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Viruses and Bacteria Three Domains and Six Kingdoms Domain Bacteria Kingdom Eubacteria Domain Archaea Kingdom Archaebacteria Domain Eukarya Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Animalia Kingdom Protista Viruses Virus = a non-cellular replicating entity that must invade living cells to carry out its replication. Not regarded as living organisms Examples HIV: the AIDS virus Common cold Flu Chicken pox 1 The Virus Life Cycle The Lytic cycle Virus binds to the host cell Viral DNA is injected Host DNA is digested and viral DNA is replicated Host cell transcribes and translates viral DNA New viral particles are assembled with viral DNA Host cell bursts and virus particles are released to start the process over again in another host cell. The Virus Life Cycle The Lysogenic cycle Virus binds to the host cell Viral DNA is injected Viral DNA is integrated into host DNA Host cell transcribes and translates viral DNA New viral particles are assembled with viral DNA using the host cell membrane Virus particle buds off cell to infect more cells. Differences Between Lytic and Lysogenic Cycles Lytic Cycle Host DNA is digested Host cell bursts in order to release virus Lysogenic Cycle Viral DNA is integrated into host DNA Host cell does not burst, instead virus particles are made from the host cell membrane 2 Vaccines and Viruses Use of vaccinations How vaccines work and how the body reacts Examples of common vaccines Flu, chicken pox, poliovirus Bacteria Bacteria are prokaryotes: Lacking a nucleus No membrane-bound organelles Unicellular Asexual reproduction – binary fission Has a cell wall Bacterial Nutrition Most bacteria are heterotrophs and some can be autotrophs. Autotroph = self-feeding Autotrophs can make their own food (energy) Energy sources Heterotroph = other feeders Heterotrophs must get their food (energy) from other sources. Energy sources 3 Examples of Heterotrophic and Autotrophic Bacteria Heterotrophic bacteria include: Escherichia coli – certain strains can make people sick Leptospira interrogans – can sometimes infect dogs Bacillus anthracis – cause of anthrax Staphylococcus epidermis – normally lives on our skin Autotrophic bacteria include: Cyanobacteria – overgrowth can choke out plant and animal life in ponds Shapes of Bacteria Round – coccus Rod-shaped – bacillus Spiral-shaped spirillum Bacteria Can Be Helpful Bacteria can be helpful to humans Examples Bacteria can be helpful to the environment Examples 4 AND Harmful Bacteria can be pathogenic or disease-causing How do pathogenic bacteria cause illness? Antibiotics: Killing pathogenic bacteria without harming human cells Antibiotic: a chemical compound that is produced by one microorganism that is toxic to another microorganism. The Antibiotic Resistance Movement The Antibiotic Resistance Movement Some antibiotics are losing their effectiveness against bacteria. Why? How do bacteria become resistant? What happens once they are resistant? 5 The Antibiotic Resistance Movement Differences Between Bacteria and Viruses Viruses Non-cellular Cannot reproduce by themselves – needs a host cell Cause disease Chicken pox Common cold Flu AIDS In humans, are killed by the immune system and vaccination Vaccines must be administered BEFORE you become ill Bacteria Single-celled prokaryotes Reproduce asexually via binary fission Some have a mutualistic relationship with humans Others cause disease Strep throat Bronchitis Tuberculosis Tetanus In humans, are killed by antibiotics Antibiotics are prescribed AFTER you become ill 6
