Download Salt Tolerant Plants for the South Carolina Coast

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Salt Tolerant Plants for the South Carolina Coast
Salt exposure is just one of the many environmental
factors that makes coastal landscaping challenging.
Selecting plants that are tolerant to salt exposure
will increase the rate of success. Salt tolerant plants
can range from highly to moderately tolerant.
High salt tolerance means the plants will grow
where they are subject to direct salt spray received
along sand dunes and adjacent to the oceanfront.
These plants are highly resistant to salt drift and can
be used in exposed environments. Plants with a
moderate salt tolerance will grow adjacent to the
beachfront, but are sheltered by higher salt tolerant
plants, structures, or sand dunes. They will tolerate
some salt spray, but will grow best where they are
protected from direct contact.
The Palmetto palm (Sabal palmetto) is the South Carolina
state tree and has a high salt tolerance.
Barbara H. Smith, ©2016 HGIC, Clemson Extension
Salt Tolerant Plants for the South Carolina Coast
Common Name
Botanical Name
Trees
American Holly*
Ilex opaca
Growing
Conditions
Descriptions
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Evergreen
Alternate, simple leaf
15-30 ft. tall x 10-20 ft.
wide
Insignificant blooms
in May, red berries in
Oct.
Dioecious (separate
female and male
plants)
Berries attract birds
Many cultivars
available
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Moderate salt
tolerance
Zones: 5-9
Full sun to
part shade
Water:
medium
Maintenance:
low
Landscape Uses
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Use as a
specimen or
hedge, berries
provide winter
interest
Southern Red Cedar*
Juniperus virginiana
var. silicicola
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Evergreen conifer
Scale-like leaves
30-65 ft. tall x 8-20 ft.
wide
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Live Oak*
Quercus virginiana
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Evergreen
Alternate, simple leaf
40-80 ft. tall x 60-100
ft. wide
Long lived
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Loquat
Eriobotrya japonica
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Magnolia*
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Magnolia grandiflora •
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Evergreen
Alternate, simple
leaves coarsely
toothed and wrinkled
15-25 ft. tall and wide
Off-white fragrant
blooms Nov.-Jan.
Yellow to orange
edible pear shaped
fruit April-June
Native to China and
Japan
Evergreen
Alternate, simple dark
green leaves often
with brown
pubescence beneath
60-80 ft. tall x 30-50
ft. wide
White fragrant flowers
May-June
Red seeds borne in
“cone-like” structures
in fall
Many cultivars that
vary in size from 25 ft.
high and up
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High salt
tolerance
Zones: 3- 9
Full sun
Water: dry to
medium
Maintenance:
low
High salt
tolerance
Zones: 8-10
Full sun
Water:
medium to
wet
Maintenance:
low
Moderate salt
tolerance
Zones: 8-10
Full sun to
part shade
Water:
medium
Maintenance:
low
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Use as a
specimen or
screen.
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Use as a
specimen shade
tree for large
areas
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Use as a
specimen,
espalier, or street
tree
High salt
tolerance
Zones: 7-9
Full sun to
part shade
Water:
medium
Maintenance:
medium
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Use as specimen,
screen, or hedge
Yaupon Holly*
Ilex vomitoria
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Palms
Dwarf Palmetto*
Sabal minor
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Palmetto or Cabbage
Palm*
Sabal palmetto
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Evergreen
Alternate, simple leaf
15-20 ft. tall x 8-12 ft.
wide
White fragrant blooms
in April, translucent
scarlet berries in fall
Dioecious
Weeping cultivars are
available
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Evergreen
Large, fan-shaped
leaves up to 3 ft.
across
6-10 ft. tall
Cream flowers in
May-June
Brown to black fruits
in the fall
Most cold tolerant
Sabal palm
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Evergreen
Deeply cut, curved
leaves that radiate
from a midrib
40-50 ft. tall
Creamy white, showy
flower stalks in
summer
Green to black fruit in
the fall
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High salt
tolerance
Zones: 7-10
Full sun to
part shade
Water:
medium to
wet
Maintenance:
medium
•
Use as a
specimen,
topiary, espalier,
hedge, screen, or
windbreak
High salt
tolerance
Zones: 7-10
Full sun to
part shade
Water:
medium
Maintenance:
medium
•
Use as a
specimen or in
groups
High salt
•
tolerance
Zones: 8-11,
can be grown
in 7 with
protection
Full sun
High drought
tolerance after
it is
established
Maintenance:
medium
Tolerant of
hurricane
damage
Use as a
specimen, in
groupings, along
streets
Saw Palmetto*
Serenoa repens
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Shrubs
American
Beautyberry*
Callicarpa
americana
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Coastal SweetPepperbush*
Clethera alnifolia
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Devilwood or Wild
Olive*
Osmanthus
americanus
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Evergreen
Palmate leaf divided
into 25-30 segments,
sharp petioles
5-10 ft. tall
Small, white flowers
in May-June
Black malodorous
fruit in fall
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Deciduous
Opposite, simple leaf
with saw-toothed
margin
3-8 ft. tall x 3-8 ft.
wide
Insignificant pinkishlavender flowers in
June-Aug.
Showy purple fruit in
the fall that attract
birds
Deciduous
Alternate, simple
leaves
4-8ft. tall x 4-6ft. wide
White, fragrant
panicle flowers in late
June-early Aug.
Attracts butterflies
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Evergreen
Opposite, simple, dark
green, leathery leaves
15-25 ft. tall x 10-15
ft. wide
Creamy white cluster,
fragrant flowers in
early spring
Blue-purple fruit in
the fall that attract
birds
Dioecious
Deer resistant
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High salt
•
tolerance
Zones: 8-11
Full sun to
part shade
High drought
tolerance after
it is
established
Low to
medium
maintenance
Use as a
specimen, or as
an under- planting
for larger plants
or trees
Moderate salt
tolerance
Zones: 6-10
Full sun to
part shade
Water:
medium
Maintenance:
medium
•
Use as a
specimen, shrub
border, or
naturalizing
Moderate salt
tolerance
Zones: 4-9
Full sun to
part shade
Water:
medium to
wet
Maintenance:
low
High salt
tolerance
Zones: 6-9
Full sun to
part shade
Water:
medium
Maintenance:
low
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Use in a shrub
border or
naturalized areas
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Use as a hedge,
screen, or small
ornamental tree
Dwarf Yaupon
Holly*
Ilex vomitoria nana
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Fatsia
Fatsia japonica
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Groundsel*
Baccharis halimifolia
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Inkberry Holly*
Ilex glabra
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Evergreen
Alternate, simple leaf
3-5 ft. tall x 3-6 ft.
wide
White fragrant blooms
in April, translucent
scarlet berries in fall
Dioecious-female and
male plants
Many dwarf cultivars
Evergreen
Alternate, glossy
green palmate leaves
6-10 ft. tall x 6-10 ft.
wide
White panicle blooms
in Oct.-Nov.
Blue fleshy fruit
ripens in winter to
early spring
Native to Japan
Semi-evergreen to
deciduous
Alternate, simple
gray-green to green
leaves
5-12 ft. tall and wide
Dioecious, female has
white flowers and
male has yellow in
early summer
Cottony white fruit in
the late summer and
fall
Attracts birds and
butterflies
Evergreen
Alternate, simple
leaves
6-8 ft. tall x 8-10 ft.
wide
Insignificant flowers
in May
Berry-like, black
drupe Sept.-May
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High salt
tolerance
Zones: 7-10
Full sun to
part shade
Water:
medium to
wet
Maintenance:
medium
Moderate salt
tolerance
Zones: 8-10
Part to full
shade
Water:
medium
Maintenance:
low
•
Use as a
foundation plant,
low hedge or
border
•
Use as a bold
texture accent
specimen
High salt
tolerance
Zones: 8-10
Full sun to
part shade
Water: dry to
medium
Maintenance:
low
•
Use as a
naturalized hedge
or in dry, low
maintenance
areas
Moderate salt
tolerance
Zones: 4-9
Full sun to
part shade
Water:
medium to
wet
Maintenance:
low
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Use in
foundations,
hedges, masses,
or as an accent
plant
Oleander
Neurium oleander
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Pineapple Guava
Acca sellowiana
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Pittosporum
Pittosporum tobira
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Evergreen
Opposite or whorled,
simple leaves
6-12 ft. tall and wide
Flowers in a wide
range of colors,
summer-fall
Many cultivars
All parts of the plant
are toxic
Native to Europe and
Asia
Evergreen
Opposite, simple
leaves
10-15 ft. tall and wide
White flowers with
red centers, edible,
May-June
Yellow, edible, eggshaped fruit in late
summer to fall
Native to South
America
Attracts birds
Evergreen
Alternate, simple
leaves
3-12 ft. tall x 3-18 ft.
wide, depending on
cultivar
Creamy white,
fragrant orange
blossom scented
flowers in April-May
Many cultivars
Native to China and
Japan
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High salt
tolerance
Zones: 8-11
Full sun to
part shade
Water:
medium
Maintenance:
low
•
Use as in
foundation
plantings, hedges,
screens, and
borders
Moderate salt
tolerance
Zones: 8-10
Full sun to
part shade
Water:
medium
Maintenance:
medium
•
Use as a
specimen,
espalier, topiary
hedge, screen, or
windbreak
High salt
tolerance
Zones: 8b-10
Full sun to
part shade
Water:
medium
Maintenance:
low
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Use as foundation
plantings, hedges,
screens, or
containers
Podocarpus
Podocarpus
marcophyllus
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Red Buckeye*
Aesculus pavia
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Southern
Waxmyrtle*
Morella cerifera
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Yucca or Adam’s
Needle*
Yucca filamentosa
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Evergreen
Spirally arranged,
needle-like leaves
3-30 ft. tall x 6-20 ft.
wide, depending on
cultivar
Insignificant flowers
Edible, red-purple
fruit
Dioecious
Many cultivars
Native to China and
Japan
Deciduous
Opposite, palmately
compound leaves
25-30 ft. tall and wide
Red tubular flowers in
in April-May
Attract hummingbirds
and butterflies
Seed capsule with 1-3
buckeye seeds in the
fall
Deer resistant
Evergreen
Alternate, simple
leaves
15-20 ft. tall and wide
Insignificant flowers
on female plants in
May
Grayish-white waxy
fruit in late summer
Dioecious
Smaller cultivars are
available
Attract birds
Evergreen
Stiff, spine-tipped
leaves
4-8 ft. tall x 2-3ft.
wide
Large, creamy-white
bell-shaped flowers on
tall stalks in June-July
Attracts butterflies
Drought tolerant
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High salt
tolerance
Zones: 8-10
Full sun to
part shade
Water:
medium
Maintenance:
medium
•
Use in foundation
plantings,
specimen, hedge,
or screen
Moderate salt
tolerance
Zones: 4-8
Full sun to
part shade
Water:
medium
Maintenance:
medium
•
Use as a hedge or
specimen tree
High salt
tolerance
Zones: 8-11
Full sun to
part shade
Water: dry to
medium
Maintenance:
low to
medium
•
Use as a
specimen,
topiary, hedge or
screen
Moderate salt
tolerance
Zones: 5-10
Full Sun
Water: dry to
medium
Maintenance:
low
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Use in borders,
dry garden areas,
and for
architectural
interest
Grasses
American Beach
Grass*
Ammophila
breviligulata
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Bitter Panicum*
Panicum amarum
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Muhly Grass**
Muhlenbergia
capillaris
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Cool season perennial
Long, narrow leaves,
deeply furrowed upper
surface, smooth
underside
2-3 ft. tall x 6-10 ft.
wide
Blooms in early
summer with seed
head in late July-Aug.
Spreading, clumping
grass
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Warm season
perennial
Bluish-green, thin
leaves
3-4 ft. tall x 2-3ft.
wide
Narrow white bloom
late summer through
fall
Spreads slowly by
rhizomes
Warm season
perennial
Glossy, wiry, threadlike dark green leaves
2-3 ft. tall x 2-3 ft.
wide
12” tall purple-pink
airy flower spikes in
the fall
Grows in clumps
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High salt
tolerance
Zones: 4-9
Full sun
Water: dry
Maintenance:
low, but does
not tolerate
heavy foot
traffic
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Use on sand
dunes for erosion
stabilization
High salt
tolerance
Zones: 2-9
Full sun
Water: dry to
medium
Maintenance:
low
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Use on dunes for
erosion
stabilization,
accent, masses,
and in borders
Moderate salt
tolerance
Zones: 5-9
Full sun
Water: moist
to dry
Maintenance:
low
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Use in perennial
borders, accent,
masses, and
naturalized areas
Sea Oats*
Uniola paniculata
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Coastal Little
Bluestem*
Schizachyrium
littorale
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Saltmeadow
Cordgrass*
Spartina patens
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Warm season
perennial
Long narrow, 1 in.
wide leaves that taper
toward the ends
3-8 ft. tall and
spreading
6-8 ft. tall panicle
flower that produces
flat spikelets
containing seeds in
summer to fall
Spreads by creeping
rhizomes
Protected by state law
that prohibits picking
or destroying the grass
Warm season
perennial
Coarse blue-green
stems with purplish
basal leaves
1-2 ft. tall and wide
3 in. long seed head
clusters in the late
summer and early fall
Grows in clumps
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Warm season
perennial
½-1 ft. long, narrow,
cylindrical leaves
1-2 ft. tall and
spreading
Purple flowers with
wheat-like seeds on
one side of the stalk
June-Oct.
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High salt
tolerance
Zones: 8b-12
Full sun
Water: dry
Maintenance:
low
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High salt
•
tolerance
Zones: 4-9
Full Sun
Water: dry to
medium with
poor flood
tolerance
Maintenance:
low
Does not
tolerate large
amounts of
sand
accumulation
High salt
•
tolerance
Zones: 8b-12
Full sun
Water: wet to
moist
Maintenance:
low
Use on dunes for
erosion
stabilization,
accent, masses,
and naturalized
areas
Use on secondary
dunes as erosion
stabilization
Use for shoreline
protection, tidal
marsh restoration,
dune erosion
stabilization
Perennials
Beach Evening
Primrose*
Oenothera
drummondii
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Bee balm*
Monarda didyma
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Dune Sunflower*
Helianthus debilis
Euryops
Euryops pectinatus
‘Virdis’
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Perennial
Grey- to blue-green
leaves
½ in.-1 ft. tall x 1-2 ft.
wide, spreading
3 in. yellow flowers
that open for one day
April-frost
Attracts butterflies and
bees
Perennial
Opposite, simple
medium to dark green
leaves
2-4 ft. tall and 2-3 ft.
wide
3-4 in. rounded,
tubular, two-lipped
scarlet-red flowers
July-Aug
Attracts
hummingbirds and
butterflies
• Semi-evergreen
perennial
• Long, narrow
green leaves
• 2-4 ft. tall and
wide
• 3 in. composite
yellow flowers
with brown centers
• Attracts butterflies
Evergreen perennial
Deeply cut dark green
leaves
4-6 ft. tall and wide
1-2 in. daisy-like
bright yellow flowers
Native of South Africa
Attracts butterflies
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High salt
tolerance
Zones: 8b-11
Full sun
Water: dry to
moist
Maintenance:
low
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Use for erosion
stabilization,
ground covers
Moderate salt
tolerance
Zones: 4-9
Full sun to
part shade
Water:
medium
Maintenance:
medium
•
Use in borders,
cottage gardens,
native plant
gardens, or
naturalized
planting
High salt
tolerance
Zones: 8b-10
Full sun
Water: dry
Maintenance:
low
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Use for ground
covers, masses,
borders
Moderate salt
tolerance
Zones: 8-11
Water: dry to
medium
Maintenance:
medium
Keep the old
flowers deadheaded to
encourage
blooming
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Use in borders,
rock gardens, or
masses
Lantana ‘Miss Huff’,
‘Mozelle’, ‘Chapel
Hill’, Chapel Hill
Gold’
Lantana camara
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Lavender Cotton
Santolina
chamaecyparissus
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Lily-of-the-Nile
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Agapanthus africanus •
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Mexican Bush Sage
Salvia leucantha
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Perennial- only the
specific named
varieties ‘Miss Huff’,
‘Mozelle’, ‘Chapel
Hill’, or ‘Chapel Hill
Gold’
Long oval dark green
wrinkled leaves
3-6 ft. tall and wide
2 in. tiny 5-lobed
clustered white,
yellow, orange, pink
mixed flowers
Native to Central and
South America
Attracts butterflies
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Evergreen perennial
Silver-gray aromatic
leaves
1-2 ft. tall x 2-3 ft.
wide
¾ in. button-like
bright yellow flowers
in summer
Native of the
Mediterranean
Tender perennial
Long, grass-like
leaves
1½-2 ft. tall and wide
18-24 in. clusters of
blue or white bellshaped flowers JuneJuly
Native of South Africa
Tender perennial
Long lance-shaped
grey-green leaves
2-3 ft. tall and wide
10 in. long dense,
arching purple and
white to solid purple
flower spikes Augfrost
Native to Mexico and
Central America
Attracts butterflies
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Moderate salt
tolerance
Zones: 7-11
Water: dry to
medium
Maintenance:
low
Do not prune
the plant after
frost. Prune
the dead
branches in
the early
spring when
the new
foliage begins
to emerge
from the base
of the plant
Moderate salt
tolerance
Zones: 6-9
Full sun
Water: dry to
medium
Maintenance:
medium
•
Use in borders,
rock gardens, or
masses
•
Use in herb or
rock gardens,
borders, or
masses
Moderate salt
tolerance
Zones: 8-10
Full sun to
part shade
Water:
medium
Maintenance:
medium
Moderate salt
tolerance
Zones: 8-10
Full sun
Water:
medium
Maintenance:
low
•
Use in containers
or pots, borders
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Use in borders,
masses, or in
containers
Rosemary
Rosmarinus
officinalis
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Seaside Goldenrod*
Solidago
sempervirens
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Annuals
Blanket Flower or
Firewheel*
Gaillardia pulchella
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Madagascar Vinca or
Periwinkle
Catharanthus roseus
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Perennial
Grey-green linear
aromatic leaves
2-6 ft. tall x 2-4 ft.
wide
Small, two-lipped pale
blue to white flowers
Jan-April
Native to Africa,
Europe, western Asia
Attracts butterflies and
bees
Perennial
Long, thick, leathery,
dark green leaves
3-6 ft. tall x 1 ft. wide
6 ft. large, yellow
flower spikes AugNov
Attracts birds, bees,
and butterflies.
Important food source
for migrating Monarch
butterflies
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Annual or short-lived
perennial
Oblong greyish-green
leaves
1-1 ½ ft. tall x ½-1 ft.
wide
Daisy-like red, yellow,
and brown flowers
June-frost
Attracts birds and
butterflies
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Annual
Oblong shiny green
leaves
½-1 ft. tall and wide
1-2 in. white, pink,
purple, lavender, or
red flowers late spring
to frost
Native to Madagascar
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Moderate salt
tolerance
Zones: 8-10
Full sun
Water: dry to
medium
Maintenance:
medium
•
Use in herb
gardens, borders,
foundations, or
containers
High salt
tolerance
Zones: 3-11
Full sun
Water: dry to
moist
Maintenance:
low
•
Use in borders,
wildflower
gardens, masses
High salt
•
tolerance
Full Sun
Water: dry to
well drained
Maintenance:
low
For dune
establishment,
plant seeds
and water
well until
germination
Moderate salt •
tolerance
Full sun to
part shade
Water:
medium, will
rot if kept too
wet
Maintenance:
Low
Use in borders,
masses,
naturalizing on
dunes
Use as summer
color in borders,
masses, edging,
or containers
Mexican Sunflower
Tithonia rotundifolia
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Narrow-leaf Zinnia*
Zinnia angustifolia
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Moss Rose
Portulaca
grandiflora
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Salvia
Salvia splendens
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Annual
Long, simple or lobed
dark green leaves
4-6 ft. tall x 2-3 ft.
wide
3 in. orange to orangered sunflowers
summer to frost
Native to Mexico and
Central America
Attracts
hummingbirds and
butterflies
Annual
Narrow medium green
leaves
¾-1½ ft. tall x ¾-1 ft.
wide
1 in. daisy-like red,
orange, yellow, white,
or bicolor flowers
summer to frost
Attracts butterflies
Annual
Cylindrical,
fleshy
leaves
¼- ¾ ft. tall x ½-1½ ft.
wide
2 in. orange, yellow,
red, pink, white, or
bicolor flowers
summer to frost
Flowers will not open
on cloudy or rainy
days
Native to India
Annual
Oval dark green leaves
1-2 ft. tall x ¾1½ ft. wide
2 in. red, lavender,
orange, white, or
bicolor tubular flowers
on spikes late spring
to frost
Native to Brazil
Attracts birds,
hummingbirds, and
butterflies
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•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
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Moderate salt
tolerance
Full Sun
Water: dry to
medium
Maintenance:
low
•
Use in border
backgrounds or
masses
Moderate salt
tolerance
Full sun
Water: dry to
medium
Maintenance:
low
•
Use as summer
color in beds,
edging, masses,
or containers
Moderate salt
tolerance
Full Sun
Water: dry to
well-drained
Maintenance:
low
•
Use for summer
color in dry soils,
rock gardens,
containers, or
hanging baskets
Moderate salt
tolerance
Full sun to
part shade
Water:
medium
Maintenance:
low
•
Use as summer
color in beds,
borders, and
containers
Tropical Lantana
Lantana camara
•
•
Annual
Long oval dark green
wrinkled leaves
• 3-6 ft. tall and wide
• 2 in. tiny 5-lobed
clustered white,
yellow, orange, red,
lavender, pink or
mixed color flowers
• Native to Central and
South America
• Attracts butterflies
*Denotes native to the Southeast
•
•
•
•
•
Moderate salt
tolerance
Zones: 10-11
Full sun
Water: dry to
medium
Maintenance:
low
•
Use as summer
color in beds,
borders,
containers, or
hanging baskets
The following websites have more information about regulations regarding landscaping along the
coast:
Life Along the Salt Marsh: Protecting Tidal Creeks with Vegetative Buffers
http://www.clemson.edu/extension/hgic/water/resources_stormwater/life_along_the_salt_marsh_protecting_t
idal_creeks_with_vegetative_buffers.html
Ocean and Coastal Resource Management DHEC Critical Area/Wetlands Permitting Forms
http://www.scdhec.gov/Environment/PermitCentral/ApplicationForms/#Ocrm
SCDNR Sea Oats
http://www.dnr.sc.gov/marine/mrri/acechar/speciesgallery/Plants/SeaOats/index.html
How to Build a Dune
https://www.scdhec.gov/environment/docs/duneshowto.pdf
Prepared by Barbara H. Smith, HGIC Horticulture Extension Agent, Clemson University, 03/17.
This information is supplied with the understanding that no discrimination is intended and no endorsement of brand names or registered
trademarks by the Clemson University Cooperative Extension Service is implied, nor is any discrimination intended by the exclusion of products
or manufacturers not named. All recommendations are for South Carolina conditions and may not apply to other areas. Use pesticides only
according to the directions on the label. All recommendations for pesticide use are for South Carolina only and were legal at the time of
publication, but the status of registration and use patterns are subject to change by action of state and federal regulatory agencies. Follow all
directions, precautions and restrictions that are listed.
The Clemson University Cooperative Extension Service
offers its programs to people of all ages, regardless of race, color, sex, religion, national origin, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, marital or family status and is an equal opportunity employer.
Clemson University Cooperating with U.S. Department of Agriculture, South Carolina Counties, Extension Service, Clemson, South Carolina. Issued in Furtherance of Cooperative Extension Work in
Agriculture and Home Economics, Acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914
Public Service Activities