Download Introduction to Medical Terminology December 2nd +3rd Most

Introduction to Medical Terminology
December 2nd +3rd
Most important diseases
and digostical methods
Medical fields and pathologies
blood, lymphatic and immune system
cardiovascular system
nervous system
endocrine system
urogenital system
gastrointestinal system
Which answer is wrong?
0 A symptom is subjective, observed by the patient,
and cannot be measured directly.
0 A sign is objectively observable by others.
0 Lesion is derived from Greek and stands for a
functional error as the cause of a disease.
0 A syndrome is a disease or disorder that involves a
particular group of signs and symptoms.
Which answer is wrong?
0 A symptom is subjective, observed by the patient,
and cannot be measured directly.
0 A sign is objectively observable by others.
0 Lesion is derived from Greek and stands for a
functional error as the cause of a disease.
0 A syndrome is a disease or disorder that involves a
particular group of signs and symptoms.
Which answer is wrong?
0 Etiology is the cause or origin reason for a disease.
0 Iatrogenic disease indicates a disease of unknown
origin.
0 Pathogenesis is the series of alteration of the body
as the disease develops.
0 Prognosis (Greek foreknowledge) describes the
physician‘s estimate of the propable outcome
of the disease.
Which answer is wrong?
0 Etiology is the cause or origin, reason for a disease.
0 Iatrogenic disease indicates a disease of
unknown origin (Iatrogenic disease is caused
by medical treatment).
0 Pathogenesis is the series of alteration of the body
as the disease develops.
0 Prognosis (Greek foreknowledge) describes the
physician‘s estimate of the propable outcome
of the disease.
Which answer is wrong?
0 Epicrisis describes the conditions at the outbreak
of the disease
0 Anamnesis examines the patient‘s past life and
personal background
0 Status präsens describes the actual condition
0 A disease is an objective disturbance within the
body with or without signs wheras illness
exhibits signs or symptoms.
Which answer is wrong?
0 Epicrisis describes the conditions at the outbreak
of the disease (Epicrisis ist the discharge
summary).
0 Anamnesis examines the patient‘s past life and
personal background.
0 Status präsens describes the actual condition.
0 A disease is an objective disturbance within the
body with or without signs wheras illness
exhibits signs or symptoms.
blood, lymphatic and
immune system
BLOOD
Blood
consists of
55% of plasma
(liquid part, humoral)
45% blood cells
(corpuscular part)
Plasma
consists of „humoral factors“
metabolic and nutritive agents
proteins
enzyms
hormons
globulines
Plasma without clotting factors is called serum.
Blood
consists of ~45% blood cells
(thereoff 99% red blood cells = haematocrit)
red blood cells: erythrocytes
white blood cells: leucocytes
platelets: trombocytes
red blood cells: erythrocytes
contain haemoglobin to transport of oxygen
white blood cells: leucocytes
cellular part of immune system
platelets: trombocytes
important for coagulation (clotting)
Thrombosis
Formation of a blood clot (thrombus) in veins
and arteries involving platelets and other
coagulation factors: detached thrombus is
called embolus.
Venous trombosis causes the risc of pulmonary
embolism (in the lung).
Arterial thrombosis causes the risc of
Myocardial infarction and stroke.
The lymphatic system
consists of
lymphatic vessels (thin vessel
transporting lymph from the periphery
towards heart)
lymphoid tissue (e.g. thymus, spleen,
lymph nodes)
lymph (fluid similar to plasma,
additionally white blood cells)
By CFCF - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=44327915
The lymphatic system
function: transport of fatty acids from the
(small) intestine to the blood circulation;
important part of immune system
clinical significance: lymph node metastases,
lymphadenopathy (disease associated with
lymph nodes), Lymphedema (swelling of the
affected body part, often as a result of surgical
removal of lymph nodes
The immune system
allergy
autoimmune diseases
intolerance
The immune system
allergy: excessive defence reaction to harmless
substances (hay fever)
autoimmune diseases: immun reaction against body
tissue (Hashimoto thyroiditis)
intolerance: due to enzyme deficiency (lactose
intolerance due to deficiency of lactase)
cardiovascular system
(circulatory system)
cardiovascular system
(circulatory system)
consists of
heart and blood vessels
main function: transport of O², CO²
and nutrients to cells, tissues and
organs, including metabolic
products.
cardiovascular system
1) systemic circulation
2) pulmonary circulation
3) coronary circulation
4) portal vein system
1) systemic circulation
left ventricle > aorta > arteries > capillaries > veins >
vena cava > reight atrium (vestibule)
2) pulmonary circulation
right ventricle > truncus pulmonalis > capillaries >
vena pulmonalis > left atrium
3) coronary circulation
“private circulatory system of the heart
4) portal vein system
venous system from the heart to the liver for
further metabolisation
Blood pressure
Blood pressure
systolic pressure: pressure in the
arterial system during contraction of
the heart
diastolic pressure: pressure in the
arterial system during relaxation of the
heart
arterial hypertension
primary (essential) hypertension
results from a complex interaction of genes
and environmental factors.
secondary hypertension
secondary hypertension results from an
identifiable cause such as Cushing syndrome,
thyroid abnormality, pregnancy, liquorice
Image: healthy-ojas.com
Hypertension is
present if the
resting blood
pressure is
persistently at or
above 140/90
mmHg for most
adults.
Image: drugs.com
Ateriosclerosis:
definition: thickening, hardening and loss of
elasticity of the walls of arteries (degeneration).
Most common reason for death Western industrial
nations.
Atherosclerosis: special form, mainly associated
with low density lipo-proteins (different forms of
lipids (fat).
High risc for narrowing of an artery (brain, heart).
Stenosis
abnormal narrowing in a blood vessel or other
tubular structure
Angina:
pain due not enough blood flow due to an
obstruction or spasm in the supplying artery
Myocardial infarction
heart attack when blood flow stops for more than
a few minutes causing damage to the heart
muscle.
Which answer is wrong?
0 Serum without „clotting factors“ is called plasma.
0 Haematocrit descibes the amount of red blood
cells in the blood in terms of percentage.
0 Thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot
(trombus) in veins and arteries.
0 A thrombosis is a complex reaction involving
platelets and other coagulation factors.
Which answer is wrong?
0 Serum without „clotting factors“ is called plasma.
(Plasma without „clotting factors“ is called serum.)
0 Haematocrit descibes the amount of red blood
cells in the blood in terms of percentage.
0 Thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot
(trombus) in veins and arteries.
0 A thrombosis is a complex reaction involving
platelets and other coagulation factors.
Which answer is wrong?
0 Venous trombosis causes the risc of pulmonary
embolism (in the lung).
0 Arterial thrombosis causes the risc of pulmonary
embolism (in the lung).
0 A myocardial infarction is caused by a stop of blood
flow causing damage to the heart muscle.
0 Ateriosclerosis is defined by a thickening,
hardening and loss of elasticity of the walls of
arteries.
Which answer is wrong?
0 Venous trombosis causes the risc of pulmonary
embolism (in the lung).
0 Arterial thrombosis causes the risc of pulmonary
embolism (in the lung). Arterial thrombosis causes
the risc of Myocardial infarction and stroke.
0 A myocardial infarction is caused by a stop of blood
flow causing damage to the heart muscle.
0 Ateriosclerosis is defined by a thickening, hardening
and loss of elasticity of the walls of arteries.
Which answer is wrong?
0 Systolic pressure is defined as the pressure in the
arterial system during contraction of the heart
and diastolic pressure during its relaxation.
0 Systolic pressure is defined as the pressure in the
arterial system during relaxation of the heart
and diastolic pressure during ist contraction.
0 Hypertension is present if the resting blood pressure
is persistently at or above 140/90 mmHg.
0 Hypertension in combination with atherosclerosis
increase the risc for myocardial infarction or
stroke.
Which answer is wrong?
0 Systolic pressure is defined as the pressure in the
arterial system during contraction of the heart
and diastolic pressure during its relaxation.
0 Systolic pressure is defined as the pressure in the
arterial system during relaxation of the heart
and diastolic pressure during ist contraction.
0 Hypertension is present if the resting blood pressure
is persistently at or above 140/90 mmHg.
0 Hypertension in combination with atherosclerosis
increase the risc for myocardial infarction or
stroke.
Nervous system
central nervous system (CNS)
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Nervous system
central nervous system (CNS)
brain, spinal cord (medulla spinalis),
and brain membrane (meninges),
cerebrobrospinal fluid (CSF, Liquor
cerebrospinalis)
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
nerves connect the periphery with the
spinal cord and the brain
(vegetative) autonomic nervous
system:
not controlled by awareness,
regulates breathing, hearbeat, bloodpressure
digestion,
sympathetic
fight and flight
parasympathetic
rest and digest
neurotransmission at
the synapse
Image: iseibpsychology2012.wikispaces.com
Neurotransmitters
are endogenous chemicals that enable
neurotransmission. They transmit signals
across a chemical synapse, such as in a
neuromuscular junction, from one
neuron (nerve cell) to another "target"
neuron, muscle cell, or gland cell.
Neurotransmitters are released from
synaptic vesicles in synapses into the
synaptic space, where they are received
by receptors on other synapses.
important transmitter agents
dopamin
noradrenalin
serotonin
acetylcholin
histamin
gaba
nicotine
glutamin acid
Most important diseases of central
nervous system
Most important diseases of central
nervous system
stroke
meningitis
encephalitis
encephalopathy
myelopathy
multiple sclerosis
Stroke: Apoplexy
sudden fit of paralysis and dizziness
cerebral infarction: ischemia due to a
vascular occlusion in a blood vessel
supplying the brain
cerebral hemorrhage: bleeding of a blood
vessel supplying the brain
subarachnoidal hemorrhage: bleeding into
the space beween the brain membranes
meningitis
inflammation of the brain membranes
encephalitis
inflammation of the brain
encephalopathy
umbrella term for any pathology of the brain
myelopathy
umbrella term for any pathology of the spinal cord
multiple sclerosis
Multiple Sclerosis MS
is a chronic disease in which the
cover of nerve cells in the brain and
the spinal cord are damaged.
Depending on the location of the
affected nerve, signs and symptoms
range from physical, mental and
psychatric disorders.
Most important diseases of
peripheral nervous system
most important diseases of the
peripheral nervous system
neuralgia
neuritis
neuropathy
most important diseases of the
peripheral nervous system
neuralgia: pain in the distribution of nerves
neuritis: infammation of nerves
neuropathy: umbrellaterm for diseases
affecting peripheral nerves
Endocrine system
pineal gland
pituitary gland
parotid gland
thyroid gland
pancreas
adrenal glands
ovaries/testicles
Important terms in the context of the
function of the endocrine system
hyperfunction > production of hormon is to high
hypofunction > production of the hormon is too
low
eu-(thyroidism) > normal function
dysfunction > abnormal function
take care
hyperplasia > to big in size (but maybe hypofunctional)
hypoplasia > to small in size
pineal gland (epiphysis):
melatonin: regulates sleep
pituitary gland (hypophysis)
regulates several physiological humoral activities
anterior lobe (adenohypophysis)
intermediate lobe
posterior lobe (neurohypophysis)
parotid gland
produces salvia including digestive encymes
thyroid gland (Gland. thyroidea)
parathyroid glands
pituitary gland (hypophysis)
regulates several physiological humoral activities
anterior lobe (adenohypophysis)
GH (growth hormone) = German STH (somatotrophic hormone)
TSH (thyroid-stimulating homone)
ACTH (adrenocorticotrophic hormone)
FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone)
LH (luteinizing homone)
PRL (prolactine)
intermediate lobe
MSH (melanocyte-stimulating homone)
posterior lobe (neurohypophysis)
ADH (antidiuretic hormone, vasopressin)
thyroid gland (Glandula thyroidea)
regulates metabolic / cardiovascular function and growth
production of thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine, calcitonine
Most important pathologies
hyperthyroidism
hypothroidism
nodules (only ~ 5 % maligne)
inflammation: Hashimoto‘s thyroiditis is an
autoimmune disorder
parathyroid glands
production of parathyroid hormone
Case report
men, 52
symptoms: sleeplessness, nervousness, diarrhoea
signes: tachycardia, visible and palpaple node in the thyroid
gland,
sonography: node 1,5 cm
szintigraphy: hot spot,
serum: TSH low
therapy: radioiodine therapy
further controls: sonography, TSH, T3, T4
Glandulae suprarenales
(adrenal glands, suprarenals)
adrenal cortex:
cortisol, glucocorticoids
aldosterone, mineralocorticoid
adrenal medulla
adrenaline, dopamine
Glandulae suprarenales
(adrenal glands, suprarenals)
adrenal cortex:
cortisol, glucocorticoids
antiinflamatory, metabolic,
aldosterone, mineralocorticoid
regulation of water and electrolytes
adrenal medulla
adrenaline, dopamine
important neurotranmitters of the vegetative
nervous system.
cortisol, a hormon
produced in suprarenal (adrenal)
gland
steroids used in therapy
steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs:
cortison
Cushing syndrome
image: 111197271297.blogspot.com
Which answer is wrong?
0 The most important parts of the central nervous
system are the brain, spinal cord, brain
membrane, cerebrobrospinal fluid.
0 Nerves connect the periphery with the spinal cord
and the brain.
0 The sympathetic part of the autonomic nervous
system is located in the CNS and the
parasympathetic part in the PNS.
0 Neurotransmitters are released from synaptic
vesicles in synapses into the synaptic space, where
they are received by receptors on other synapses.
Which answer is wrong?
0 The most important parts of the central nervous
system are the brain, spinal cord, brain
membrane, cerebrobrospinal fluid.
0 Nerves connect the periphery with the spinal cord
and the brain.
0 The sympathetic part of the autonomic nervous
system is located in the CNS and the
parasympathetic part in the PNS.
0 Neurotransmitters are released from synaptic
vesicles in synapses into the synaptic space, where
they are received by receptors on other synapses.
Which answer is wrong?
0 Cerebral infarction is caused by ischemia due to a
vascular occlusion in a blood vessel supplying
the brain.
0 Meningitis is an inflammation of the spinal cord.
0 Neuralgia is defined by pain in the distribution of
nerves and neuritis by infammation of nerves.
0 Dopamin, noradrenalin, serotonin, acetylcholin,
gaba, nicotine are important important
transmitter agents.
Which answer is wrong?
0 Cerebral infarction is caused by ischemia due to a
vascular occlusion in a blood vessel supplying
the brain
0 Meningitis is an inflammation of the spinal cord.
(Meningitis is an inflammation of the brain
membranes.)
0 Neuralgia is defined by pain in the distribution of
nerves and neuritis by infammation of nerves.
0 Dopamin, noradrenalin, serotonin, acetylcholin,
gaba, nicotine are important important
transmitter agents.
Which answer is wrong?
0 Multiple sclerosis is a chronic disease in which the cover
of nerve cells in the brain and the spinal cord is
damaged.
0 Multiple sclerosis is a chronic disease in which the cover
of nerve cells of the peripheral nerves are damaged.
0 Depending on the location of the affected nerve, signs
and symptoms od MS patients range from physical,
mental and psychatric disorders.
0 Encephalomyelitis disseminata is a synonym for MS,
originally created to describe the situation without
mentioning the name of a this degenerative
disease.
Which answer is wrong?
0 Multiple sclerosis is a chronic disease in which the cover
of nerve cells in the brain and the spinal cord are
damaged.
0 Multiple sclerosis is a chronic disease in which the cover
of nerve cells of the peripheral nerves are damaged.
0 Depending on the location of the affected nerve, signs
and symptoms od MS patients range from physical,
mental and psychatric disorders.
0 Encephalomyelitis disseminata is a synonym for MS,
originally created to describe the situation without
mentioning the name of a this degenerative
disease.
Which answer is wrong?
0 Pituitary gland (hypophysis) regulates several
physiological humoral activities and
endocrine glands.
0 Hyperfunction of the tyroid gland may result in
slepplessness, nervousness, or a loss of
weight.
0 The adrenal glands produce stressrelated
hormones such as cortisol and adrenaline
0 Cortisol produced by the body acts protective
and has no side-effects
Which answer is wrong?
0 Pituitary gland (hypophysis) regulates several
physiological humoral activities and endocrine
glands.
0 Hyperfunction of the tyroid gland may result in
slepplessness, nervousness, or a loss of weight.
0 The adrenal glands produce stressrelated hormones
such as cortisol and adrenaline
0 Cortisol produced by the body acts protective and
has no side-effects (endogenous Cushing
syndrome)