Download PERIOD 3 CIVILIZATIONS!

PERIOD 3 CIVILIZATIONS!
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UMAYYAD EMPIRE
Family of Muslim rulers that followed the four “rightly guided” caliphs
Ruled the Muslim World from 661-750 CE
Expanded the Muslim World across North Africa and into Spain
Moved the capital of the Muslim empire to Damascus
Abandoned simple life of previous caliphs; displayed their wealth and were more ceremonial that
previous Muslim leaders
Controversial nature helped further the Sunni-Shia split in Islam
Rejected by the Sufi and Shia alike
Supported by the Sunni
Established a caliphate in Spain- the extraordinary state of al-Andalus with the city Cordoba
showcased Muslim culture
ABBASID EMPIRE
Followed the Umayyad family in ruling much of the Muslim world; ruled from 750-1258 CE
Moved the capital of the Muslim empire to Baghdad
Greatly expanded Islam through commerce along the Indian Ocean trade route
Money flowing in from trade was used to construct mosques and advance science, mathematics,
and philosophy
Baghdad became a center of learning where the texts of Greece, Rome, India, and Persia were
translated into Arabic.
Set the stage for later European learning
Invented algebra
Made many advances in medicine
Struggled to maintain control of the Muslim empire- various regions broke apart, but stayed in
power until the Mongols overran them
BYZANTINE EMPIRE
Christianity unified the Eastern Roman Empire
Carried on the traditions and glory of Rome for 1000 years after the fall of the Roman Empire
Justinian attempted to reclaim lost Roman territory, update Roman laws (Justinian Code)
Greek was spoken instead of Latin
Built the Hagia Sophia
Preserved Greco-Roman culture
Nika Rebellion violently crushed by Belisarius (Justinian’s best general)
Plague of Justinian- first bout of the Bubonic Plague
Territory shrank due to foreign attack; Constantinople fell in 1453 (ending the empire)
In 1054, became united under the Eastern Orthodox branch of Christianity as the Great Schism
split the world of Christendom due to differences with the west
Caesaropapism- Emperor was over the Patriarch (controlled Church and state)
Expanded Eastern Orthodox Christianity to the Slavic people of Russia
Cyril and Methodius developed the Cyrillic alphabet to spread Orthodox Christianity to Slavic
people
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RUSSIA
First society formed from the interaction of Slavic, Viking, and Byzantine people
Novgorod was the first important city
Prince Vladimir of Kiev converted to Orthodox Christianity
Conquered by the Mongols (the only group to successfully conquer this land) from 1240-1480
Mongol rule isolated this land from the advancements of the Commercial Revolution and
Renaissance in Europe
Moscow had become a major economic, political, and cultural center by the 1300s
Ivan III took the name czar, wanted to make Russia the Third Rome
Ivan III oversaw the break with the Mongol Empire in 1480
MONGOL EMPIRE
Fierce nomadic warriors from the Eurasian steppes
Continued the tradition of the Xiongnu and Huns
Expert horse riders
Genghis Khan united the loosely organized clans into a powerful warring unit
Established the largest land-based empire of all time (from Korea to Eastern Europe)
Empire divided into four khanates: Golden Horde, Ilkhanate, Chagatai Khanate, and Khanate of
the Great Khan.
Religiously tolerant
Demanded tribute (pay taxes) from subject people
Pax Mongolica: guaranteed safe passage for trade caravans and missionaries
Diffused ideas and innovations from China to the west across the empire
Believed to have helped diffuse the Black Death
Promoted people based on merit, not birth
Placed people where they would be best used throughout the empire
Failed to conquer Japan
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SELJUK TURKS
First group of Turkish people to become powerful and influential on the world scene
Took much power from the Abbasid caliphs
Formerly nomadic people known for their military skills; converted to Islam
Controlled Anatolia through military strength
Persian city of Isfahan chosen as the capital city of the kingdom
Looked to Persians for cultural and religious guidance
Confronted the Christian Crusaders in the Holy Land
Took much land from the Byzantine Empire
Reclaimed Jerusalem after the first Crusade; Saladin reached an agreement with Richard the
Lionhearted of England to allow Christian pilgrims to visit
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VIKINGS
Homeland was Scandinavia
Also called Northmen or Norsmen; Germanic people
Worshipped warlike gods; were very vicious and were known to plunder
Used longboats to transport troops and supplies for surprise invasions
Also were traders, farmers, and explorers- navigated the rivers of Eastern Europe and Russia
Explorer Leif Erikson reached North America 500 years before Columbus
Declined to a period of warmer temperatures- more people adopted settled agriculture instead of
seafaring invasions
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SUI DYNASTY
Ruled China from 581-618 CE
First dynasty to unite China 350 years after the fall of the Han
Completed the Grand Canal (connected the Yangtze to the Yellow)
TANG DYNASTY
Ruled China from 618-907 CE
Empress Wu- the only woman to take the title of emperor for herself
Defeated by Muslims at the Battle of Talas in 751- limited expansion of Chinese influence into
Central Asia
Extended Chinese influence into Korea
Expanded civil service examination system
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SONG CHINA
Ruled China from 960-1279
Forced to retreat south after the Jurchen people (from Manchuria) conquered northern China.
Population increase- became the most populous country in the world
Prospered from Silk Road and Indian Ocean trade; expanded the tributary system
Many advancements: movable type, gunpowder, acupuncture, porcelain, mechanical clock, paper
money, magnetic compass
Champa rice imported from Vietnam= population boom
Islam and Christianity began to come into China
Foot binding became a custom among women
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YUAN CHINA
Established control of China in 1279; ruled until the Ming took power in 1368.
First foreign Chinese dynasty
Kublai Khan united all of China for the first time in 300 years
Opened China to more foreign contacts and trade due to control of most of Eurasia
Tolerated Chinese culture, made few changes to the Chinese system of government
For the first time, a Mongol ruler moved from Mongolia to a conquered area
Mongols kept their ways separate from Chinese culture
Highest offices occupied by either Mongols or foreign officials
Kublai Khan invited foreign merchants to visit China, including Marco Polo
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JAPAN
Buddhism arrived, eventually blended with Shinto beliefs to create Zen Buddhism
Selective borrowing from Tang China- adapted Confucianism, Chinese art, language, food,
gardening, and tea
Attempted to incorporate the civil service examination system; did not work since noble birth
remained the way to get a higher status
The Tale of Genji- the world’s first novel
Heian Court (794-1185)- refined court society
By the mid-11th century, Fujiwara family’s influence declined, a power struggle emerged between
rival lords
Rival lords used loyal warriors called samurai to fight for them
Samurai followed the bushido code
First shogun (military dictator) began in 1192
Had a puppet emperor; real power resided with powerful family or shogun after 119
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KOREA
Borrowed heavily from China (Buddhism, Confucianism, art, language, food, etc), but maintained
its own identity
Controlled for centuries by outsiders (China, Mongols)
Established a civil service examination system, but unlike China, theirs did not offer social
mobility (largely restricted to nobles)
Began woodblock printing for Buddhist scriptures
After the Han, established its own dynasties (Silla, Koryu); after the Mongols in 1392, established
the Choson (Yi) Dynasty, which would rule until absorbed by Japan in 1910
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VIETNAM
Southeast Asian civilization least influenced by India and most influenced by China
Absorbed many Chinese influences (Buddhism, Confucianism, ideas on government and
education), but maintained its own identity
Women traditionally had more rights than Chinese women
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SRIVIJAYA
Buddhist temple at Borobudur reflects Indian influence
Ruled the strategic Strait of Malacca;
Powerful trading empire in island SE Asia (present-day Indonesia)
Taxed trade going from China to the Indian Ocean- gained great wealth
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KHMER EMPIRE
Present-day Cambodia
Dominant power on the SE Asian mainland
Angkor Wat initially built as a Hindu temple, later occupied by Buddhists
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MEDIEVAL EUROPE: EARLY MIDDLE AGES (476-1000 CE)
Dark Ages ushered in by the fall of the Roman Empire in 476 CE
Constant invasions disrupted trade
Cities were abandoned; elites fled to the countryside
Learning declined; the only literate people were nobles and monks
Knowledge of classical Greek or Roman ideas was lost
Romance languages derived from Latin, but Latin was no longer spoken widely outside of the
Catholic Church
Germanic kingdoms replaced Roman provinces
Small communities governed by unwritten rules and traditions replaced loyalty to a centralized
government and written laws
No centralized rule due to emphasis on personal ties rather than loyalty to an unfamiliar king
Clovis brought Christianity to the Franks (Germanic people of Gaul)
511: Clovis united the Franks into one kingdom; alliance between the Frankish kingdom and the
Church was established
Christianity spread by rulers, missionaries
Church took an active role in political affairs, attempted to influence kings
Charles Martel (Charles the Hammer) defeated Umayyad Muslims at the Battle of Tours in 732;
prevented further Muslim expansion into Europe
Carolingian Dynasty ruled the Franks from 751-987.
Charlemagne established the largest state in Western Europe since the Roman Empire; crowned
emperor by the pope in 800 CE
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Lack of strong rulers and centralized government led to feudalism
Chaotic and disorderly from 476-1000 CE due to constant invasions from Muslims, Vikings, and
Maygars
People turned to local lords for protection from invaders- any leader who could successfully
defend from invasion gained support and power
Lords (landowners) gave land (fiefs) to vassals- people that swore loyalty to the lord.
Knights (mounted cavalry) protected the manor (the lord’s estate)
Peasants produced for the estate; serfs were bound to work the estate for the lord
Manorial system= self-contained economy- did not trade extensively with outside areas
People had to pay taxes to the king but also to the Church (tithe)
Knights followed the code of chivalry
Siege warfare: trebuchets, catapults, battering rams, siege towers
Church was the most powerful institution; guided social and cultural life, appealed to people in all
social classes across society
Canon law (church law) guided matters such as marriage, divorce, and religious practices
Popes used the threat of excommunication and interdict to compel obedience
Superstition dominated instead of knowledge and reason
MEDIEVAL EUROPE: LATER MIDDLE AGES (1000-1400 CE)
Great Cathedrals are built in the Gothic style during the Age of Faith
Popes called a series of Crusades against the Muslim Turks in an effort to reclaim the holy land
and expand Christendom.
Guilds were established- organizations of individuals in the same occupation working to improve
the economic and social conditions of its members.
Cities began to grow again after 1000 CE as agriculture improved and trade expanded- serfs left
the manors and went to the cities looking for jobs, helping to end feudalism
After contact with Byzantines and Muslims in the Crusades exposed the West to Greco-Roman
texts, Thomas Aquinas (a monk) argued that most religious beliefs could be proven by logical
argument (attempted to reconcile the two influences)
The Church weathered challenges to its authority after the Crusades
The Bubonic Plague (Black Death) swept across the region, devastating cities and killing ⅓ of the
population
ENGLAND
Former Roman province later settled by Angles and Saxons (Germanic tribes)
William the Conqueror of Normandy invaded in 1066 in an attempt to gain the English throne at
the Battle of Hastings- victorious, he unified the country and set the stage for centralized
government
Established several early legal precedents still used in western countries today, such as common
law and juries
The Magna Carta in 1215 was the first document to formally limit the power of the king and
declare rights for citizens
The first Parliament began to form, initially as a consultative group to the king on various matters
or to draw up support from the various classes
Over time, Parliament became a major check on the king’s power and divided into two branches:
a lower house (The House of Commons) and an upper house (The House of Lords).
The introduction of the longbow during the Hundred Years’ War ended the reliance on mounted
cavalry and changed warfare forever
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FRANCE
A series of more powerful rulers called the Capetian kings strengthened the power of the state
from 987-1328
Capetian kings used their power to unify lands, weaken feudal ties
An appeals court was established, as was the idea of having a bailiff (someone to preside over
the king’s courts)
The Estates-General was formed as a representative assembly from the different social classes;
unlike Parliament, never became a strong check on the power of the king later on
Fought England in the Hundred Years War, which began in 1337 and finally ended in 1453
Joan of Arc claimed to hear the voices of saints compelling her to drive out the English and
restore legitimate rule in the country- after help lead troops to victory at the Battle of Orleans, she
was burned at the stake for heresy
ITALY
By the 1300s, a prosperous merchant class emerged in places like Venice and Florence
Merchants gained wealth by trading for desired goods from Asia, selling them to people who
wanted them in Europe
Used profits from trade to sponsor great works of art, including artists such as Michaelangelo,
Donatello, and Leonardo da Vinci
Helped to establish a flourishing of culture known as the Renaissance, with emphasis on human
potential and renewed interest in secular topics
SPAIN
Reconquista= Effort to drive Muslims out of the country
Inquisition= An attempt by the Church and the monarchs (Isabella and Ferdinand) to unite the
country under Christianity and suppress heresy; torture was common, as was conversion due to
intimidation
HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE
Organization of decentralized German kingdoms with a strong attachment to the Catholic Church
Later seen as the First Reich in German history
Would remain a loose collection of German kingdoms until 1871
Sometimes tense relationship between the Catholic church and the German king (for instance,
Pope Gregory VII was upset that German kings had practiced lay investiture (kings and nobles
appointing church officials), so he excommunicated Henry IV, the young German king).
GHANA
Powerful West African kingdom that reached its peak from the 700s-1000s
Gained great wealth from the Trans-Saharan trade: traded gold for salt from the north
Converted to Islam by the 11th century after prolonged contact with Muslims through the TransSaharan trade
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MALI
Emerged as a powerful empire in West Africa from 1200-1450
Like Ghana, had great wealth from its gold reserves, which it used to trade for salt from the north
Mansa Musa ruled from 1312-1332, became one of the wealthiest rulers of all time due to his
control over the Trans-Saharan trade
Timbuktu became a flourishing trade center and also a center of Islamic learning
Ibn Battuta visited in the 1350s
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EASTERN NORTH AMERICA
Mississippian culture
Known as mound builders
Trade thrived among various tribal communities, connected by an integrated river system
Largely practiced settled agriculture (primarily maize)
Cahokia was a major trade city
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WESTERN NORTH AMERICA
More nomadic than native societies further East
Hunted buffalo
Included the Anasazi and Pueblo peoples in the southwest
In more naturally productive areas, such as California, native peoples could hunt and gather
without having to migrate constantly
MAYA
Flourished on the Yucatan Peninsula from 200 CE- 900 CE, remained in the area (though with
diminished influenced) until Spanish conquests in the 1500s
Featured independent city-states, each ruled by a god-king and served as centers of religious
worship and trade
Had temples, pyramids, and ball courts
Believed playing games on ball courts would maintain the cycles of the sun and moon and bring
life-giving rains
City-states linked through trade
Worshipped jaguar spirits
Great cities of Tikal and Chichen Itza
Agriculture, including maize, beans, and squash, supported the population
Polytheistic- believed each day was a living god whose behavior could be predicted with a system
of calendars
Practiced human sacrifice to their gods
Known for advances in astronomy, mathematics, and calendars, including their famous prediction
that the world would eventually end in 2012
Writing consisted of hieroglyphic symbols, called glyphs
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AZTEC
Built upon the foundation established by earlier Mesopotamian civilizations such as the Olmecs,
Toltecs, Zapotecs, and Teotihuacan
Flourished in the Valley of Mexico from 1200-1500 (when Cortes and the Spanish arrived)
Based their power on military conquest and the tribute they gained from conquered subjects;
many conquered peoples were used in human sacrifices to the gods
Generally had loose control over the empire as long as conquered subjects paid tribute in the
form of gold, maize, cacao beans, cotton, jade, and other products.
Tenochtitlan- built where Mexico City is today; known for its chinampas (farm plots built on
marshy fringes of the lake- called “floating gardens”)
Polytheistic- rituals largely focused on the sun god; performed sacrifices to ensure that the sun
would rise the next day
Pochteca- private merchant class
Also had a calendar and glyphic writing system, probably adapted from the Mayans
INCA
Built upon the foundation established by previous Andean civilizations such as Norte Chico,
Moche, Nazca and Chavin
Polytheistic, also focused on the sun god (much like the Mesoamerican civilizations did)
Huge empire tied together with road system and a common language, Quechua
Cuzco was the heart of the civilization, containing temples, plazas, and palaces
The state controlled almost every part of economic and social life, did not have a private
merchant class like the Aztecs did
Mit’a system- periodic forced labor mandated by the state for public works projects
Quipu used for accounting purposes in lieu of a writing system
Potatoes were the staple crop that supported a large population
Machu Picchu seen as a marvel of engineering
Led by Atahuallpa at the time of Pizarro’s arrival in 1521
Also performed human sacrifice to the gods much like Mesoamerican societies did