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LAKE COMO What's a lake? Lakes are large bodies of spring water that are surrounded by land and are not part of an ocean. They can contain either salt or fresh water. (and are larger than ponds). *Ponds are different from lakes as they are smaller and made of still or standing waters, not moving like rivers or streams. Lake Origins Glacial Lakes Glacial lakes are common in regions where once there were glaciers during the last ice age. Glacial lakes were formed by the weight and pressure of the ice in the Earth’s surface, and as a consequence the melting ice formed the lakes themselves. There are well-known examples of lakes produced by glaciations: In Italy there are: Lake Como - Lake Garda – Lake Maggiore – Lake Iseo (in part fluviatile lakes) Lake Varese – Lake Annone – Lake Pusiano In Europe: Ladoga (Russia) Tectonic lakes Tectonic movement (the tectonic movement of the tectonic plates that form the Earth’s crust) can form lakes. These lakes form at fault lines where plates meet. In these areas earthquakes are common. The most famous lakes originated from tectonic movement are Lake Baikal and the African rift valley lakes, including Lake Tanganyika. Lake Baikal, located in eastern Russia is the world’s oldest, deepest, and largest lake (by volume). In Italy there is: Lake Trasimeno In Asia: Mar Caspio (Caspian Sea) Volcanic lakes Volcanic activity can also create lakes. Once a volcano is extinct its empty caldera slowly begins to fill with water. Volcanic lakes are typically clear and deep blue in color and they have the typical round shape. The most important volcanic lakes in Italy are: Bolsena, Bracciano, Vico, Albano, Nemi (Lazio) Lakes originated from River Erosion Many lakes result from river movements of sediments that slowly create lakes over time. The force of water can lead to extensive erosion. Over time, eroded areas may become lake basins. When a lake forms at the foot of a waterfall, it is referred to as a plunge-pool lake. The powerful force of water can carve lakes into the landscape. Fluviatile lakes Lakes can also form at the mouths of rivers and on deltas when the aggregation of sediments on a delta stops the natural water flow. These lakes are called fluviatile lakes. Often, these lakes may be young in origin and disappear with floods and higher water flow. In Italy there are: Lake Como - Lake Garda – Lake Maggiore – Lake Iseo (in part glacial lakes) Lake Mezzola Man-Made Lakes Some lakes are man-made lakes. They can be the result of damming or other processes that lead to the pooling of water in one location. For examples we can have reservoirs for drink water, power generation, fisheries, or other recreational activities, farm ponds, ornamental lakes. In Italy there are: Lake Campotosto (Abruzzo) Lake Pozzillo (Sicilia) Lake Omodeo (Sardegna) Brackish water lakes The action of waves along ocean shoreline can lead to lake formation through erosion and damming of estuaries and river deltas. These lakes may be semi-saline brackish water lakes. In Italy there are: Lake Lesina (Puglia) Lake Varano (Puglia) *The force of wind is also capable of creating lake basins in coastal regions at the boundaries of large lakes by manipulating sand dunes to create temporary depressions where precipitation collects. Lakes in polar latitudes can freeze. The biggest lakes in Europe Lake Surface (km²) Country The biggest lake in Europe Baikal 31722 Russia and the deepest and oldest lake (1642 m) in the world Ladoga 17700 (European) Russia Onega 9610 (European) Russia Vänern 5490 Svezia What is it? Is it a lake, a pond or a river? comune.jesi.an.it POND RIVER How are they different? Which one is made of standing water? LAKE □ RIVER □ POND □ Which one can contain fresh or salt water? LAKE □ RIVER □ POND □ Which one always runs? LAKE □ RIVER □ POND □ Which one is the smallest? LAKE □ RIVER □ POND □ Which one is surrounded by land and isn’t part of an ocean? LAKE □ RIVER □ POND □ Which one goes to the sea? LAKE □ RIVER □ POND □ LAKE Lake origins GLACIAL LAKES FORMED IN AREAS WHERE THERE WERE GLACIERS DURING THE LAST ICE AGE ICE PRESSURE AND WEIGHT ICE MELTING These are some Italian glacial lakes. Do you know their names?.............................................................................................................. What do you notice about their shape? They are mainly round/long, wide/ narrow. wikipedia TECTONIC LAKES TECTONIC MOVEMENTS CAN FORM LAKES Fault lines Zanichelli These lakes form at fault lines where plates meet. In these areas earthquakes are common. Important tectonic lakes are: LAKE BAIKAL IN RUSSIA l The oldest Il più grande The largest Il più profondo The deepest Il più vecchio LAKE TANGANYIKA IN AFRICA WHAT DO THEY HAVE IN COMMON? VOLCANIC LAKES Once a volcano is extinct its empty caldera slowly begins to fill with water. CALDERA www.slideplayer.com Volcanic activity can create lakes Volcanic lakes are typically clear and deep blue in color and they have the typical round shape The most important volcanic lakes in Italy are: lake Bolsena and lake Bracciano BOLSENA BRACCIANO www.navigabolsena.it www.italiapescasportiva.altervista.org What about their shape? They are : narrow long round yes no LAKES ORIGINATED FROM RIVER EROSION www.naturamediterraneo.com Many lakes result from river movements of sediments that slowly create lakes over time. The force of water can lead to extensive erosion. Over time, eroded areas may become lake basins RIVER LAKE SEDIMENTS ░░░░░ When a lake forms at the foot of a waterfall, it is referred to as a plunge-pool lake. The powerful force of water can carve lakes into the landscape. WATERFALL www.fullhdpictures.com PLUNGE-POOL LAKE FLUVIATILE LAKES Lakes can also form at the mouths of rivers and on deltas when the aggregation of sediments on a delta stops the natural water flow. These lakes are called fluviatile lakes. Often, these lakes may be young in origin and disappear with floods and higher water flow. RIVER FLUVIATILE LAKE DELTA SEDIMENTS SEA www.geol.umd.edu Also MEANDERS can form lakes: the OXBOW LAKES. MAN- MADE LAKES www.gazzettadisondrio.it Some lakes are man-made lakes. They can be the result of damming or other processes that lead to the pooling of water in one location. For examples we can have reservoirs for drink water, power generation, fisheries, or other recreational activities, farm ponds, ornamental lakes. DAM WHY ARE THESE LAKES MADE? To generate power To provide drink water To stop the river running To have fisheries To protect the villages below true true true true true false false false false false it.wikipedia.org MAN MADE LAKE BRACKISH WATER LAKES http://vnr.unipg.it/ The action of waves along ocean shoreline can lead to lake formation through erosion and damming of estuaries and river deltas. These lakes may be semi-saline brackish water lakes. The action of waves forms lake eroding and damming estuaries www.meteoweb.eu . The action of wind can manipulate sand dunes to create depressions where rain collects The force of wind is also capable of creating lake basins in coastal regions at the boundaries of large lakes by manipulating sand dunes to create temporary depressions where precipitation collects. What is a river? River is fresh water constantly flowing across the surface of the land. It flows in a channel. It never dries up at any time in the year. BANK The sides of the channel are called the banks CHANNEL BED The course of a river is the route the river takes. The quantity of water in a river is called the flow. In some places, rivers have a lot of water in the autumn and in the spring because It rains more and snow melts in the mountains. When a river alternates flood periods and dry periods we say it has a torrential regime, when a river has plenty of water all the year long, we say it has a river regIme A river regime is the difference in the discharge of the river throughout the year. The bottom of the channel is called the bed . FLOW/ DISCHARGE QUANTITY OF WATER REGIME DISCHARGE OF THE RIVER IN A YEAR Drainage basin basin Match the letters with the numbers 1 SOURCE A the point where the river comes to the end, usually when entering a sea 2 ESTUARY/ MOUTH B the beginning or start of a river, it is usually in the mountains. 3 STREAM C the point at which two rivers or streams join. 4 TRIBUTARY D the area of land drained by a river 5 CONFLUENCE E a stream or smaller river which joins a larger stream or river 6 DRAINAGE BASIN F the edge of highland surrounding a drainage basin. It marks the boundary between two drainage basins. 7 WATERSHED G a body of water with a current, confined within a bed RIVERS 1 The source of the river usually starts in the mountains. Water comes out of the ground in a spring 2 In the upper course the stream rushes down steep slopes and channels with very little water in it. Sometimes it forms falls. 3 In the middle course other streams join the main stream. It becomes a river with more water in it and starts to flow more slowly. 4 In the lower course the river is wider and has more water in it. It flows very slowly 5 At the mouth of the river the fresh water joins the salty seawater. This is an estuary Choose the correct answer: The point where a river usually starts The part of the river where it flows very slowly The point where fresh water joins the saewater The part of a river where it rushes down steep slopes It has very little water and rushes down steep slopes The part of a river where other streams join the main stream TRIBUTARY MIDDLE COURSE ESTUARY SOURCE UPPER COURSE RIVER MOUTH LOWER COURSE CONFLUENCE MIDDLE COURSE ESTUARY UPPER COURSE RIVER LOWER COURSE STREAM MIDDLE COURSE UPPER COURSE LOWER COURSE CATCHMENT BASIN The land that includes the source , the course, all the tributaries and the mouth of a river is called the CATCHMENT BASIN. It is defined by the peaks of the mountains around it. The mountain ridge is called WATERSHED LINE. WATERSHED ESTUARY AND DELTA River erosion is when moving waters wear away the river bed and banks. It occurs when there is a large amount of water in the river or when the river is flowing quickly. WATER WEARS AWAY THE LOAD (sand and gravels) When the river flows into the sea its mouth can be an ESTUARY or a DELTA If the sea tides are strong, the river mouth remains open , like a funnel and it is called ESTUARY. Which one is a delta? Which one an estuary? If the sea tides are weak, the river deposits the sand and the gravel that it has transported and a large triangular alluvial plain is formed. The river divides into branches. It is a DELTA THE MOST IMPORTANT RIVERS IN EUROPE Why are they shorter than the Asian American and African ones? European territory is smaller. The watersheds are near the seas. BUT In the eastern Europe there are rivers that are very long, they are the rivers of the Sarmatian Lowland. We can gather all the European rivers according to the sea where they flow into. THE WESTERN BASINS THE ATLANTIC BASIN THE MEDITERRAN EAN BASIN THE SOUTH EASTERN BASINS: CASPIAN AND BLACK SEA These are the longest rivers in Europe, they flow into the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea . They flow very slowly, have a large discharge all the year and are navigable rivers. URAL: 2428 km, the third river in Europe. It flows into the Caspian Sea DANUBE: 2860 Km long, it flows into Black Sea. It’s the second river in Europe. DON and DNIEPER flow into the Black Sea. VOLGA :3531 Km, it is the longest river in Europe. It flows into the Caspian Sea THE NORTH EASTERN BASINS: ARTIC SEA AND BALTIC SEA PEČORA flows into the Arctic Sea VISTULA and ODER flow into the Baltic Sea WESTERN DIVINA flows into the Baltic Sea Match numbers and letters 1 It is the second longest river in Europe NORTHERN DIVINA flows into the Arctic Sea 2 They flow into the Caspian Sea A VISTULA, ODER and WESTERN DIVINA B URAL river 3 They flow into the Baltic Sea C 4 It is the longest river in Europe D VOLGA and URAL 5 It is 2428 Km long E DON, DNIEPER and DANUBE 6 They flow into the Black Sea F The EASTERN BASIN RIVERS 7 They flow very slowly G DANUBE river VOLGA river THE ATLANTIC BASIN These rivers flow into the Atlantic Ocean. They run in the northern and western part of Europe. They are shorter than the Eastern rivers but they are longer than the Mediterranean rivers. They are navigable with large discharges and are often used to carry goods. ELBE: more than 1000Km long. TAGUS and DOURO are the most important Spanish rivers The River THAMES: the river of London RHINE : it rises in the Swiss Alps, runs across Central Europe and flows into the North Sea. It’s the longest in this basin LOIRE: it is the most important river in France Don’t forget The river SEINE: the river of Paris THE MEDITERRANEAN BASIN These rivers run in the south-west Europe and flow into the Mediterranean Sea. They are the shortest rivers in Europe because of their position: they rise on mountain ranges that lay too close to the sea. They are rivers with a lower flow rate and not all are navigable. The most impotant are: EBRE RHONE PO RIVERS IN ITALY The Italian rivers are shorter than those in other European regions. This is because the Apennines run the entire length of the peninsula dividing the water into two opposite sides. And the Alps and Dolomites in the North empty into the Paduaian Plain. However, this geography have created hundreds of rivers throughout Italy due to abundant rainfall and the snowfields and glaciers in northern alpine regions. SHORT BUT MANY ITALIAN RIVERS Because mountains lay too closet o the sea Due to abundant rainfall, snowfields and glaciers THE ALPINE RIVERS The Alpine rivers are longer than the Apennine ones and they have a larger flow rate The longest river is the Italian Po ( 652 km), which flows from Monviso, runs along the Po Valley from west to east, emptying into the Po Delta, on the Adriatic Sea. In addition to being the longest, the Po also is the largest river basin, with the largest volume of flow at the mouth. Its main tributaries are TANARO: it rises on the Ligurian Alps and flows into the Po in Piedmont TICINO: it rises in Switzerland and forms the Lake Maggiore ADDA : it forms the Lake Como and runs through Lombardy The MOUTH of the river PO is a DELTA. It is called the Po Delta and it covers a large area made of detritus , lagoons and marshes. Other important Alpine rivers are: Adige, Brenta, Piave, Tagliamento and Isonzo. They aren’t tributaries of the river Po but flows into the Adriatic Sea. ADIGE (410 km) is the second longest river in Italy. It rises in Trentino Alto Adige , runs through the wide Adige Valley and ends near Chioggia in the Adriatic Sea. THE APENNINE RIVERS They are shorter than the Alpine rivers and with a less constant flow because they are mostly rain fed. Rivers TREBBIA TANARO SECCHIA PANARO and RENO are RIVER PO TRIBUTARIES River ARNO starting in Tuscany (Mount Falterona) and flows into Tyrrhenian Sea. Due to its detritus it has contributed to form flat land that, in the centuries, increased the coastal land. In fact Pisa ,which was a sea harbour ,is nowadays at 8 km far from the coast. The third longest river in Italy is the TIBER (405 km), starting in the Emilia Romagna Region (Mount Fumaiolo) and flows into the Tyrrhenian Sea. Other important rivers in the Centre and South of Italy are Flowing into Tyrrhenian Sea: OMBRONE LIRI-GARIGLIANO VOLTURNO SELE In Sardinia: TIRSO FLUMENDOSA Match letters and numbers Flowing into the Ionian Sea: BRADANO BASENTO AGRI Flowing into the Adriatic Sea: METAURO TRONTO ATERNO-PESCARA SANGRO BIFERNO OFANTO In Sicily: SALSO SIMETO 1 It ‘s the third longest river in Italy A ARNO 2 Its source is on the Mount Falterona B SALSO AND SIMETO C TICINO 3 They are the most important rivers in Sicily 4 It ‘s the second longest river in Italy and ends near Chioggia D PO 5 It rises in Switzerland E ADDA 6 It forms the Lake Como F TIBER 7 It rises on the Ligurian Alps G ADIGE 8 It has a big delta H TANARO