploads/georgewashington2.jpg
Adams: http://www.programminglibrarian.org/assets/images/blog/John-Adams.gif
Jay: http://www.pbs.org/wnet/supremecourt/democracy/images/john_jay.jpg
Current Court: http://gopprimary2012.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/RobertsCourt.jpg
Bill of Rights: http://www.libertarianpunk.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/bill-of-rights.jpg
Censorship: http://media.nowpublic.net/images//87/d/87d8c8c2f0fa4ee48b6c754737089ede.jpg
Religion: http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_QymRn2ecDSE/TGieDvSs3jI/AAAAAAAAADQ/v6LWUsUi1vc/s320/1STAMENDMENT.jpg
Jailed mouth: http://www.libel.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/no_free_speech.jpg
Environmentalists: http://www.uen.org/general_learner/civics/images/protest1.jpg
Petition: http://www.hopeforthesold.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/Freedom-Week-Petition.jpg
NRA: http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_ljnTpMxrTIE/TClO5A5lHeI/AAAAAAAAAS4/9uV0cLGEZog/s320/nra_ipt9.jpg
Soldiers and bed: http://27.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_kzknyeE08c1qzcw2qo1_400.jpg
Door mat: http://www.georgescoville.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/fourth-amendment1.jpg
Spelling test: http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3fWY6ba8SdU/TKP0oxgRj7I/AAAAAAAAABM/ks6e7eo0cQ/s1600/5thamendmentartwork.jpg
Jury: http://apublicdefender.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/05/tbj_jury.jpg
Speedy trial: http://www.cartoonstock.com/newscartoons/cartoonists/rma/lowres/rman11491l.jpg
Lawyers: http://funrdx.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/lawyer.jpg
Electric chair: http://www.glogster.com/media/5/28/0/15/28001521.jpg
Placard: http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-F5LNAnv-Xcs/TbXfx8LA7KI/AAAAAAAAAAs/n07ONj0UVns/s1600/8th.jpg
Bail: http://chinalawandpolicy.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/neon_bail_bonds.jpg
Hamilton: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/ec/Hamiltontrumbull-crop.jpg
Bank note: http://www.ushistory.org/tour/more/images/banknote02.jpg
Image Credits
Bank note 2: http://www.teachushistory.org/files/banknotejpg.jpg
DC Map: http://b5media_b4.s3.amazonaws.com/28/files/2008/03/old-dc-map-circa-1810.jpg
Early capitol: http://www.irc.umbc.edu/resources/washington/01.jpg
Elephant & donkey:
http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_nQ6tcTQzeUw/Sz5NgJrGG7I/AAAAAAAAAHU/yArlZACtKhE/s320/democrats_republicans_head_to_head_
.png
SE Map: http://www.xtimeline.com/__UserPic_Large/125736/evt110823214600252.gif
Slave revolt: http://www.brh.org.uk/gallery/slavery/rebelion2.jpg
Genet: http://franceshunter.files.wordpress.com/2009/12/robespierre.jpg
Jay’s Treaty cartoon: http://www.georgewashingtonwired.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/the-jay-treaty-steve-kelley-the-timespicayune-300x208.jpg
Washington 3: http://motorcitytimes.com/mct/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/1780s_george_washington_portrait.jpg
Adams 2: http://www.thegoldstandardnow.org/images/stories/Adams.jpg
Jefferson: http://www.themoralliberal.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/Thomas-Jefferson1.jpg
Quasi War: http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/OnlineLibrary/photos/hi-res/KN%2000001/KN-2882.jpg
Spy v spy: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a9/Spy-vs-spy.png
Friends: http://www.acceptly.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/friends1.jpeg
Hat: http://www.eirefirst.com/clipart/gifs/Hat%202.gif
Irish flag: http://media.photobucket.com/image/Irish/dej_master_of_pie/Tattoo%20Ideas/Irish-flag-tricolor.gif
Sedition Man: http://kennedy-ard-revolutionaryperiod-museum.creekviewhs.wikispaces.net/file/view/Alien_Image.png/250760526/Alien_Image.png
Sedition cartoon: http://manasij.files.wordpress.com/2010/12/australia-sedition-laws-internet-censorship.jpg
Burr book cover: http://i43.tower.com/images/mm102130552/fallen-founder-nancy-isenberg-hardcover-cover-art.jpg
Image Credits—
Credits—page 2
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