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LAKE COMO
What's a lake?
Lakes are large bodies of spring water that are surrounded by land and are not part of an ocean.
They can contain either salt or fresh water. (and are larger than ponds).
*Ponds are different from lakes as they are smaller and made of still or standing waters, not
moving like rivers or streams.
Lake Origins
Glacial Lakes
Glacial lakes are common in regions where once there were glaciers during the last ice age.
Glacial lakes were formed by the weight and pressure of the ice in the Earth’s surface, and as a
consequence the melting ice formed the lakes themselves.
There are well-known examples of lakes produced by glaciations:
In Italy there are:
Lake Como - Lake Garda – Lake Maggiore – Lake Iseo (in part fluviatile lakes)
Lake Varese – Lake Annone – Lake Pusiano
In Europe: Ladoga (Russia)
Tectonic lakes
Tectonic movement (the tectonic movement of the tectonic plates that form the Earth’s crust) can
form lakes. These lakes form at fault lines where plates meet. In these areas earthquakes are
common. The most famous lakes originated from tectonic movement are Lake Baikal and the
African rift valley lakes, including Lake Tanganyika. Lake Baikal, located in eastern Russia is the
world’s oldest, deepest, and largest lake (by volume).
In Italy there is: Lake Trasimeno
In Asia: Mar Caspio (Caspian Sea)
Volcanic lakes
Volcanic activity can also create lakes. Once a volcano is extinct its empty caldera slowly begins to
fill with water. Volcanic lakes are typically clear and deep blue in color and they have the typical
round shape. The most important volcanic lakes in Italy are:
Bolsena, Bracciano, Vico, Albano, Nemi (Lazio)
Lakes originated from River Erosion
Many lakes result from river movements of sediments that slowly create lakes over time. The force
of water can lead to extensive erosion. Over time, eroded areas may become lake basins. When a
lake forms at the foot of a waterfall, it is referred to as a plunge-pool lake. The powerful force of
water can carve lakes into the landscape.
Fluviatile lakes
Lakes can also form at the mouths of rivers and on deltas when the aggregation of sediments on a
delta stops the natural water flow. These lakes are called fluviatile lakes. Often, these lakes may
be young in origin and disappear with floods and higher water flow.
In Italy there are:
Lake Como - Lake Garda – Lake Maggiore – Lake Iseo (in part glacial lakes)
Lake Mezzola
Man-Made Lakes
Some lakes are man-made lakes. They can be the result of damming or other processes that lead
to the pooling of water in one location. For examples we can have reservoirs for drink water, power
generation, fisheries, or other recreational activities, farm ponds, ornamental lakes.
In Italy there are:
Lake Campotosto (Abruzzo)
Lake Pozzillo (Sicilia)
Lake Omodeo (Sardegna)
Brackish water lakes
The action of waves along ocean shoreline can lead to lake formation through erosion and
damming of estuaries and river deltas. These lakes may be semi-saline brackish water lakes.
In Italy there are:
Lake Lesina (Puglia)
Lake Varano (Puglia)
*The force of wind is also capable of creating lake basins in coastal regions at the boundaries of
large lakes by manipulating sand dunes to create temporary depressions where precipitation
collects.
Lakes in polar latitudes can freeze.
The biggest lakes in Europe
Lake Surface (km²)
Country
The biggest lake in Europe
Baikal 31722
Russia
and the deepest and oldest
lake (1642 m) in the world
Ladoga 17700
(European) Russia
Onega 9610
(European) Russia
Vänern 5490
Svezia
What is it? Is it a lake, a pond or a river?
comune.jesi.an.it
POND
RIVER
How are they different?
Which one is made of standing water?
LAKE □ RIVER □ POND □
Which one can contain fresh or salt water?
LAKE □ RIVER □ POND □
Which one always runs?
LAKE □ RIVER □ POND □
Which one is the smallest?
LAKE □ RIVER □ POND □
Which one is surrounded by land and isn’t part of an ocean?
LAKE □ RIVER □ POND □
Which one goes to the sea?
LAKE □ RIVER □ POND □
LAKE
Lake origins
GLACIAL LAKES
FORMED IN AREAS WHERE THERE WERE
GLACIERS DURING THE LAST ICE AGE
ICE PRESSURE
AND WEIGHT
ICE MELTING
These are some Italian glacial lakes.
Do you know their names?..............................................................................................................
What do you notice about their shape? They are mainly round/long, wide/ narrow.
wikipedia
TECTONIC LAKES
TECTONIC MOVEMENTS CAN FORM LAKES
Fault lines
Zanichelli
These lakes form at fault lines where plates meet.
In these areas earthquakes are common.
Important tectonic lakes are:
LAKE BAIKAL IN RUSSIA
l
The oldest
Il più grande
The largest
Il più profondo
The deepest
Il più vecchio
LAKE TANGANYIKA IN AFRICA
WHAT DO THEY
HAVE IN
COMMON?
VOLCANIC LAKES
Once a volcano is extinct its empty
caldera slowly begins to fill with
water.
CALDERA
www.slideplayer.com
Volcanic activity can create lakes
Volcanic lakes are typically clear and
deep blue in color and they have the
typical round shape
The most important volcanic lakes in Italy are: lake Bolsena and lake Bracciano
BOLSENA
BRACCIANO
www.navigabolsena.it
www.italiapescasportiva.altervista.org
What about their shape?
They are :
narrow
long
round
yes no
LAKES ORIGINATED FROM RIVER EROSION
www.naturamediterraneo.com
Many lakes result from river movements of
sediments that slowly create lakes over time.
The force of water can lead to extensive
erosion. Over time, eroded areas may become
lake basins
RIVER
LAKE
SEDIMENTS
░░░░░
When a lake forms at the foot of a
waterfall, it is referred to as a
plunge-pool lake. The powerful
force of water can carve lakes into
the landscape.
WATERFALL
www.fullhdpictures.com
PLUNGE-POOL LAKE
FLUVIATILE LAKES
Lakes can also form at the mouths
of rivers and on deltas when the
aggregation of sediments on a delta
stops the natural water flow. These
lakes are called fluviatile lakes.
Often, these lakes may be young in
origin and disappear with floods and
higher water flow.
RIVER
FLUVIATILE LAKE
DELTA
SEDIMENTS
SEA
www.geol.umd.edu
Also MEANDERS can form
lakes: the OXBOW LAKES.
MAN- MADE LAKES
www.gazzettadisondrio.it
Some lakes are man-made lakes.
They can be the result of damming or
other processes that lead to the
pooling of water in one location. For
examples we can have reservoirs for
drink water, power generation,
fisheries, or other recreational
activities, farm ponds, ornamental
lakes.
DAM
WHY ARE THESE LAKES MADE?
To generate power
To provide drink water
To stop the river running
To have fisheries
To protect the villages below
true
true
true
true
true
false
false
false
false
false
it.wikipedia.org
MAN MADE
LAKE
BRACKISH WATER LAKES
http://vnr.unipg.it/
The action of waves along ocean
shoreline can lead to lake formation
through erosion and damming of
estuaries and river deltas. These
lakes may be semi-saline brackish
water lakes.
The action of waves forms lake
eroding and damming estuaries
www.meteoweb.eu
.
The action of wind can
manipulate sand dunes to
create depressions where rain
collects
The force of wind is also capable of
creating lake basins in coastal
regions at the boundaries of large
lakes by manipulating sand dunes
to create temporary depressions
where precipitation collects.
What is a river?
River is fresh water constantly flowing across the surface of the land. It
flows in a channel. It never dries up at any time in the year.
BANK
The sides of the channel are
called the banks
CHANNEL
BED
The course of a river is the
route the river takes.
The quantity of water in a river is
called the flow.
In some places, rivers have a
lot of water in the autumn and in
the spring because It rains more
and snow melts in the
mountains.
When a river alternates flood
periods and dry periods we say it
has a torrential regime, when a
river has plenty of water all the
year long, we say it has a river
regIme
A river regime is the difference
in the discharge of the river
throughout the year.
The bottom of the channel is
called the bed .
FLOW/
DISCHARGE
QUANTITY OF
WATER
REGIME
DISCHARGE OF THE
RIVER IN A YEAR
Drainage
basin basin
Match the letters with the numbers
1 SOURCE
A
the point where the river comes to the end, usually when
entering a sea
2 ESTUARY/
MOUTH
B
the beginning or start of a river, it is usually in the
mountains.
3 STREAM
C
the point at which two rivers or streams join.
4 TRIBUTARY
D
the area of land drained by a river
5 CONFLUENCE
E
a stream or smaller river which joins a larger stream or
river
6 DRAINAGE
BASIN
F
the edge of highland surrounding a drainage basin. It
marks the boundary between two drainage basins.
7 WATERSHED
G
a body of water with a current, confined within a bed
RIVERS
1 The source of the river usually
starts in the mountains. Water
comes out of the ground in a spring
2 In the upper course the stream
rushes down steep slopes and
channels with very little water in it.
Sometimes it forms falls.
3 In the middle course other
streams join the main stream. It
becomes a river with more water
in it and starts to flow more
slowly.
4 In the lower course the river is
wider and has more water in it. It
flows very slowly
5 At the mouth of the river the
fresh water joins the salty seawater.
This is an estuary
Choose the correct answer:
The point where a river usually starts
The part of the river where it flows
very slowly
The point where fresh water joins the
saewater
The part of a river where it rushes down
steep slopes
It has very little water and rushes down
steep slopes
The part of a river where other streams
join the main stream
TRIBUTARY
MIDDLE
COURSE
ESTUARY
SOURCE
UPPER
COURSE
RIVER
MOUTH
LOWER
COURSE
CONFLUENCE
MIDDLE
COURSE
ESTUARY
UPPER
COURSE
RIVER
LOWER
COURSE
STREAM
MIDDLE
COURSE
UPPER
COURSE
LOWER
COURSE
CATCHMENT BASIN
The land that includes the source , the course, all the tributaries and the
mouth of a river is called the CATCHMENT BASIN.
It is defined by the peaks of the mountains around it. The mountain ridge
is called WATERSHED LINE.
WATERSHED
ESTUARY AND DELTA
River erosion is when moving waters
wear away the river bed and banks. It
occurs when there is a large amount of
water in the river or when the river is
flowing quickly.
WATER WEARS AWAY THE
LOAD (sand and gravels)
When the river flows into the sea its mouth can be
an
ESTUARY
or
a DELTA
If the sea tides are strong, the
river mouth remains open , like
a funnel and it is called
ESTUARY.
Which one is a delta? Which one an estuary?
If the sea tides are weak, the
river deposits the sand and the
gravel that it has transported
and a large triangular alluvial
plain is formed. The river
divides into branches. It is a
DELTA
THE MOST IMPORTANT RIVERS IN EUROPE
Why are they shorter than
the Asian American and
African ones?
European territory
is smaller.
The watersheds
are near the seas.
BUT
In the eastern Europe there are rivers that are very long,
they are the rivers of the Sarmatian Lowland.
We can gather all the European rivers according to the sea where they flow into.
THE
WESTERN
BASINS
THE
ATLANTIC
BASIN
THE
MEDITERRAN
EAN BASIN
THE SOUTH EASTERN BASINS: CASPIAN AND
BLACK SEA
These are the longest rivers in
Europe, they flow into the
Caspian Sea and the Black Sea .
They flow very slowly, have a
large discharge all the year and are
navigable rivers.
URAL: 2428 km,
the third river in
Europe. It flows into
the Caspian Sea
DANUBE: 2860 Km
long, it flows into
Black Sea. It’s the
second river in Europe.
DON and DNIEPER
flow into the Black
Sea.
VOLGA :3531
Km, it is the longest
river in Europe. It
flows into the
Caspian Sea
THE NORTH EASTERN BASINS: ARTIC SEA AND
BALTIC SEA
PEČORA
flows into
the Arctic
Sea
VISTULA and
ODER flow into
the Baltic Sea
WESTERN
DIVINA flows into
the Baltic Sea
Match numbers and letters
1 It is the second longest river in Europe
NORTHERN
DIVINA flows
into the Arctic
Sea
2 They flow into the Caspian Sea
A VISTULA, ODER and WESTERN
DIVINA
B URAL river
3 They flow into the Baltic Sea
C
4 It is the longest river in Europe
D VOLGA and URAL
5 It is 2428 Km long
E
DON, DNIEPER and DANUBE
6 They flow into the Black Sea
F
The EASTERN BASIN RIVERS
7 They flow very slowly
G DANUBE river
VOLGA river
THE ATLANTIC BASIN
These rivers flow into the Atlantic Ocean. They run in the northern and western part of
Europe.
They are shorter than the Eastern rivers but they are longer than the Mediterranean rivers.
They are navigable with large discharges and are often used to carry goods.
ELBE: more than
1000Km long.
TAGUS and
DOURO are
the most
important
Spanish rivers
The River THAMES:
the river of London
RHINE : it rises in
the Swiss Alps, runs
across Central
Europe and flows
into the North Sea.
It’s the longest in
this basin
LOIRE: it is the
most important
river in France
Don’t forget
The river SEINE:
the river of Paris
THE MEDITERRANEAN BASIN
These rivers run in the south-west
Europe and flow into the
Mediterranean Sea. They are the
shortest rivers in Europe because of
their position: they rise on mountain
ranges that lay too close to the sea.
They are rivers with a lower flow
rate and not all are navigable.
The most impotant are:
EBRE
RHONE
PO
RIVERS IN ITALY
The Italian rivers are shorter than those in other European regions. This is because the
Apennines run the entire length of the peninsula dividing the water into two opposite sides.
And the Alps and Dolomites in the North empty into the Paduaian Plain.
However, this geography have created hundreds of rivers throughout Italy due to
abundant rainfall and the snowfields and glaciers in northern alpine regions.
SHORT
BUT
MANY
ITALIAN
RIVERS
Because mountains
lay too closet o the
sea
Due to abundant
rainfall, snowfields and
glaciers
THE ALPINE RIVERS
The Alpine rivers are longer
than the Apennine ones and
they have a larger flow rate
The longest river is the Italian Po ( 652 km),
which flows from Monviso, runs along the Po
Valley from west to east, emptying into the
Po Delta, on the Adriatic Sea. In addition to
being the longest, the Po also is the largest
river basin, with the largest volume of flow at
the mouth.
Its main tributaries are
TANARO: it
rises on the
Ligurian Alps
and flows into
the Po in
Piedmont
TICINO: it rises in
Switzerland and forms the
Lake Maggiore
ADDA : it forms the Lake
Como and runs through
Lombardy
The MOUTH of the river PO is a
DELTA.
It is called the Po Delta and it covers
a large area made of detritus ,
lagoons and marshes.
Other important Alpine rivers are:
Adige, Brenta, Piave, Tagliamento and
Isonzo.
They aren’t tributaries of
the river Po but flows into the Adriatic
Sea.
ADIGE (410 km) is the
second longest river in Italy. It
rises in Trentino Alto Adige ,
runs through the wide Adige
Valley and ends near
Chioggia in the Adriatic Sea.
THE APENNINE RIVERS
They are shorter than the Alpine rivers and with
a less constant flow because they are mostly
rain fed.
Rivers TREBBIA
TANARO SECCHIA
PANARO and RENO
are RIVER PO
TRIBUTARIES
River ARNO starting in Tuscany (Mount
Falterona) and flows into Tyrrhenian Sea.
Due to its detritus it has contributed to
form flat land that, in the centuries,
increased the coastal land. In fact Pisa
,which was a sea harbour ,is nowadays at 8
km far from the coast.
The third longest river in Italy is the TIBER (405 km),
starting in the Emilia Romagna Region (Mount
Fumaiolo) and flows into the Tyrrhenian Sea.
Other important rivers
in the Centre and South
of Italy are
Flowing into Tyrrhenian
Sea:
OMBRONE
LIRI-GARIGLIANO
VOLTURNO
SELE
In Sardinia:
TIRSO
FLUMENDOSA
Match
letters and
numbers
Flowing into the Ionian Sea:
BRADANO
BASENTO
AGRI
Flowing into the Adriatic
Sea:
METAURO
TRONTO
ATERNO-PESCARA
SANGRO
BIFERNO
OFANTO
In Sicily:
SALSO
SIMETO
1 It ‘s the third longest river in Italy
A ARNO
2 Its source is on the Mount Falterona
B SALSO AND
SIMETO
C TICINO
3 They are the most important rivers in Sicily
4 It ‘s the second longest river in Italy and ends near
Chioggia
D PO
5 It rises in Switzerland
E
ADDA
6 It forms the Lake Como
F
TIBER
7 It rises on the Ligurian Alps
G ADIGE
8 It has a big delta
H TANARO