Download Sheet music

Sheet music
For other uses, see Sheet music (disambiguation).
music can be studied to create a performance and to elucidate aspects of the music that may not be obvious from
mere listening. Authoritative musical information about a
Sheet music is a handwritten or printed form of music
piece can be gained by studying the written sketches and
notation that uses modern musical symbols. Like its
early versions of compositions that the composer might
analogs – books, pamphlets, etc. – the medium of sheet
music typically is paper (or, in earlier times, parchment), have retained, as well as the final autograph score and personal markings on proofs and printed scores.
although the access to musical notation in recent years
also includes presentation on computer screens. Use of Comprehending sheet music requires a special form of
the term “sheet” is intended to differentiate written mu- literacy: the ability to read music notation. Neverthesic from an audio presentation, as in a sound recording, less, an ability to read or write music is not a requirement
broadcast or live performance, which may involve video to compose music. Many composers have been capable
as well. In everyday use, “sheet music” (or simply “mu- of producing music in printed form without the capacity
sic”) can refer to the print publication of commercial mu- themselves to read or write in musical notation, as long
sic in conjunction with the release of a new film, show, as an amanuensis of some sort is available.Examples inrecord album, or other special or popular event which in- clude the blind 18th-century composer John Stanley and
volves music. The first sheet of printed sheet music was the 20th-century songwriters Lionel Bart, Irving Berlin
made in 1473.
and Paul McCartney.
The skill of sight reading is the ability of a musician to
perform an unfamiliar work of music upon viewing the
sheet music for the first time. Sight reading ability is
expected of professional musicians and serious amateurs
who play classical music and related forms. An even more
refined skill is the ability to look at a new piece of music
Sheet music is written representation of music. This is a and hear most or all of the sounds (melodies, harmonies,
homorhythmic (i.e., hymn-style) arrangement of a traditional timbres, etc.) in one’s head without having to play the
piece entitled "Adeste Fideles", in standard two-staffformat for piece.
mixed voices.Play
With the exception of solo performances, where memorization is expected, classical musicians ordinarily have
the sheet music at hand when performing.In jazz music,
which is mostly improvised, sheet music – called a lead
sheet in this context – is used to give basic indications of
melodies, chord changes, and arrangements.
Handwritten or printed music is less important in other
traditions of musical practice, however. Although much
popular music is published in notation of some sort, it is
Score is a common alternative (and more generic) term quite common for people to learn a piece by ear. This is
for sheet music, and there are several types of scores, as also the case in most forms of western folk music, where
discussed below. (Note: the term score can also refer to songs and dances are passed down by oral – and aural –
theatre music written for a play, musical, opera, ballet, tradition. Music of other cultures, both folk and classitelevision programme or film; for the last of these, see Film
cal, is often transmitted orally, though some non-western
score.)
cultures developed their own forms of musical notation
and sheet music as well.
Tibetan musical score from the 19th century.
Although sheet music is often thought of as being a platform for new music and an aid to composition (i.e., the
composer writes the music down), it can also serve as a
visual record of music that already exists. Scholars and
Sheet music can be used as a record of, a guide to, or a
others have made transcriptions to render western and
means to perform, a piece of music. Although it does not
non-western music in readable form for study, analysis
take the place of the sound of a performed work, sheet
1
Purpose and use
1
2
2
TYPES
and re-creative performance. This has been done not only
with folk or traditional music (e.g., Bartók’s volumes of
Magyar and Romanian folk music), but also with sound
recordings of improvisations by musicians (e.g., jazz piano) and performances that may only partially be based
on notation. An exhaustive example of the latter in recent times is the collection The Beatles:Complete Scores
(London: Wise Publications, 1993), which seeks to transcribe into staves and tablature all the songs as recorded
by the Beatles in instrumental and vocal detail.
• A full score is a large book showing the music of all
instruments and voices in a composition lined up in
a fixed order. It is large enough for a conductor to
be able to read while directing rehearsals and performances.
2
• A study score is sometimes the same size as, and
often indistinguishable from, a miniature score, except in name. Some study scores are octavo size
and are thus somewhere between full and miniature
score sizes. A study score, especially when part of
an anthology for academic study, may include extra
comments about the music and markings for learning purposes.
Types
• A miniature score is like a full score but much reduced in size. It is too small for use in performance,
but handy for studying a piece of music, whether
it be for a large ensemble or a solo performer. A
miniature score may contain some introductory remarks.
Modern sheet music may come in different formats. If a
piece is composed for just one instrument or voice (such
as a piece for a solo instrument or for a cappella solo
voice), the whole work may be written or printed as one
piece of sheet music. If an instrumental piece is intended
to be performed by more than one person, each performer
will usually have a separate piece of sheet music, called a •
A piano score (or piano reduction) is a more or less
part, to play from. This is especially the case in the publiteral transcription for piano of a piece intended for
lication of works requiring more than four or so performmany performing parts, especially orchestral works;
ers, though invariably a full score is published as well. The
this can include purely instrumental sections within
sung parts in a vocal work are not usually issued sepalarge vocal works (see vocal score immediately berately today, although this was historically the case, eslow). Such arrangements are made for either piano
pecially before music printing made sheet music widely
solo (two hands) or piano duet (one or two pianos,
available.
four hands). Extra small staves are sometimes added
Sheet music can be issued as individual pieces or works
at certain points in piano scores for two hands to
(for example, a popular song or a Beethoven sonata), in
make the presentation more complete, though it is
collections (for example works by one or several comusually impractical or impossible to include them
posers), as pieces performed by a given artist, etc.
while playing. As with vocal score (immediately
below), it takes considerable skill to reduce an orWhen the separate instrumental and vocal parts of a musichestral score to such smaller forms because the recal work are printed together, the resulting sheet music is
duction needs to be not only playable on the keycalled a score. Conventionally, a score consists of musical
board but also thorough enough in its presentation
notation with each instrumental or vocal part in vertical
of the intended harmonies, textures, figurations, etc.
alignment (meaning that concurrent events in the notation
Sometimes markings are included to show which infor each part are orthographically arranged). The term
struments are playing at given points. While piano
score has also been used to refer to sheet music written
scores are usually not meant for performance outfor only one performer. The distinction between score
side of study and pleasure (Liszt’s concert transcripand part applies when there is more than one part needed
tions of Beethoven’s symphonies being one group
for performance.
of notable exceptions), ballets get the most practiScores come in various formats, as follows:
cal benefit from piano scores because with one or
two pianists they allow unlimited rehearsal before
an orchestra is absolutely needed.They can also be
used to train beginning conductors.Piano scores of
operas do not include separate staves for the vocal
parts, but they may add the sung text and stage directions above the music.
A conductor’s score
• A vocal score (or, more properly, piano-vocal score)
is a reduction of the full score of a vocal work (e.g.,
opera, musical, oratorio, cantata, etc.) to show the
vocal parts (solo and choral) on their staves and the
orchestral parts in a piano reduction (usually for two
hands) underneath the vocal parts; the purely orchestral sections of the score are also reduced for piano.
3
Baroque keyboard pieces, open scores of four staves
were sometimes used instead of the more modern
convention of one staffper hand. [1] It is also sometimes synonymous with full score (which may have
more than one part per staff).
• Scores from the Baroque period (1600-1750) are
very often in the form of a bass line with figured
chords (figured bass) and one or more melody instruments and/or voices
• A lead sheet specifies only the melody, lyrics and
harmony, using one staffwith chord symbols placed
Excerpt of a piano-vocal score (from the opera William Ratcliff,
above and lyrics below. It is commonly used in
by César Cui).Play
popular music to capture the essential elements of
song without specifying how the song should be arranged or performed.
If a portion of the work is a cappella, a piano reduction of the vocal parts is often added to aid in
• A chord chart or “chart” contains little or no melodic
rehearsal (this often is the case with a cappella reinformation at all but provides detailed harmonic
ligious sheet music). While not meant for perforand rhythmic information. This is the most common
mance, vocal scores serve as a convenient way for
kind of written music used by professional session
vocal soloists and choristers to learn the music and
musicians playing jazz or other forms of popular
rehearse separately from the instrumental ensemble.
music and is primarily intended for the rhythm
The vocal score of a musical typically does not insection (usually containing piano, guitar, bass and
clude the spoken dialogue, except for cues.
drums).
• The related but less common choral score con• A tablature is a special type of musical score – most
tains the choral parts with no accompaniment.
typically for a solo instrument – which shows where
• The comparable organ score exists as well,
to play the pitches on the given instrument rather
usually in association with church music for
than which pitches to produce, with rhythm indivoices and orchestra, such as arrangements (by
cated as well. This type of notation, which dates
later hands) of Handel’s Messiah.It is like the
from the late Middle Ages, has been used for keypiano-vocal score in that it includes staves for
board (e.g., organ) and for fretted string instruments
the vocal parts and reduces the orchestral parts
(lute, guitar) and is still used for guitar pieces in the
to be performed by one person. Unlike the
realm of popular music.
vocal score, the organ score is sometimes intended by the arranger to substitute for the orchestra in performance if necessary.
• A collection of songs from a given musical
3 History
is usually printed under the label vocal selections. This is different from the vocal score
from the same show in that it does not present 3.1 Manuscripts
the complete music, and the piano accompaniment is usually simplified and includes the Before the 15th century, western music was written by
hand and preserved in manuscripts, usually bound in large
melody line.
volumes. The best-known examples of these are medieval
• A short score is a reduction of a work for many in- manuscripts of monophonic chant. In the case of mestruments to just a few staves.Rather than compos- dieval polyphony, such as the motet, the parts were writing directly in full score, many composers work out ten in separate portions of facing pages. This process was
some type of short score while they are composing aided by the advent of mensural notation to clarify rhythm
and later expand the complete orchestration. (An and was paralleled by the medieval practice of composopera, for instance, may be written first in a short ing parts of polyphony sequentially, rather than simultascore, then in full score, then reduced to a vocal neously as in later times. Manuscripts showing parts toscore for rehearsal.) Short scores are often not pub- gether in score format were rare, and limited mostly to
lished; they may be more common for some perfor- organum, especially that of the Notre Dame school.
mance venues (e.g., band) than in others.
Even after the advent of music printing, much music con• An open score is a score of a polyphonic piece show-tinued to exist solely in manuscripts well into the 18th
ing each voice on a separate staff. In Renaissance or century.
4
3
HISTORY
long, difficult process that required three separate passes
through the printing press. Petrucci later developed a process which required only two passes through the press,
but was still taxing since each pass required very precise
alignment for the result to be legible. This was the first
well distributed printed polyphonic music. Petrucci also
printed the first tablature with movable type. Single impression printing first appeared in London around 1520.
Pierre Attaingnant brought the technique into wide use in
1528, and it remained little changed for 200 years.
Excerpt from a 13th-century Dominican missal
manuscript)
(parchment
Frontispiece to Petrucci’s Odhecaton
A common format for issuing multi-part, polyphonic music during the Renaissance was part-books. In this format,
each voice-part for a collection of five-part madrigals, for
See also: History of music publishing and Music engrav- instance, would be printed separately in its own book,
ing
such that all five part-books would be needed to perform
the music. (The same part books could be used by singers
or instrumentalists.) Scores for multi-part music were
There were several difficulties in translating the new technology of printing to music. The first printed book to rarely printed in the Renaissance, although the use of
score format as a means to compose parts simultaneously
include music, the Mainz psalter (1457), had to have the
(rather than successively, as in the late Middle Ages) is
notation added in by hand. This is similar to the room left
credited to Josquin des Prez.
in other incunabulae for capitals.The psalter was printed
in Mainz, Germany by Johann Fust and Peter Schöer
ff , The effect of printed music was similar to the effect
and one now resides in Windsor Castle and another at
of the printed word, in that information spread faster,
the British Library. Later, stafflines were printed, but more efficiently and to more people than it could through
scribes still added in the rest of the music by hand. The manuscripts. It had the additional effect of encouraging
greatest difficulty in using movable type to print music is amateur musicians of suffi
cient means, who could now
that all the elements must line up – the note head must afford music, to perform. This in many ways a ffected the
be properly aligned with the sta ff, or else it means some- entire music industry. Composers could now write more
thing other than it should. In vocal music, text must be music for amateur performers, knowing that it could be
aligned with the proper notes (although at this time, even distributed. Professional players could have more music
in manuscripts, this was not a high priority).
at their disposal. It increased the number of amateurs,
from whom professional players could then earn money
The first machine-printed music appeared around 1473,
approximately 20 years after Gutenberg introduced the by teaching them. Nevertheless, in the early years the
cost of printed music limited its distribution.
printing press. In 1501, Ottaviano Petrucci published
Harmonice Musices Odhecaton A, which contained 96 In many places the right to print music was granted by
pieces of printed music. Petrucci’s printing method the monarch, and only those with a special dispensation
produced clean, readable, elegant music, but it was a were allowed to do so. This was often an honour (and
3.2 Printing
5
economic boon) granted to favoured court musicians.
Of special practical interest for the general public is the
Mutopia project, an effort to create a library of public
In the 19th century the music industry was dominated by
domain sheet music, comparable to Project Gutenberg's
sheet music publishers. In the United States, the sheet
library of public domain books.The International Music
music industry rose in tandem with blackface minstrelsy,
Score Library Project (IMSLP) is also attempting to creand the group of New York City-based publishers and
ate a virtual library containing all public domain musical
composers dominating the industry was known as "Tin
scores, as well as scores from composers who are willing
Pan Alley". The late 19th century saw a massive exploto share their music with the world free of charge.
sion of parlor music, with a piano becoming de rigueur
for the middle class home, but in the early 20th century
the phonograph and recorded music grew greatly in importance. This, joined by the growth in popularity of ra- 5 See also
dio from the 1920s on, lessened the importance of the
sheet music publishers. The record industry eventually
• Eye movement in music reading
replaced the sheet music publishers as the music indus• List of Online Digital Musical Document Libraries
try’s largest force.
• Manuscript paper
4
Current developments
• Musical notation
•
In the late 20th and into the 21st
century, significant
interest has developed in representing sheet music in a
computer-readable format (see music notation software), •
as well as downloadable files. Music OCR, software to
“read” scanned sheet music so that the results can be ma- •
nipulated, has been available since 1991. In 1998, virtual
sheet music evolved further into what was to be termed
digital sheet music, which for the first time allowed pub- 6
lishers to make copyright sheet music available for purchase online. Unlike their hard copy counterparts, these [1]
files allowed for manipulation such as instrument changes,
transposition and MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) playback. The popularity of this instant delivery
system among musicians appears to be acting as a catalyst [2]
of new growth for the industry well into the foreseeable
[3]
future.
Music stand, a device that holds sheet music in position
Scorewriter – music notation software
Shorthand for orchestra instrumentation
References
Lalage Cochrane. “Open score”. In Macy, Laura. Grove
Music Online. Oxford Music Online. Oxford University
Press. (subscription required)
U.S. Patent 6,348,648
“Harry Connick Jr. Uses Macs at Heart of New Music Patent”. The Mac Observer. 2002-03-07. Retrieved
2011-11-15.
An early computer notation program available for home
computers was Music Construction Set, developed in
1984 and released for several di fferent platforms. Introducing concepts largely unknown to the home user of the 7 External links
time, it allowed manipulation of notes and symbols with a
pointing device such as a mouse; the user would “grab” a
note or symbol from a palette and "drop" it onto the staff 7.1 Archives of scanned works
in the correct location. The program allowed playback
• International Music Score Library Project
of the produced music through various early sound cards,
(Wikipedia article) – A public domain sheet
and could print the musical score on a graphics printer.
music library featuring original scores scanned to
Many software products for modern digital audio workPDF.
station and scorewriters for general personal computers
• http://musicnotes.pp.ua/
support generation of sheet music from MIDI files or by
manual entry.
In 1999, Harry Connick, Jr. invented a system and
• Music for the Nation – American sheet
music
method for coordinating music display among players in
archive.
an orchestra. [2] Connick’s invention is a device with a
screen which is used to show the sheet music for the musi- • Historic American Sheet Music – Duke University
cians in an orchestra instead of the more commonly used
Libraries Digital Collections Digital images of 3042
paper. Connick uses this system when touring with his
pieces of sheet music published in the United States
big band, for instance.[3]
between 1850 and 1920.
6
7
• Lester S. Levy Collection of Sheet Music – sheet
music project of The Sheridan Libraries of The
Johns Hopkins University.
• University of Washington Libraries Digital Collections – Pacific Northwest Sheet Music Collection
This collection contains historical sheet music from
and about Washington State, the Pacific Northwest
and the University of Washington.
• The European Library – digital images of the most
important pieces of sheet music published in Europe, free access.
• National Library of Australia – Australian sheet music archive.
• IN Harmony: Sheet Music from Indiana - sheet music from the Indiana University Lilly Library, the Indiana State Library, the Indiana State Museum, and
the Indiana Historical Society.
• University of Virginia – 18th-, 19th-, and early 20thcentury American and European Sheet music from
the University of Virginia Library.
7.2 Archives of works in other formats
• Choral Public Domain Library (ChoralWiki) – free
sheet music archive with emphasis on choral music;
contains works in PDF and also other formats.
• Mutopia project – free sheet music archive in which
all pieces have been newly typeset with GNU LilyPond as PDF and PostScript.
• Project Gutenberg – sheet music section of Project
Gutenberg containing works in Finale and/or
MusicXML format.
• Three examples of sheet music as interactive hypermedia at the BinAural Collaborative Hypertext.
• Werner Icking Music Archive – free sheet music
archive ; contains works in PDF and also other formats (MIDI files).
• Open Music Score – Free public domain sheet music
in MusicXML format.
• TabCrawler - Extensive archive of sheet music published for educational use in ASCII and PDF.
EXTERNAL LINKS
7
8
Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses
8.1 Text
• Sheet music Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheet_music?oldid=697753968 Contributors: Merphant, Daniel C. Boyer, Camembert,
Nevilley, Patrick, Infrogmation, Delirium, Flamurai, Paul A, Haakon, Theresa knott, Rob Hooft, Charles Matthews, Hyacinth, Raul654,
Wetman, UninvitedCompany, RickBeton, Robbot, Jmabel, Altenmann, Romanm, Jleedev, Lupin, Everyking, Jdavidb, Rchandra, Khalid
hassani, Vadmium, Leonard Vertighel, CryptoDerk, SarekOfVulcan, Karol Langner, Eranb, Alsocal, CALR, Rama, Ardonik, Stereotek,
Syp, Aude, Femto, John Vandenberg, Keron Cyst, Alexs letterbox, Pharos, QuantumEleven, Methegreat, Snowolf, Suruena, Sciurinæ,
Nuno Tavares, Mel Etitis, Lensovet, Bobstar~enwiki, Btyner, Audiodude, Graham87, Chun-hian, Wahoofive, Jake Wartenberg, FlaBot,
SchuminWeb, Neofelis Nebulosa~enwiki, TeaDrinker, Consumed Crustacean, Mstroeck, Chobot, Hall Monitor, Melodia, Roboto de
Ajvol, YurikBot, Playstationman, Deeptrivia, Hede2000, CambridgeBayWeather, Wimt, Sjb90, Stephen Burnett, Wiki alf, Chick Bowen,
Welsh, Anetode, Tony1, Wknight94, Keppa, Mllefifi, Sherryc, YellowMonkey, KnowledgeOfSelf, Eskimbot, Ohnoitsjamie, Amatulic,
Chrisnewell, Konstable, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Bib, Fugueman, TheKMan, Makemi, Eyeball kid, Tigerofdoom, Kai Miller,
RobHarding, Noahgh, SashatoBot, Kuru, Rigadoun, Michael Bednarek, Ckatz, Special-T, Ornes, Dano37, Cerri, Feldmahler, Monirmamoun, Tawkerbot2, Zwart, Alex Shih, Schweiwikist, Keanur, Jefchip, Gogo Dodo, Entangledphotons, Ssilvers, Daven200520, Cancun771, Thijs!bot, Dr. Friendly, Milton Stanley, AntoinePancakes, Osakagreg, Oraroht, Azink, JAnDbot, UWDI ced, Ph.eyes, Frankie816,
[email protected], Lucyin, Fablau, Objectivesea, Wisteriapress, JaGa, Stephenchou0722, MartinBot, Gpit2286, R'n'B, S.dedalus,
J.delanoy, Therealbofh, Choihei, Alegreen, IdLoveOne, PianoNanny, Mikael Häggström, L'Aquatique, Kickingback77, AntiSpamBot,
Csodennc, Dprbima, Andy912912, Radioactivebloke, Sand village, Tkgd2007, Migospia, QuackGuru, TXiKiBoT, A4bot, Kinkydarkbird,
Mahog, Someguy1221, Jedlevine, JhsBot, Slysplace, Stevencravis, Iotamary, Aron Balog, Bitbut, Swanstone, Moonriddengirl, Caltas, Ptrue,
Oda Mari, Lightmouse, CharlesGillingham, StaticGull, Cosmo0, ManBearPig the third, Ngreen2001, ClueBot, Maryorion, Lonegroover,
Ydahmane, Arakunem, Mbmleone, Quiescen, TheMathemagician, Leonard^Bloom, Rhododendrites, Jayoe, Doprendek, SchreiberBike,
Rparucci, Lambtron, DuckyPoos, Paddy78, MarmadukePercy, Dubeerforme,
ff
Addbot, Car10189, NjardarBot, Redheylin, Diglibs2, Tide
rolls, Pianomanusa, Yobot, Fefogomez, TaBOT-zerem, Justice-cop, Afusing, Maxis ftw, Capricorn42, Reggina, Mdalywik99634, Barrrakuda, Majorminormusic, Pipetricker, Aidensmiths, Merlion444, TobeBot, Deskford, Lotje, Tim95030, Tbhotch, EmausBot, Leech44,
ZéroBot, Gentlemusic, TK5610L, Bopok, Karinpv, ClueBot NG, Absalon45, MerlIwBot, Klilidiplomus, Basemetal, Khazar2, Ekren,
Joesteine, Letsgetthisdone, UVaDigServ, BobKas, Wikione00, KasparBot and Anonymous:215
8.2 Images
• File:Adeste_Fideles_sheet_music_sample.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Adeste_Fideles_sheet_
music_sample.svg License:Public domain Contributors:Created in Adobe Illustrator. Original artist:Tkgd2007
• File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors:? Original
artist: ?
• File:CuiVil3_2p204.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/CuiVil3_2p204.png License: Public domain
Contributors:from the opera William Ratcliff, piano-vocal score, published Leipzig:R. Seitz Original artist:Cui’s
• File:Full_score.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Full_score.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist:?
• File:Loudspeaker.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg License: Public domain Contributors: New version of Image:Loudspeaker.png, by AzaToth and compressed by Hautala Original artist: Nethac DIU, waves corrected by
Zoid
• File:Missel_dominicain_MG_2113.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Missel_dominicain_MG_
2113.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 fr Contributors:Own work Original artist:Rama
• File:Petrucci2.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Petrucci2.jpg License: Public domain Contributors:?
Original artist:?
• File:Question_book-new.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/99/Question_book-new.svg License: Cc-by-sa-3.0
Contributors:
Created from scratch in Adobe Illustrator. Based on Image:Question book.png created by User:Equazcion Original artist:
Tkgd2007
• File:Tibetanmusicalscore.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Tibetanmusicalscore.jpg License: Public
domain Contributors:Immediate source: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/world/images/s147.jpg Original artist:?
• File:Wikisource-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0
Contributors:Rei-artur Original artist:Nicholas Moreau
8.3 Content license
• Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0