Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Cell communication Chapter 9 Genes and Development Fig. 9.1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. External environment Cytoplasm Signal transduction pathway Cellular response Membrane receptor Signal transduction pathway Hydrophilic ligand Intracellular receptor Hydrophobic ligand Plasma membrane Cellular response Fig. 9.2a Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Direct Contact Adjacent plasma membrane Plasma membrane a. Fig. 9.2b Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Paracrine Signaling Secretory cell Adjacent target cells b. Fig. 9.2c Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Endocrine Signaling Hormone secretion into blood by endocrine gland Blood vessel Distant target cells c. Fig. 9.2d Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Synaptic Signaling Nerve cell Neurotransmitter Synaptic gap Target cell d. Fig. 9.2 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Direct Contact Paracrine Signaling Secretory cell Endocrine Signaling Hormone secretion into blood by endocrine gland Synaptic Signaling Nerve cell Neurotransmitter Adjacent plasma membrane Blood vessel Plasma membrane Adjacent target cells Synaptic gap Distant target cells Target cell a. b. c. d. Fig. 9.3 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Ser or Thr ATP ADP Kinase OH Ser or Thr O O P O– O– Phosphatase Pi ATP Tyr Kinase OH Phosphatase Pi O ADP Tyr O P O– O– Fig. 9.4a Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Ions Ligand (signal) Ions a. Fig. 9.4b Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Ligand (signal) Inactive Active Cellular response b. Fig. 9.4c Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Ligand (signal) Ions GPCR b G protein g a b Ion channel GDP c. g a Enzyme G protein activates GTP either enzyme or ion channel a GTP Fig. 9.4 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Ligand (signal) Ions Ligand (signal) Inactive Active Cellular response Ions a. b. Ligand (signal) Ions GPCR b G protein g a b Ion channel GDP c. g a Enzyme G protein activates GTP either enzyme or ion channel a GTP Fig. 9.5 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 2. Hormone binding alters receptor conformation so it no longer binds inhibitor. Hormone Signal moleculebinding domain 1. Hormones cross plasma membrane and bind to cytoplasmic receptors. Inhibitor 5. Cellular response is a change in gene expression. DNA-binding site exposed Inhibitor Transcription-activating domain DNA-binding site blocked 3. Hormone–receptor complex translocates to nucleus. 4. Hormone–receptor complex binds to DNA. This usually turns on transcription, but can also turn it off. Gene transcription Fig. 9.6 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Ligands P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P Phosphate groups Dimerization and autophosphorylation Transmembrane RTK proteins P Cellular response P Phosphorylated protein Intracellular kinase domain Extracellular ligand-binding domain 1. Ligand binds to the receptor. 2. Two receptors associate (dimerize) and phosphorylate each other (autophosphorylation). 3. Response proteins bind to phosphotyrosine on receptor. Receptor can phosphorylate other response proteins. Fig. 9.7 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Insulin Insulin receptor a a Disulfide bridge b 1. Insulin binds to the extracellular domain of the a-subunit of the insulin receptor. b P P P P 2. The b-subunit of one insulin receptor phosphorylates the other, allowing the insulin response proteins to be activated. Insulin response protein P 3. Phosphorylated insulin response proteins activate glycogen synthase. Glycogen synthase 4. Glycogen synthase converts glucose into glycogen. Glycogen Glycogen synthase Glucose Fig. 9.8a Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. MAP kinase cascade Signal Receptor Activator Ras First kinase MKKK MKKK MKKK MKKK Active Inactive P Second kinase MKK MKK MKK MKK P P Active Inactive P MAP kinase MK Inactive P MK MK Active Response proteins Response proteins Response Cellular response a. P Fig. 9.10 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 4. MEK activates MA P kinases (ERK) 2. Ras activates the first kinase (Raf) P P 3. Raf activates the second kinase (MEK) P P P Response Response protein protein P P Raf P Ras P P ERK GT Response Response P protein protein Ras GDP Response Response P protein protein MEK Raf 1. Proteins bound to receptor activate Ras by exchanging GDP for GTP. ERK MEK P P P P 5. MAP kinase (ERK) activates proteins to produce cellular responses, including transcription factors that alter gene expression Cellular response Nuclear membrane Activates Activates transcription transcription factors factors Fig. 9.11 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Ligand GPCR GPCR b g a Inactive G protein GDP b g a Effector protein b gg a GTP GTP GDP GTP Active G protein Cellular response Pi Fig. 9.12 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. ATP cAMP + PPi NH2 NH2 cAMP O –O P –O O O P –O O O P O CH2 O N CH2 Adenylyl cyclase –O N O O O O P –O O P –O PP i O O O– P O– O– a. Extracellular space Plasma membrane O C C O O C C O O– C O –O O P O O P Cytoplasm C C O O C C O– Cleaved by phospholipase C O OH OH OH O– Phospholipase C O– O– O O P O– P O O O O P DAG C OH O O O O– IP3 OH OH OH O O P O– PIP2 b. DAG + IP3 O– Fig. 9.13 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Ligand Adenylyl cyclase GPCR b g b g a GDP GTP cAMP ATP Cytoplasm Activates PKA Response protein Nucleus Cellular response Fig. 9.15 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Ligand Phospholipase C GPCR b g a GDP b g PIP DAG GTP IP3 Cytoplasm Ca2+ binding protein ER Ca2+ Cellular response Fig. 9.16 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Ca2+ Ca2+ Ca2+ Inactive protein Calmodulin Calmodulin Ca2+ Active protein Ca2+ a. b. Fig. 9.17 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Epinephrine Adenylyl GPCR cyclase Adenylyl cyclase Glucagon GTP GTP ATP ATP cAM P PKA Cytoplasm P P P P Phosphorylase kinase P P P P Glycogen phosphorylase P CH2 Glycogen Glucose-6-phosphate