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cover.web:GETR 2010 cover 5/3/10 11:23 AM Page 1 The Global Enablng Trade Report 2010 Engaging in international trade has long been viewed as key to national prosperity and well-being. In the current context of the global economic crisis, further enabling trade across borders will be essential to strengthening the forces that drive recovery, just as trade has played a central role in spreading the downturn across the globe. Against this background, The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 measures and analyzes institutions, policies, and services enabling trade in national economies around the world, highlighting for policymakers a country’s strengths and the challenges to be addressed. The Report includes the most current data and recent analysis of the factors enabling trade in industrialized and emerging economies. The Report presents the rankings of the Enabling Trade Index (ETI), developed by the The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 Report 2010 World Economic Forum in collaboration with international trade experts and leaders from the logistics and transport industry. It is a comprehensive index intended to capture the full range of issues that contribute to impeding trade, ranking nations according to factors that facilitate the free flow of goods across national borders and to destination. The printed short version of the Report contains detailed profiles for 23 selected countries, while the full electronic version details the results for all 125 economies covered—4 more than last year. Written in a nontechnical language and style, the Report appeals to a broad audience that includes policymakers, business leaders, and members of the academic community. It provides a yardstick to measure the extent to which countries have in place the necessary attributes for facilitating the free flow of goods, and it aims to provoke dialogue among stakeholders about how best to improve the situation to offset the present crisis and, ultimately, raise the prosperity of the world’s citizens. The full Report can be downloaded at www.weforum.org/getr. Lawrence | Drzeniek Hanouz | Doherty | Moavenzadeh ISBN-13: 978-92-95044-84-5 Robert Z. Lawrence, Harvard University Margareta Drzeniek Hanouz, World Economic Forum Sean Doherty, World Economic Forum John Moavenzadeh, World Economic Forum The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum Part1.WEB.FINAL:Document 7 5/5/10 11:34 AM Page i World Economic Forum Geneva, Switzerland 2010 The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 Robert Z. Lawrence, Harvard University Margareta Drzeniek Hanouz, World Economic Forum Sean Doherty, World Economic Forum John Moavenzadeh, World Economic Forum Editors The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum Part1.WEB.FINAL:Document 7 5/5/10 11:34 AM Page ii The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 is published by the World Economic Forum within the framework of the Global Competitiveness Network and the Industry Partnership Programme for Logistics and Transport. World Economic Forum Geneva Copyright © 2010 by the World Economic Forum Published by World Economic Forum www.weforum.org Professor Klaus Schwab Executive Chairman, World Economic Forum Robert Greenhill Chief Business Officer, World Economic Forum All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, or otherwise without the prior permission of the World Economic Forum. ISBN-13: 978-92-95044-84-5 EDITORS At the John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University: Robert Z. Lawrence, Albert L. Williams Professor of Trade and Investment At the World Economic Forum: Margareta Drzeniek Hanouz, Director, Senior Economist Sean Doherty, Associate Director, Head of Logistics and Transport Industry John Moavenzadeh, Senior Director, Head of Mobility Industries This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Printed and bound in Switzerland by SRO-Kundig The full version of the Report with Profiles of all 125 economies is available at www.weforum.org/getr. LOGISTICS AND TRANSPORT TEAM Katerina Soulounia, Team Coordinator, Mobility Industries GLOBAL COMPETITIVENESS NETWORK Jennifer Blanke, Director, Senior Economist, Head of Global Competitiveness Network Ciara Browne, Associate Director Thierry Geiger, Associate Director, Economist, Global Leadership Fellow Irene Mia, Director, Senior Economist Carissa Sahli, Team Coordinator Pearl Samandari, Community Manager Eva Trujillo Herrera, Research Assistant A special thank you to Hope Steele for her excellent editing work and Neil Weinberg for his superb graphic design and layout. The terms country and nation as used in this Report do not in all cases refer to a territorial entity that is a state as understood by international law and practice. The terms cover well-defined, geographically self-contained economic areas that may not be states but for which statistical data are maintained on a separate and independent basis. The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum Part1.WEB.FINAL:Document 7 5/5/10 11:34 AM Page iii Contents Partner Institutes v Preface xi by Robert Greenhill, World Economic Forum Part 1: The Enabling Trade Index Results 1 1.1 Fostering Recovery by Facilitating Trade: The Enabling Trade Index 2010 3 by Robert Z. Lawrence, Harvard University; and Sean Doherty, Margareta Drzeniek Hanouz, Thierry Geiger, and Eva Trujillo Herrera, World Economic Forum iii Part 2: Country/Economy Profiles 33 How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles ...............................35 List of Countries/Economies ........................................................39 Country/Economy Profiles............................................................40 Technical Notes and Sources 291 About the Authors 297 Acknowledgments 301 The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum Part1.WEB.FINAL:Document 7 5/5/10 11:34 AM Page iv The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum Partner Institutes Part1.WEB.FINAL:Document 7 5/5/10 11:34 AM Page v Partner Institutes The World Economic Forum’s Global Competitiveness Network is pleased to acknowledge and thank the following organizations as its valued Partner Institutes, without which the realization of The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 would not have been possible: Belgium Vlerick Leuven Gent Management School Lutgart Van den Berghe, Professor, Executive Director and Chairman, Competence Centre Entrepreneurship, Governance and Strategy Bieke Dewulf, Associate, Competence Centre Entrepreneurship, Governance and Strategy Wim Moesen, Professor Albania Institute for Contemporary Studies (ISB) Artan Hoxha, President Elira Jorgoni, Senior Expert and Project Manager Denalada Kuzumi, Researcher Benin Micro Impacts of Macroeconomic Adjustment Policies (MIMAP) Benin Epiphane Adjovi, Business Coordinator Maria-Odile Attanasso, Deputy Coordinator Fructueux Deguenonvo, Researcher Algeria Centre de Recherche en Economie Appliquée pour le Développement (CREAD) Youcef Benabdallah, Assistant Professor Yassine Ferfera, Director Argentina IAE- Universidad Austral María Elina Gigaglia, Project Manager Eduardo Luis Fracchia, Professor Armenia Economy and Values Research Center Manuk Hergnyan, Chairman Sevak Hovhannisyan, Board Member and Senior Associate Gohar Malumyan, Research Associate Australia Australian Industry Group Nicholas James, Economist Tony Pensabene, Associate Director, Economics & Research Heather Ridout, Chief Executive Austria Austrian Institute of Economic Research (WIFO) Karl Aiginger, Director Gerhard Schwarz, Coordinator, Survey Department Azerbaijan Azerbaijan Marketing Society Fuad Aliyev, Executive Director Ashraf Hajiyev, Project Coordinator Saida Talibova, Consultant Bahrain Bahrain Competitiveness Council, Bahrain Economic Development Board Nada Azmi, Business Intelligence Specialist, Economic Planning & Development Jawad Habib, Senior Partner, BDO Jawad Habib Rima Al Kilani, Director, International Marketing Bangladesh Centre for Policy Dialogue (CPD) Khondaker Golam Moazzem, Senior Research Fellow Kazi Mahmudur Rahman, Senior Research Associate Mustafizur Rahman, Executive Director Bosnia and Herzegovina MIT Center, School of Economics and Business in Sarajevo, University of Sarajevo Zlatko Lagumdzija, Professor Zeljko Sain, Executive Director Jasmina Selimovic, Assistant Director Botswana Botswana National Productivity Centre Joseph Jonazi, Research Consultant and Statistician Dabilani Buthali, Manager, Information and Research Services Department Thembo Lebang, Executive Director Brazil Fundação Dom Cabral Carlos Arruda, Executive Director, International Board and Professor and Coordinator of the Competitiveness and Innovation Center Marina Araújo, Economist and Researcher of the Competitiveness and Innovation Center Movimento Brasil Competitivo (MBC) Cláudio Leite Gastal, Director President Denise Alves, Projects Coordinator Elisa de Araújo, Projects Assistant Bulgaria Center for Economic Development Anelia Damianova, Senior Expert Burkina Faso lnstitut Supérieure des Sciences de la Population (ISSP), University of Ouagadougou Samuel Kabore, Economist and Head of Development Strategy and Population Research Burundi University Research Centre for Economic and Social Development (CURDES), National University of Burundi Richard Ndereyahaga, Head of CURDES Gilbert Niyongabo, Dean, Faculty of Economics & Management Cambodia Economic Institute of Cambodia Sok Hach, President Chan Vuthy, Senior Researcher Poch Kongchheng, Junior Researcher The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum v Partner Institutes Part1.WEB.FINAL:Document 7 5/5/10 11:34 AM Page vi Cameroon Comité de Compétitivité (Competitiveness Committee) Lucien Sanzouango, Permanent Secretary Canada Institute for Competitiveness and Prosperity Tamer Azer, Researcher Roger Martin, Chairman and Dean of the Rotman School of Management, University of Toronto James Milway, Executive Director Chad Groupe de Recherches Alternatives et de Monitoring du Projet Pétrole-Tchad-Cameroun (GRAMP-TC) Antoine Doudjidingao, Researcher Gilbert Maoundonodji, Director Celine Nénodji Mbaipeur, Programme Officer Chile Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez Ignacio Briones, Associate Professor of Economics, School of Government Leonidas Montes, Dean, School of Government Camila Chadwick, Project Coordinator China Institute of Economic System and Management National Development and Reform Commission Zhou Haichun, Deputy Director and Professor Chen Wei, Research Fellow Dong Ying, Professor vi China Center for Economic Statistics Research, Tianjin University of Finance and Economics Lu Dong, Professor Jian Wang, Associate Professor Hongye Xiao, Professor Bojuan Zhao, Professor Huazhang Zheng, Associate Professor Colombia National Planning Department Alvaro Edgar Balcazar, Entrepreneurial Development Director Carolina Rentería Rodríguez, General Director Mauricio Torres Velásquez, Advisor Colombian Council of Competitiveness Hernando José Gomez, President Côte d’Ivoire Chambre de Commerce et d’Industrie de Côte d’Ivoire Jean-Louis Billon, President Jean-Louis Giacometti, Technical Advisor to the President Mamadou Sarr, Director General Croatia National Competitiveness Council Martina Hatlak, Research Assistant Kresimir Jurlin, Research Fellow Mira Lenardic, General Secretary Cyprus Cyprus College Research Center Bambos Papageorgiou, Head of Socioeconomic and Academic Research The Cyprus Development Bank Maria Markidou-Georgiadou, Manager, International Banking Services Unit and Business Development Czech Republic CMC Graduate School of Business Tomas Janca, Executive Director Denmark Copenhagen Business School, Department of International Economics and Management Lise Peitersen, Administrative Director Casper Rose, Professor Ecuador ESPAE Graduate School of Management, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral (ESPOL) Elizabeth Arteaga, Project Assistant Virginia Lasio, Acting Director Sara Wong, Professor Egypt The Egyptian Center for Economic Studies Hanaa Kheir-El-Din, Executive Director and Director of Research Naglaa El Ehwany, Deputy Director and Lead Economist Malak Reda, Senior Economist Estonia Estonian Institute of Economic Research Evelin Ahermaa, Head of Economic Research Sector Marje Josing, Director Estonian Development Fund Kitty Kubo, Head of Foresight Ott Pärna, Chief Executive Officer Ethiopia African Institute of Management, Development and Governance Tegegne Teka, General Manager Finland ETLA—The Research Institute of the Finnish Economy Petri Rouvinen, Research Director Pasi Sorjonen, Head of the Forecasting Group Pekka Ylä-Anttila, Managing Director France HEC School of Management, Paris Bertrand Moingeon, Professor and Deputy Dean Bernard Ramanantsoa, Professor and Dean Gambia, The Gambia Economic and Social Development Research Institute (GESDRI) Makaireh A. Njie, Director Georgia Business Initiative for Reforms in Georgia Giga Makharadze, Founding Member of the Board of Directors Tamar Tchintcharauli, Executive Director Mamuka Tsereteli, Founding Member of the Board of Directors Germany WHU - Otto Beisheim School of Management, Vallendar Ralf Fendel, Professor of Monetary Economics Michael Frenkel, Professor, Chair of Macroeconomics and International Economics Ghana Association of Ghana Industries (AGI) Carlo Hey, Project Manager Cletus Kosiba, Executive Director Tony Oteng-Gyasi, President Greece SEV Hellenic Federation of Enterprises Michael Mitsopoulos, Coordinator, Research and Analysis Thanasis Printsipas, Economist, Research and Analysis Guatemala FUNDESA Edgar A. Heinemann, President of the Board of Directors Pablo Schneider, Economic Director Juan Carlos Zapata, General Manager The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum Guyana Institute of Development Studies, University of Guyana Karen Pratt, Research Associate Clive Thomas, Director Hong Kong SAR Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce David O’Rear, Chief Economist Federation of Hong Kong Industries Alexandra Poon, Director The Chinese General Chamber of Commerce Jordan Ministry of Planning & International Cooperation Jordan National Competitiveness Team Hiba Abu Taleb, Primary Researcher Hussein Abwini, Primary Researcher Kawthar Al-Zou’bi, Primary Researcher Kazakhstan JSC “National Analytical Centre of the Government and the National Bank of the Republic of Kazakhstan” Ayana Manasova, Chairperson Aibek Baisakalov, Expert Analyst Hungary KOPINT-TÁRKI Economic Research Ltd. Ágnes Nagy, Project Manager Éva Palócz, Chief Executive Officer Kenya Institute for Development Studies, University of Nairobi Mohamud Jama, Director and Associate Professor Paul Kamau, Research Fellow Dorothy McCormick, Associate Professor Iceland Innovation Center Iceland Karl Fridriksson, Managing Director of Human Resources and Services Rosa Signy Gisladottir, Manager, Marketing and Media Relations Thorsteinn I. Sigfusson, Director Korea, Republic of College of Business School, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology – KAIST Ingoo Han, Senior Associate Dean and Professor Ravi Kumar, Dean and Professor Youjin Sung, Manager, Exchange Programme India Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) Chandrajit Banerjee, Director General Tarun Das, Chief Mentor Virendra Gupta, Head, International and Trade Fairs Kuwait Economics Department, Kuwait University Abdullah Alsalman, Assistant Professor Mohammed El-Sakka, Professor Reyadh Faras, Assistant Professor Indonesia Center for Industry, SME & Business Competition Studies, University of Trisakti Tulus Tambunan, Professor and Director Kyrgyz Republic Economic Policy Institute “Bishkek Consensus” Lola Abduhametova, Program Coordinator Marat Tazabekov, Chairman Ireland Competitiveness Survey Group, Department of Economics, University College Cork Eleanor Doyle, Professor, Department of Economics Niall O’Sullivan Bernadette Power Latvia Institute of Economics, Latvian Academy of Sciences Helma Jirgena, Director Irina Curkina, Researcher National Competitiveness Council Adrian Devitt, Manager Caoimhe Gavin, Policy Advisor Gráinne Greehy, Graduate Trainee Israel Manufacturers’ Association of Israel (MAI) Shraga Brosh, President Dan Catarivas, Director Yehuda Segev, Managing Director Italy SDA Bocconi School of Management Secchi Carlo, Full Professor of Economic Policy, Bocconi University Paola Dubini, Associate Professor, Bocconi University Francesco A. Saviozzi, SDA Assistant Professor, Strategic and Entrepreneurial Management Department Jamaica Mona School of Business (MSB), The University of the West Indies (UWI) Patricia Douce, Project Administrator William Lawrence, Director, Professional Services Unit Evan Duggan, Executive Director and Professor Japan Hitotsubashi University, Graduate School of International Corporate Strategy (ICS) in cooperation with Keizai Doyukai Keizai (Japan Association of Corporate Executives) Yoko Ishikura, Professor Kiyohiko Ito, Vice-President and General Manager for Policy Studies, Keizai Doyukai Partner Institutes Part1.WEB.FINAL:Document 7 5/5/10 11:34 AM Page vii Lesotho Mohloli Chamber of Business Semethe Raleche, Chief Executive Officer Libya National Economic Development Board Entisar Elbahi, Director, Relations and Supported Services Lithuania Statistics Lithuania Ona Grigiene, Head, Economical Survey Division Algirdas S̆emeta, Director General Luxembourg Chamber of Commerce of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg François-Xavier Borsi, Attaché, Economic Department Marc Wagener, Attaché, Economic Department Carlo Thelen, Chief Economist, Member of the Managing Board Macedonia, FYR National Entrepreneurship and Competitiveness Council (NECC) Dejan Janevski, Project Coordinator Zoran Stavreski, President of the Managing Board Saso Trajkoski, Executive Director Madagascar Centre of Economic Studies, University of Antananarivo Pépé Andrianomanana, Director Razato Raharijaona Simo, Executive Secretary Malawi Malawi Confederation of Chambers of Commerce and Industry Chancellor L. Kaferapanjira, Chief Executive Officer The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum vii Partner Institutes Part1.WEB.FINAL:Document 7 5/5/10 11:34 AM Page viii Malaysia Institute of Strategic and International Studies (ISIS) Tan Sri Mohamed Jawhar Hassan, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer Mahani Zainal Abidin, Director-General Steven C.M. Wong, Assistant Director-General Malaysia Productivity Corporation (MPC) Dato’ Nik Zainiah Nik Abd. Rahman, Director General Lee Saw Hoon, Senior Director Mali Groupe de Recherche en Economie Appliquée et Théorique (GREAT) Massa Coulibaly, Coordinator Mauritania Centre d’Information Mauritanien pour le Développement Economique et Technique (CIMDET/CCIAM) Khira Mint Cheikhnani, Director Lô Abdoul, Consultant and Analyst Habib Sy, Analyst Mauritius Joint Economic Council of Mauritius Raj Makoond, Director Board of Investment Dev Chamroo, Director, Planning & Policy Manisha Dookhony, Manager, Planning & Policy Raju Jaddoo, Managing Director viii Mexico Center for Intellectual Capital and Competitiveness Erika Ruiz Manzur, Executive Director René Villarreal Arrambide, President and Chief Executive Officer Jesús Zurita González, General Director Instituto Mexicano para la Competitividad (IMCO) Gabriela Alarcon Esteva, Economist Manuel J. Molano Ruiz, Deputy General Director Roberto Newell Garcia, General Director Ministry of the Economy Felipe Duarte Olvera, Undersecretary for Competitiveness and Standardization Gerardo de la Peña, Technical Secretary for Competitiveness Jose Antonio Torre, Chief of Staff, ProMéxico Trade & Investment Paulo Esteban Alcaraz, Research Director, ProMéxico Trade & Investment Nepal Centre for Economic Development and Administration (CEDA) Ramesh Chandra Chitrakar, Professor and Director of Research Menaka Rajbhandari Shrestha, Researcher Santosh Kumar Upadhyaya, Researcher Netherlands Erasmus Strategic Renewal Center, Erasmus University Rotterdam Frans A. J. Van den Bosch, Professor Henk W. Volberda, Professor New Zealand Business New Zealand Marcia Dunnett, Manager, Sector Groups Phil O’Reilly, Chief Executive The New Zealand Institute Rick Boven, Director Benedikte Jensen, Research Director Nigeria Nigerian Economic Summit Group (NESG) Felix Ogbera, Associate Director, Research Sam Ohuabunwa, Chairman Chris Okpoko, Senior Consultant, Research Norway BI Norwegian School of Management Eskil Goldeng, Researcher Torger Reve, Professor Oman The International Research Foundation Salem Ben Nasser Al-Ismaily, Chairman Mehdi Bin Ali Bin Juma, Expert for Economic Research, the Omani Centre for Investment Promotion & Export Development (OCIPED) Pakistan Competitiveness Support Fund Arthur Bayhan, Chief Executive Officer Stephen Manuel, Manager Media & Communication Imran Naeem Ahmad, Communication Specialist Paraguay Centro de Análisis y Difusión de Economia Paraguaya (CADEP) Dionisio Borda, Research Member Fernando Masi, Director María Belén Servín, Research Member Mongolia Open Society Forum (OSF) Munkhsoyol Baatarjav, Manager of Economic Policy Erdenejargal Perenlei, Executive Director Peru Centro de Desarrollo Industrial (CDI), Sociedad Nacional de Industrias Néstor Asto, Project Director Luis Tenorio, Executive Director Montenegro Institute for Strategic Studies and Prognoses (ISSP) Maja Drakic, Project Manager Petar Ivanovic, Chief Executive Officer Veselin Vukotic, President Philippines Makati Business Club Alberto A. Lim, Executive Director Michael B. Mundo, Chief Economist Mark P. Opulencia, Deputy Director Morocco Université Hassan II, LASAARE Fouzi Mourji, Professor of Economics Poland The Economic Institute, The National Bank of Poland Mateusz Pipien, Director Zbigniew Zólkiewski, Deputy Director Piotr Boguszewski, Advisor Mozambique EconPolicy Research Group, Lda. Peter Coughlin, Director Donaldo Miguel Soares, Researcher Ema Marta Soares, Assistant Management Observatory Monika Nowacka, Projects Director Ireneusz Tomczak, Chairman of the Board Namibia Namibian Economic Policy Research Unit (NEPRU) Lameck Odada, Consultant Klaus Schade, Principal Researcher Warsaw School of Economics Bogdan Radomski, Associate Professor The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum Portugal PROFORUM, Associação para o Desenvolvimento da Engenharia Ilídio António de Ayala Serôdio, Vice President of the Board of Directors Sri Lanka Institute of Policy Studies Manoj Thibbotuwawa, Research Officer Ruwan Jayathilaka, Research Officer Forum de Administradores de Empresas (FAE) Pedro do Carmo Costa, Member of the Board of Directors Adilia Lisboa, General Director The Ceylon Chamber of Commerce Harin Malwatte, Secretary General Qatar Qatari Businessmen Association (QBA) Issa Abdul Salam Abu Issa, Secretary-General Ahmed El-Shaffee, Economist Romania Group of Applied Economics (GEA) Anca Rusu, Program Coordinator Liviu Voinea, Executive Director Russian Federation Bauman Innovation Alexei Prazdnitchnykh, Principal, Associate Professor Katerina Marandi, Consultant Stockholm School of Economics, Russia Igor Dukeov, Area Principal Carl F. Fey, Associate Dean of Research Saudi Arabia National Competitiveness Center (NCC) Awwad Al-Awwad, Deputy Governor for Investment Khaldon Mahasen, Manager, Investment Performance Assessment Senegal Centre de Recherches Economiques Appliquées (CREA), University of Dakar Diop Ibrahima Thione, Director Serbia Center for Advanced Economic Studies (CEVES) Jasna Atanasijevic, Member of the CEVES Council of Directors Dus̆ko Vasiljevic, Member of the CEVES Council of Directors Singapore Economic Development Board Lim Hong Khiang, Director Planning 2 Chua Kia Chee, Head, Research and Statistics Unit Cheng Wai San, Head, Planning Slovak Republic Business Alliance of Slovakia (PAS) Robert Kicina, Executive Director Martin Toth, Researcher Slovenia Institute for Economic Research Peter Stanovnik, Senior Researcher University of Ljubljana Mateja Drnovs̆ek, Professor, Faculty of Economics Ales̆ Vahc̆ic̆, Professor, Faculty of Economics Art Kovac̆ic̆, Senior Researcher, Faculty of Business Sciences South Africa Business Leadership South Africa Friede Dowie, Director Michael Spicer, Chief Executive Officer Business Unity South Africa Jerry Vilakazi, Chief Executive Officer Vic Van Vuuren, Chief Operating Officer Spain IESE Business School, International Center for Competitiveness María Luisa Blázquez, Research Associate Alessandro Cembalo, Research Assistant Antoni Subirà, Professor Partner Institutes Part1.WEB.FINAL:Document 7 5/5/10 11:34 AM Page ix Sweden Center for Strategy and Competitiveness, Stockholm School of Economics Christian Ketels, Senior Research Fellow Örjan Sölvell, Professor Switzerland University of St. Gallen, Executive School of Management, Technology and Law (ES-HSG) Franz Jaeger, Professor Beat Bechtold, Project Manager Syria Ministry of Economy and Trade Amer Housni Louitfi, Minister of Economy and Trade State Planning Commission Tayseer Al-Ridawi, Head of State Planning Commission Syrian Enterprise Business Center (SEBC) Tamer Abadi, Director Taiwan, China Council for Economic Planning and Development, Executive Yuan Tain-Jy Chen, Chairman J. B. Hung, Director, Economic Research Department Chung Chung Shieh, Researcher, Economic Research Department Tajikistan The Center for Sociological Research “Zerkalo” Qahramon Baqoev, Director Ol’ga Es’kina, Researcher Alikul Isoev, Sociologist and Economist Tanzania Research on Poverty Alleviation (REPOA) Joseph Semboja, Professor and Executive Director Lucas Katera, Director, Commissioned Research Cornel Jahari, Researcher, Commissioned Research Department Thailand Sasin Graduate Institute of Business Administration, Chulalongkorn University Pongsak Hoontrakul, Senior Research Fellow Toemsakdi Krishnamra, Director of Sasin Piyachart Phiromswad, Faculty of Economics Thailand Development Research Institute (TDRI) Somchai Jitsuchon, Research Director Chalongphob Sussangkarn, Distinguished Fellow Yos Vajragupta, Senior Researcher Tunisia Institut Arabe des Chefs d’Entreprises Majdi Hassen, Executive Counsellor Chekib Nouira, President Turkey TUSIAD Sabanci University Competitiveness Forum Dilek Cetindamar, Director and Professor Funda Kalemci, Project Specialist Uganda Makerere Institute of Social Research, Makerere University Robert Apunyo, Research Associate Delius Asiimwe, Senior Research Fellow Catherine Ssekimpi, Research Associate The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum ix Partner Institutes Part1.WEB.FINAL:Document 7 5/5/10 11:34 AM Page x Ukraine CASE Ukraine, Center for Social and Economic Research Dmytro Boyarchuk, Executive Director Vladimir Dubrovskiy, Leading Economist United Arab Emirates Economic & Policy Research Unit (EPRU), Zayed University Nico Vellinga, Professor Dubai Competitiveness Council Adel Alfalasi, Executive Director Khawla Belqazi, Special Projects Manager United Kingdom LSE Enterprise Ltd, London School of Economics and Political Science Adam Austerfield, Project Director Jane Lac, Project Coordinator Robyn Klingler, Graduate Researcher Uruguay Universidad ORT Isidoro Hodara, Professor Venezuela CONAPRI - Venezuelan Council for Investment Promotion Gladis Genua, Executive Director Litsay Guerrero, Manager, Economic Affairs Vietnam Central Institute for Economic Management (CIEM) Dinh Van An, President Phan Thanh Ha, Deputy Director, Department of Macroeconomic Management Pham Hoang Ha, Senior Researcher, Department of Macroeconomic Management x Institute for Development Studies in HCMC (HIDS) Nguyen Trong Hoa, Professor and President Du Phuoc Tan, Head of Department Trieu Thanh Son, Researcher Zambia Institute of Economic and Social Research (INESOR), University of Zambia Mutumba M. Bull, Director Patricia Funjika, Staff Development Fellow Jolly Kamwanga, Coordinator Zimbabwe Graduate School of Management, University of Zimbabwe A.M. Hawkins, Professor Bolivia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama INCAE Business School, Latin American Center for Competitiveness and Sustainable Development (CLACDS) Arturo Condo, Rector Lawrence Pratt, Director, CLACDS Luis Reyes, Project Manager, CLACDS Marlene de Estrella, Director of External Relations Latvia, Lithuania Stockholm School of Economics in Riga Karlis Kreslins, Executive MBA Programme Director Anders Paalzow, Rector The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum Preface Part1.WEB.FINAL:Document 7 5/5/10 11:34 AM Page xi Preface ROBERT GREENHILL Chief Business Officer, World Economic Forum The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 is being released at a time when global trade is recovering from the deepest slump it has experienced since World War II. Events over the past half decade have tested the international trading system in many ways. Trade flows reached historic highs in April 2008, only to see their sharpest drop in generations a few months later.Yet, despite initial concerns, determined not to repeat the mistakes of the Great Depression, governments for the most part resisted protectionist pressures. As a result, the turnaround has been remarkable. Following a decline of 12.2 percent in 2009, the World Trade Organization (WTO) estimates that trade will rebound by 10 percent in 2010. The sharp contraction in trade volumes during the economic crisis served as a reminder of the crucial role trade plays for economic growth and poverty reduction. There is no doubt that, in the same way trade has contributed to spreading the downturn across the globe, it can foster the nascent recovery. Policymakers can support this process by reducing domestic barriers to trade. By doing so, governments will benefit not only their own economies, but also those of their trading partners, thereby contributing to a virtuous cycle of recovery. In recent years, market uncertainties have also highlighted the importance of smoothing the path between buyers and sellers and reducing the cost and uncertainty of the transaction itself. The Global Enabling Trade Report’s assessment of obstacles to trade continues to provide a timely reminder of the fundamental attributes that govern a nation’s ability to fully benefit from trade. These are captured in the Enabling Trade Index, which stands at the core of this Report and includes four broad categories: market access, border administration, transport and telecommunications infrastructure, and the business environment. The Report offers a foundation for stimulating dialogue, providing a yardstick of the extent to which countries enjoy the factors facilitating the free flow of goods and identifying areas where improvements are most needed. By ranking countries according to the barriers to trade they have in place, the Report continues to serve as a reminder of the widespread prosperity increase and poverty reduction associated with the expansion of international trade in the recent past. The Report is a result of work undertaken within the context of the World Economic Forum’s Industry Partnership Programme for the Logistics and Transport Industry. Over the past two years, the Forum has engaged key industry leaders, academics, and international organizations active in the trade arena to identify the main obstacles to trading across borders and to develop the Enabling Trade Index. Following refinements to the Index in last years edition, this year’s focus lies in analyzing the evolution in country-level performance over time. The Report is downloadable from www.weforum.org/getr and contains detailed profiles for all 125 economies covered by the study, of which 23 are included in the printed edition. The profiles provide an overview of the results on all indicators included in the Enabling Trade Index. The Global Enabling Trade Report would not have been possible without the distinguished academics and practitioners who have shared with us their knowledge and experience. We thank our Data Partners—the Global Express Association (GEA), the International Air Transport Association (IATA), the International Trade Centre (ITC), the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), The World Bank, and the World Trade Organization (WTO) for making traderelated data available. We are grateful to the Industry Partners supporting this Report—Agility, Brightstar Corp., Deutsche Post DHL, FedEx, GeoPost, Stena, TNT, Transnet, UPS, and Volkswagen. We also wish to thank the lead authors of this volume, Robert Z. Lawrence of Harvard University and Margareta Drzeniek Hanouz from the World Economic Forum for their commitment and leadership, and Sean Doherty, Thierry Geiger, and Eva Trujillo Herrera for their contributions. And we would like to express our gratitude to John Moavenzadeh for his strategic guidance on the project. Appreciation goes also to Jennifer Blanke and other team members of the Global Competitiveness Network and Logistics and Transport teams: Ciara Browne, Irene Mia, Carissa Sahli, Pearl Samandari, and Katerina Soulounia. Last but not least, this Report would have not been possible without the hard work and enthusiasm of our network of 150 Partner Institutes worldwide, who carry out the Executive Opinion Survey, which is at the basis of this work. The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum xi Part1.WEB.FINAL:Document 7 5/5/10 11:34 AM Page xii The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum Part1.WEB.FINAL:Document 7 5/5/10 11:34 AM Page 1 Part 1 The Enabling Trade Index Results The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum Part1.WEB.FINAL:Document 7 5/5/10 11:34 AM Page 2 The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum CHAPTER 1.1 Fostering Recovery by Facilitating Trade: The Enabling Trade Index 2010 ROBERT Z. LAWRENCE, Harvard University SEAN DOHERTY, MARGARETA DRZENIEK HANOUZ, THIERRY GEIGER, and EVA TRUJILLO HERRERA, World Economic Forum World trade is recovering from the deepest recession seen since World War II—indeed, declines in trade have been greater than for similar periods during the Great Depression.1 Although the World Trade Organization (WTO) still forecasts that it could take several years for trade volumes to recover and surpass their 2008 peaks, the process of recovery has clearly accelerated. In fact, according to the WTO, in 2010 the volume of world trade is expected to grow at a rate of 9.5 percent.2 Many studies have confirmed that the dominant reason for the decline in trade values was not increased protectionism but rather the drop in demand that resulted from simultaneous and interactive reactions around the world to the failure of Lehman Brothers.3 This precipitous drop in demand had adverse effects both on the prices of widely traded primary commodities and on the volume of trade, which the WTO reports fell by 12.2 percent in 2009. Trade is double and treble counted as products pass from country to country along global supply chains. As a result of these chains, a decline in orders for imports in one country can reduce exports and imports in several others. It is also striking that the drop in services trade has typically been much smaller than the drop in goods trade. Goods are generally storable. The particularly large drops in the volume of finished and intermediate manufactured goods trade reflect the fact that purchases of these products can be postponed or cancelled when demand dries up. As a result, a drop in demand leaves sellers with unwanted inventories that have to be worked off before new orders are placed. This is not the case for services. In 2009, orders for goods picked up and the recovery is now evident both in higher commodity prices and increased trade volumes; full recovery, however, will require a renewal in durable goods purchases. As a result of these changes in trade flows, traders around the world have seen a rollercoaster ride of transport costs over the last few years. Prices mounted and bottlenecks sprung up as strong trade flows tested capacity limits. This was followed by a dramatic drop as the entry of new capacity coincided with savage cuts in trade volumes. More recently, the restocking of inventories, the adoption of slow-steaming by carriers, and general economic brightening have led to rising transport rates. The deep drop in global trade between 2008 and 2009 represented a real-world stress test for the global trading system. It also provides an opportunity to examine whether the progress toward a more open global trading system made in previous decades is likely to be permanent. The evidence is not all yet in, and a final judgment can be given only when the recovery is complete, but overall the evidence justifies a tentative answer in the affirmative. The authors would like to thank Xavier Pichot from the International Trade Centre for compiling data used in the preparation of this chapter. The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 1.1: Fostering Recovery by Facilitating Trade Part1.WEB.FINAL:Document 7 5/5/10 11:34 AM Page 3 3 1.1: Fostering Recovery by Facilitating Trade Part1.WEB.FINAL:Document 7 5/5/10 11:34 AM Page 4 4 Restraint in protectionist measures There are of course many examples of countries taking measures that discriminate against foreign firms and products. Pressures from high unemployment do raise demands for protection, and government stabilization measures such as stimulus packages and bailouts have created opportunities to supply it. In addition, there are various legal forms of administered protection that can be applied through procedures such as anti-dumping duties, countervailing duties, and safeguards. The most extensive monitoring of such actions is being undertaken by the Global Trade Alert (GTA), a group of independent analysts located in many countries. In their report, issued in December 2009, they document almost 300 measures that they classify as being of a “beggar-thy-neighbor” nature that had been implemented in the first post-crisis year.4 Of these measures, 32 percent involved the discriminatory use of bailouts and state aids. Another 20 percent took the form of administered protection through anti-dumping and countervailing duties. Support for this latter finding of increases in administered protection is provided by other data: the 2009 total number of industry requests for trade barriers (140 product-level requests) was 20 percent higher than the total requests filed for 2008 (115), which itself was 35 percent higher than the total requests filed in 2007 (81). In all these cases, an important question is the appropriate benchmark against which these actions should be judged. For example, although there has obviously been an increase in both requests and implementations of anti-dumping, these had actually fallen quite considerably through 2007 and, even with the recent increases, still remain considerably below levels typical in the period around 2000. All told, therefore, even in this area, the response is quite in line with the historic norms for recessions—which is actually heartening given the depth and pervasiveness of the current recession.5 The most impressive restraint, however, has come in the area of market access. The international response has been remarkable and suggests a widespread and politically durable consensus on the desirability of maintaining open trade in most countries. Only a seventh of all the measures detected by the GTA have involved higher tariffs, and there are numerous examples of both unilateral and regional trade liberalization. For example, despite the recession, the WTO was notified by its members that 14 new regional agreements came into force in 2009. This was quite in line with the average of 13 additional regional agreements that have been concluded annually since 2000. The underlying tariff data used for this Report confirm this impression. We were able to isolate 73 countries in our sample for which we had complete tariff data for both 2008 and 2009; we weighted these using 2007 trade weights to explore changes over this period in both agricultural and industrial tariffs. For the most part, the tariff changes were remarkably small. Indeed, average tariffs in the sample as a whole were basically unchanged, and there were actually small declines on average in agriculture. There were some exceptions, however. In particular, average tariffs in both Brazil and Argentina rose by three percentage points primarily because of increases in industrial tariffs. On the other hand, there were noteworthy declines in average tariffs—in the order of one to two percentage points—in Mauritius, Nigeria, Mexico, Iceland, and Ukraine. These countries were able to reduce their tariffs in both agriculture and industry—a particularly impressive performance in the current environment. To some extent, the absence of tariff hikes indicates the power of the multilateral trading system based on rules. This argument can be made in the case of industrial countries. However, many developing countries are actually not constrained by these rules since the rates they apply are far lower than the rates they are legally obliged not to exceed. In 2009, for example, the average MFN rate at which tariffs are bound for the countries in our sample was 31.3 percent—almost four times higher than the average rates actually applied. Apparently most developing countries have chosen not to raise their tariffs, not because of legal obligations but rather because they consider their current applied rates to be appropriate even in the current circumstances. Credit should also be given to the prevalence of a global norm of not raising tariffs. A virtuous cycle has emerged. Discipline in avoiding protectionist tariff measures by some has led to more restrained behavior by others. The pledges of the Group of Twenty (G-20) countries reflect and underscore the widespread intellectual acceptance of the importance of avoiding protection and have helped to reinforce this behavior. In addition, political forces for open trade are at work. Increased interdependence helps offset protectionist pressures. The dependence of many domestic firms on imported inputs creates domestic constituents that have much to lose from higher barriers. This outcome is a remarkable contrast with the behavior exhibited in the 1930s, when countries responded to the higher tariffs of their trading partners by raising tariffs at home. In the 1930s, widespread use of specific tariffs with set monetary values also exacerbated the situation because these became more restrictive when commodity prices fell. The promotion of ad-valorem tariffs through the WTO has helped limit this impact in the current situation. Factors that enable trade The Global Enabling Trade Report is motivated by the view that, in addition to trade policy, trade is enabled by a broader set of factors captured by our three other pillars. Besides trade policy, the Enabling Trade Index (ETI), as discussed in depth below, assesses border The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum administration, transportation and communications, and the general business environment. There are examples this year of some remarkable improvements in these other pillars. While most countries did not experience large changes in their rankings, the greatest improvements in border administration, for example, were recorded by Cyprus (up 18 places, from 47th to 29th) because of an improvement in the efficiency of its import-export procedures and Ecuador (up 15 places, from 107th to 92nd) because of more efficient customs administration. In the area of transportation and communication, the greatest improvements in rankings took place in Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, and Madagascar. And there have been notable improvements in the business environment in Poland, Macedonia, and Lesotho. While the aggregate data, especially for tariffs, look good, in each of our categories we also find countries that are slipping. As indicated earlier, tariffs have been raised by some countries. Not all countries improved their border administration. The largest declines in rankings in this subindex are found in Syria and Tunisia, both reflecting declines in customs efficiency. Some countries have fallen behind in transportation and communications, with the largest declines for Burkina Faso, Uganda, India, and Sri Lanka, mainly caused by deteriorating perceptions regarding the quality of transport infrastructure. And business environments generally have declined relatively, reflecting poor physical security in Greece,6 Honduras, and Madagascar. Lagging in business environment were Korea and Malaysia. The ETI tracks actions that governments can take to enable trade, and considerable room remains for additional measures that could stimulate trade. In the short run, these would contribute to the recovery; over the long run, they would enhance economic growth and welfare. The Doha Round remains at an impasse. A successful conclusion would be the single most important step that could be taken in the current circumstances to ensure a more open global trading system that would provide benefits to all WTO members. In addition to the Round, there are many other actions beyond reducing border barriers that can be taken to help spur trade. Particularly for developing countries, these merit significant attention. Market access is insufficient for stimulating exports by the least developed countries. Indeed, the ETI indicates that these countries already benefit from relatively low trade barriers for their exports. Instead, their supply-side capacity needs to be enhanced. This requires improvements both in infrastructure and in institutions. In some cases, countries can act with respect to their tariffs and regulations through government action without incurring major expenses. But in other cases—such as improving the operation of the information systems available for customs, the quality of roads and communications, or the capacity and skills of public officials—additional financial resources are required. And this suggests the importance of increasing Aid for Trade, as set forth in the Doha Round. Just as trade was a key force spreading the growth slowdown internationally, so can trade be an important driver in diffusing the benefits of recovery internationally. When individual countries enable trade, they provide benefits not only to themselves but also to other nations with which they trade. Improved market access, more efficient customs, and better infrastructure and business environments offer enhanced opportunities for both importers and exporters. Thus granting Aid for Trade to help nations implement such measures reflects enlightened self-interest because it enhances welfare in recipient countries and their trading partners. The Enabling Trade Index The Enabling Trade Index (ETI) was developed within the context of the World Economic Forum’s Industry Partnership Programme for the Logistics and Transport sector and was first published in The Global Enabling Trade Report 2008. A number of Data Partners have collaborated in this effort: the Global Express Association (GEA), the International Air Transport Association (IATA), the International Trade Centre (ITC), the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), the World Bank, and the WTO. We have also received significant input from companies that are part of the World Economic Forum’s Industry Partnership Programme for the Logistics and Transportation sector, namely Agility, Brightstar Corp., Deutsche Post DHL, FedEx, GeoPost, Stena, TNT, Transnet, UPS, and Volkswagen. The ETI measures the extent to which individual economies have developed institutions, policies, and services facilitating the free flow of goods over borders and to destination.7 The structure of the Index reflects the main enablers of trade, breaking them into four overall issue areas, captured in the subindexes: 1. The market access subindex measures the extent to which the policy framework of the country welcomes foreign goods into the economy and enables access to foreign markets for its exporters. 2. The border administration subindex assesses the extent to which the administration at the border facilitates the entry and exit of goods. 3. The transport and communications infrastructure subindex takes into account whether the country has in place the transport and communications infrastructure necessary to facilitate the movement of goods within the economy and across the border. 4. The business environment subindex looks at the quality of governance as well as at the overarching regulatory and security environment The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 1.1: Fostering Recovery by Facilitating Trade Part1.WEB.FINAL:Document 7 5/5/10 11:34 AM Page 5 5 1.1: Fostering Recovery by Facilitating Trade Part1.WEB.FINAL:Document 7 5/5/10 11:34 AM Page 6 6 Box 1: Incorporating trade agreements and trade preferences in the Enabling Trade Index Over the past 20 years, preferential trading agreements (PTAs) have become a key feature of the global trading system. Over this period the number of agreements notified to the World Trade Organization (WTO) increased more than sixfold and account for about two-thirds of world trade today. Some 462 agreements had been notified to the WTO by February 2010, and all WTO member countries bar one, Mongolia, belong to at least one PTA. In addition, as trade is an important instrument for fostering economic development, many developing countries benefit from unilaterally granted trade preferences, such as the Generalized System of Preference (GSP) programs operated by the European Union and the United States. Many aspects of trade liberalization are more feasible in smaller country groupings that share common interests than at the multilateral level. PTAs therefore foster deeper integration among the concerned countries. In general, the reduction or abolition of tariffs between two countries expands trade between the parties.1 From an individual country perspective, therefore, PTAs tend to enable trade. In fact, the only trade regime that is economically more beneficial to a country than multilateral liberalization is full liberalization of domestic barriers with preferential access to markets abroad.2 At the same time, however, preferential agreements have a number of downsides. They make it more difficult for businesses to navigate the trade regime and may disadvantage third countries, which can make them undesirable from a global perspective. They may also induce countries that confer preferences to import from less-efficient preference beneficiaries at the expense of more-efficient producers from non-recipient countries. The WTO, which is concerned with multilateral liberalization, recognizes that, although PTAs contradict the principle of equal treatment of all trading partners, these agreements can support the multilateral trading system by deepening integration and paving the way for further liberalization.3 For this reason, the WTO framework allows these preferential agreements, but only if they facilitate trade within the group—they are required to cover “substantially all trade” and must not raise tariffs toward the outside world.4 All things considered—because the Enabling Trade Index (ETI) measures how far countries enable trade from their individual perspectives, and given the importance of trade preferences for many developing countries in providing access to foreign markets—a measure assessing the preferential margin in target markets (indicator 1.06, margin of preference in destination markets) was included in the foreign market access component of the ETI. Notes 1 However, such tariff reduction may not lead to higher welfare because trade may be diverted from the most-efficient producer in a third country to a less-efficient one in the PTA. 2 This type of agreement provides access to markets that are protected by another country, so that domestic businesses obtain an advantage vis-à-vis third-country exporters. An additional advantage comes from the fact that the cost of protection is borne by the consumers of the other country. 3 See WTO "Understanding the WTO." 4 See WTO "Understanding the WTO." From a dynamic perspective, PTAs can contribute to advancing multilateral liberalization because they can prepare the ground for it if successful restructuring toward a more open economy takes place. This restructuring can alter the balance of political interests within the country toward free trade. In some cases, however, PTAs can make multilateral liberalization less attractive, if their aims are not economic. And in some cases PTAs can be economically more beneficial than multilateral agreements, as partners can be chosen to maximize welfare. Reference WTO (World Trade Organization). “Understanding the WTO: CrossCutting and New Issues. Regionalism: Friends or Rivals?” Available at http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/bey1_e.htm (accessed April 14, 2010). The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum impacting the business of importers and exporters active in the country. Each of these four subindexes is composed in turn of a number of pillars of enabling trade, of which there are nine in all. These are: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Domestic and foreign market access Efficiency of customs administration Efficiency of import-export procedures Transparency of border administration Availability and quality of transport infrastructure Availability and quality of transport services Availability and use of ICTs Regulatory environment Physical security The domestic and foreign market access pillar measures the level of protection of an economy’s markets, the quality of its trade regime, and the level of protection that a country’s exporters face in their target markets. The measures taken into account include not only tariffs and non-tariff measures imposed by a country on all imported goods,8 but also the share of goods imported duty-free, the variance of tariffs, the frequency of tariff peaks, the number of distinct tariffs, and the share of specific tariffs. Protection in foreign markets is captured by tariffs faced, but also by the margin of preference in target markets negotiated through bilateral or regional agreements. Box 1 discusses in more detail the rationale for including the preference margin in the Index. The efficiency of customs administration pillar measures the efficiency of customs procedures as perceived by the private sector, as well as the extent of services provided by customs authorities and related agencies. The efficiency of import-export procedures pillar extends beyond the customs administration and assesses the effectiveness and efficiency of clearance processes by customs as well as related border control agencies, the number of days and documents required to import and export goods, and the total official cost associated with importing as well as exporting, excluding tariffs and trade taxes. Given the significant hindrance that corruption can provide in trade, the transparency of border administration pillar assesses the pervasiveness of undocumented extra payments or bribes connected with imports and exports, as well as overall perceived degree of corruption in each country. The availability and quality of transport infrastructure pillar measures the state of transport infrastructure across all modes of transport in each economy, as demonstrated by the density of airports, the percentage of paved roads, as well as the extent of transshipment connections available to shippers from each country. Also captured is the quality of all types of transport infrastructure, including air, rail, roads, and ports.9 The availability and quality of transport services pillar complements the assessment of infrastructure by taking into account the amount and the quality of services available for shipment, including the quantity of services provided by liner companies, the ability to track and trace international shipments, the timeliness of shipments in reaching destination, general postal efficiency, and the overall competence of the local logistics industry (e.g., transport operators, customs brokers). This pillar also takes into account the degree of openness of the transport-related sectors as measured by countries’ commitments made under the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). Given the increasing importance of information and communication technologies (ICTs) for the management of shipments, as well as the central role these technologies play in facilitating customs clearance and communication, the availability and use of ICTs pillar includes the penetration rates of these tools, such as mobile phones and the Internet, in each country. We add measures of the perceived use of Internet by business for buying and selling goods and an index of the availability of government online services. The regulatory environment pillar captures the extent to which the economy’s regulatory environment is conducive to trade. Included are indicators that capture the general quality of governance, but also the openness to foreign participation, which covers the ease of hiring foreign labor in the country (important for companies moving goods across borders), the extent to which the policy environment encourages foreign direct investment, the restrictiveness of capital controls, and an index of multilateral treaties pertaining to trade signed by the country. The security environment is of great importance for ensuring the delivery of goods to destination without major frictions. In this context, the physical security pillar specifically gauges the country’s level of violence (both in terms of general crime and violence as well as the threat of terrorism), as well as the reliability of the police services in their ability to enforce law and order. Each of these pillars is made up of a number of individual variables. The dataset includes both hard data and survey data from the World Economic Forum’s Executive Opinion Survey (Survey). The hard data were obtained from publicly available sources and international organizations (for example, the ITC, UNCTAD, the World Bank, and the WTO). The Survey is carried out annually by the World Economic Forum among top business executives in all economies covered by our research. It captures their views on the business environment and provides unique data on many qualitative aspects of the broader business environment, including a number of specific issues related to trade. For detailed The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 1.1: Fostering Recovery by Facilitating Trade Part1.WEB.FINAL:Document 7 5/5/10 11:34 AM Page 7 7 Figure 1: Composition of the four subindexes of the ETI Transport and communications infrastructure Border administration Domestic and foreign market access Efficiency of customs administration Availability and quality of transport infrastructure Efficiency of importexport procedures Availability and quality of transport services Transparency of border administration Availability and use of ICTs Destination Market access Border 1.1: Fostering Recovery by Facilitating Trade Part1.WEB.FINAL:Document 7 5/5/10 12:18 PM Page 8 Business environment Subindex Pillar Regulatory environment Physical security 8 descriptions of all the indicators included, please see the “Technical Notes and Sources” at the end of this Report. The nine pillars are grouped into the four subindexes described above,10 as shown in Figure 1, and the overall score for each country is derived as an unweighted average of the subindexes. The details of the composition of the ETI are shown in the Appendix. As econometric tests of the ETI 2009 demonstrated, the Index has explanatory power with respect to an economy’s trade performance.11 The analysis has shown that a 1 percent increase in the ETI score in the exporting country is associated with an increase of 1.7 percent in its exports. This effect is even higher with respect to the importing country: the model predicts that a 1 percent improvement in the ETI score would lead to a 2.3 percent rise in imports. Taken together, these two effects predict that a 1 percent increase in the average ETI score of any given country pair would be associated with a 4 percent increase in bilateral trade, all else being equal. Changes to the Index methodology The Index methodology has undergone only minor changes this year, which do not inhibit the ability to compare these results with those of the 2009 edition of the Report. In the first pillar, the weighting was adjusted from averaging across the six indicators to a hierarchical approach. This means that first the averages for domestic market access and for foreign market access are calculated; in turn, these figures are then averaged to calculate the pillar score. This does not affect the results except for those countries for which data for some of the indicators were not available. In the 5th pillar, the indicator measuring road congestion was dropped because it was too strongly correlated with the land area of countries. In the 7th pillar, the firm-level technology absorption variable was replaced by an indicator capturing the business usage of the Internet, and an index of government online services was added to proxy the extent to which governments use ICTs in their delivery of trade-related services. Finally, in the 8th pillar, an index assessing financial-sector performance was added,12 and we also reintroduced the Index of Multilateral Treaties, based on the International Trade Centre’s LegaCarta Database, previously included in the 2008 edition of the ETI. Country coverage The overall country coverage has increased from 121 to 125 economies in this year’s ETI. Five new countries were added to the Index, as relevant data became available: Botswana, Georgia, Iceland, Montenegro, and Serbia. Unfortunately, Moldova could not be covered this year, as data from the Survey were not available. The Enabling Trade Index 2010 rankings The detailed rankings from this year’s ETI are shown in Tables 1 through 6. Table 1 shows the rankings in The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum Table 1: The Enabling Trade Index 2010 rankings and 2009 comparison ETI 2010 ETI 2009 ETI 2010 ETI 2009 Country/Economy Rank Score Rank* Country/Economy Rank Score Rank* Singapore Hong Kong SAR Denmark Sweden Switzerland New Zealand Norway Canada Luxembourg Netherlands Iceland Finland Germany Austria Australia United Arab Emirates United Kingdom Chile United States France Ireland Bahrain Estonia Belgium Japan Israel Korea, Rep. Taiwan, China Oman Malaysia Cyprus Spain Mauritius Qatar Slovenia Portugal Georgia Tunisia Jordan Saudi Arabia Lithuania Czech Republic Montenegro Costa Rica Croatia Latvia Slovak Republic China Hungary Uruguay Italy Armenia Botswana Romania Greece Macedonia, FYR El Salvador Poland Albania Thailand Panama Turkey Peru Mexico Kuwait Honduras Serbia Indonesia 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 6.06 5.70 5.41 5.41 5.37 5.33 5.32 5.29 5.28 5.26 5.26 5.25 5.20 5.17 5.13 5.12 5.06 5.06 5.03 5.02 5.00 4.95 4.90 4.89 4.80 4.76 4.72 4.72 4.71 4.71 4.70 4.70 4.69 4.68 4.68 4.65 4.59 4.57 4.55 4.54 4.48 4.47 4.47 4.45 4.45 4.39 4.36 4.32 4.30 4.29 4.28 4.24 4.21 4.18 4.17 4.16 4.16 4.16 4.13 4.13 4.12 4.07 4.04 4.04 4.01 3.98 3.98 3.97 1 2 4 5 3 11 7 6 13 10 n/a 8 12 9 14 18 20 19 16 17 15 24 22 21 23 29 26 25 34 28 32 27 33 35 31 30 n/a 41 37 42 40 36 n/a 43 39 44 46 49 38 51 45 64 n/a 54 47 68 56 57 63 50 53 48 65 74 59 66 n/a 62 Guatemala Namibia Vietnam South Africa Dominican Republic Jamaica Morocco Egypt Azerbaijan Bulgaria Nicaragua Bosnia and Herzegovina Ukraine Gambia, The Malawi India Zambia Madagascar Brazil Kazakhstan Ecuador Senegal Colombia Philippines Mozambique Uganda Argentina Ghana Tanzania Bolivia Sri Lanka Kyrgyz Republic Lesotho Cambodia Paraguay Syria Kenya Benin Ethiopia Tajikistan Guyana Burkina Faso Mali Pakistan Bangladesh Russian Federation Cameroon Mongolia Mauritania Nepal Algeria Nigeria Venezuela Zimbabwe Côte d’Ivoire Chad Burundi 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 3.97 3.96 3.96 3.95 3.94 3.92 3.90 3.88 3.88 3.87 3.85 3.85 3.84 3.83 3.82 3.81 3.80 3.78 3.76 3.74 3.74 3.74 3.72 3.72 3.71 3.67 3.64 3.63 3.60 3.59 3.59 3.58 3.57 3.57 3.53 3.50 3.49 3.49 3.47 3.43 3.42 3.41 3.39 3.39 3.38 3.37 3.35 3.33 3.30 3.27 3.14 3.05 3.04 2.98 2.90 2.88 2.79 58 60 89 61 81 79 55 75 70 72 77 102 71 67 69 76 80 73 87 93 103 83 84 82 94 85 97 86 92 88 78 101 90 91 105 108 98 96 95 114 115 104 99 100 111 109 106 113 107 110 112 117 119 118 120 121 116 * The 2009 rank is out of 121 countries. Five new countries were added to the 2010 Index: Iceland, Georgia, Botswana, Serbia, and Montenegro. One country covered last year, Moldova, had to be excluded this year for lack of Survey data. The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 1.1: Fostering Recovery by Facilitating Trade Part1.WEB.FINAL:Document 7 5/5/10 11:34 AM Page 9 9 1.1: Fostering Recovery by Facilitating Trade Part1.WEB.FINAL:Document 7 5/5/10 11:34 AM Page 10 10 Table 2: The Enabling Trade Index 2010 SUBINDEXES OVERALL INDEX Country/Economy Singapore Hong Kong SAR Denmark Sweden Switzerland New Zealand Norway Canada Luxembourg Netherlands Iceland Finland Germany Austria Australia United Arab Emirates United Kingdom Chile United States France Ireland Bahrain Estonia Belgium Japan Israel Korea, Rep. Taiwan, China Oman Malaysia Cyprus Spain Mauritius Qatar Slovenia Portugal Georgia Tunisia Jordan Saudi Arabia Lithuania Czech Republic Montenegro Costa Rica Croatia Latvia Slovak Republic China Hungary Uruguay Italy Armenia Botswana Romania Greece Macedonia, FYR El Salvador Poland Albania Thailand Panama Turkey Peru Mexico Kuwait Honduras Market access Border administration Transport and communications infrastructure Business environment Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 6.06 5.70 5.41 5.41 5.37 5.33 5.32 5.29 5.28 5.26 5.26 5.25 5.20 5.17 5.13 5.12 5.06 5.06 5.03 5.02 5.00 4.95 4.90 4.89 4.80 4.76 4.72 4.72 4.71 4.71 4.70 4.70 4.69 4.68 4.68 4.65 4.59 4.57 4.55 4.54 4.48 4.47 4.47 4.45 4.45 4.39 4.36 4.32 4.30 4.29 4.28 4.24 4.21 4.18 4.17 4.16 4.16 4.16 4.13 4.13 4.12 4.07 4.04 4.04 4.01 3.98 1 16 95 96 58 37 33 25 73 85 14 90 101 94 63 81 91 2 62 97 109 29 83 99 121 43 111 106 34 31 86 102 8 72 88 77 5 35 51 54 70 105 24 7 28 80 103 79 108 36 78 9 32 82 75 38 3 93 21 113 69 47 15 22 71 4 5.97 5.12 3.76 3.75 4.23 4.65 4.66 4.85 3.91 3.79 5.14 3.78 3.74 3.77 4.17 3.85 3.77 5.65 4.17 3.75 3.67 4.77 3.83 3.74 3.20 4.51 3.63 3.70 4.65 4.71 3.79 3.72 5.36 3.93 3.78 3.89 5.43 4.65 4.40 4.32 3.97 3.71 4.86 5.38 4.77 3.87 3.72 3.87 3.68 4.65 3.87 5.33 4.69 3.85 3.91 4.62 5.55 3.77 4.96 3.48 3.97 4.42 5.13 4.90 3.94 5.45 1 6 3 2 10 5 18 17 20 4 22 8 15 9 14 12 13 23 19 21 7 26 11 30 16 25 24 33 47 44 29 28 39 35 27 36 37 50 45 31 38 32 55 46 60 40 49 48 34 54 52 84 70 43 71 75 56 42 59 41 51 61 58 65 81 86 6.56 5.96 6.22 6.34 5.76 6.02 5.60 5.61 5.45 6.03 5.36 5.83 5.67 5.77 5.69 5.71 5.69 5.29 5.60 5.42 5.86 5.23 5.74 5.06 5.65 5.24 5.24 4.83 4.54 4.57 5.08 5.09 4.69 4.79 5.16 4.78 4.78 4.49 4.56 4.91 4.73 4.87 4.19 4.55 4.11 4.64 4.50 4.53 4.83 4.22 4.30 3.52 3.96 4.59 3.92 3.77 4.18 4.61 4.11 4.61 4.38 4.10 4.12 4.00 3.63 3.51 7 5 8 9 10 26 21 20 3 6 27 18 1 12 19 22 2 42 11 4 23 33 31 13 14 30 15 16 47 24 37 17 58 46 29 25 74 56 52 45 34 36 55 78 38 39 32 43 41 73 28 60 84 59 35 50 88 51 87 40 53 57 91 64 69 79 5.74 5.79 5.71 5.70 5.63 4.88 5.11 5.24 5.81 5.75 4.87 5.33 5.85 5.49 5.24 5.08 5.82 4.13 5.49 5.80 5.01 4.65 4.70 5.47 5.45 4.71 5.37 5.36 4.04 4.95 4.54 5.34 3.83 4.08 4.76 4.91 3.49 3.86 3.93 4.10 4.63 4.61 3.87 3.41 4.53 4.44 4.69 4.13 4.14 3.54 4.76 3.78 3.30 3.81 4.63 3.97 3.24 3.97 3.25 4.19 3.90 3.85 3.16 3.68 3.62 3.40 2 5 3 10 8 11 7 18 4 17 12 1 15 13 19 9 32 26 37 27 16 25 23 22 34 53 44 31 14 51 20 46 36 6 29 30 45 24 21 39 52 43 33 59 63 50 56 41 54 40 76 65 35 57 72 67 98 68 73 71 75 87 93 106 38 107 6.00 5.94 5.96 5.84 5.87 5.79 5.90 5.45 5.96 5.48 5.68 6.08 5.53 5.66 5.43 5.86 4.96 5.14 4.86 5.11 5.48 5.15 5.31 5.31 4.91 4.58 4.65 4.99 5.63 4.59 5.40 4.64 4.87 5.92 5.00 5.00 4.64 5.27 5.32 4.85 4.58 4.68 4.96 4.46 4.39 4.60 4.53 4.74 4.56 4.75 4.18 4.31 4.89 4.49 4.23 4.29 3.69 4.28 4.22 4.24 4.21 3.90 3.78 3.56 4.85 3.55 (Cont’d.) The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum Table 2: The Enabling Trade Index 2010 (cont’d.) SUBINDEXES OVERALL INDEX Country/Economy Serbia Indonesia Guatemala Namibia Vietnam South Africa Dominican Republic Jamaica Morocco Egypt Azerbaijan Bulgaria Nicaragua Bosnia and Herzegovina Ukraine Gambia, The Malawi India Zambia Madagascar Brazil Kazakhstan Ecuador Senegal Colombia Philippines Mozambique Uganda Argentina Ghana Tanzania Bolivia Sri Lanka Kyrgyz Republic Lesotho Cambodia Paraguay Syria Kenya Benin Ethiopia Tajikistan Guyana Burkina Faso Mali Pakistan Bangladesh Russian Federation Cameroon Mongolia Mauritania Nepal Algeria Nigeria Venezuela Zimbabwe Côte d’Ivoire Chad Burundi Market access Border administration Transport and communications infrastructure Business environment Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 3.98 3.97 3.97 3.96 3.96 3.95 3.94 3.92 3.90 3.88 3.88 3.87 3.85 3.85 3.84 3.83 3.82 3.81 3.80 3.78 3.76 3.74 3.74 3.74 3.72 3.72 3.71 3.67 3.64 3.63 3.60 3.59 3.59 3.58 3.57 3.57 3.53 3.50 3.49 3.49 3.47 3.43 3.42 3.41 3.39 3.39 3.38 3.37 3.35 3.33 3.30 3.27 3.14 3.05 3.04 2.98 2.90 2.88 2.79 42 60 13 41 50 87 46 59 112 114 61 76 11 44 30 119 19 115 17 6 104 53 27 117 57 64 12 10 98 67 55 18 107 20 23 40 39 116 26 92 68 66 84 48 45 120 52 125 65 110 74 49 124 123 100 118 122 56 89 4.53 4.21 5.19 4.58 4.41 3.78 4.44 4.22 3.61 3.44 4.20 3.90 5.23 4.50 4.76 3.29 5.01 3.42 5.11 5.39 3.72 4.35 4.77 3.35 4.24 4.13 5.23 5.31 3.74 4.04 4.31 5.05 3.68 5.00 4.90 4.62 4.62 3.35 4.78 3.77 4.03 4.12 3.79 4.42 4.47 3.24 4.37 2.68 4.12 3.63 3.91 4.42 2.69 2.83 3.74 3.35 2.90 4.25 3.78 64 67 62 89 88 53 63 76 57 66 105 72 83 90 106 69 101 68 104 94 80 121 92 77 78 74 95 103 85 82 98 87 79 115 107 96 91 111 113 97 102 122 93 116 117 73 100 109 108 114 112 118 99 110 123 120 119 125 124 4.06 3.99 4.09 3.46 3.46 4.25 4.07 3.77 4.15 3.99 3.13 3.88 3.56 3.42 3.12 3.98 3.20 3.98 3.14 3.31 3.70 2.46 3.40 3.74 3.71 3.82 3.31 3.19 3.51 3.59 3.25 3.48 3.71 2.76 3.02 3.27 3.41 2.95 2.78 3.25 3.20 2.41 3.39 2.75 2.74 3.85 3.21 2.99 3.00 2.78 2.81 2.71 3.25 2.98 2.35 2.57 2.67 2.13 2.33 76 85 82 90 68 65 63 54 72 62 70 49 101 75 71 99 118 81 114 103 66 44 80 89 67 83 111 120 61 110 113 102 86 94 115 116 106 98 100 105 112 96 95 123 122 92 117 48 119 97 109 107 93 108 77 121 104 125 124 3.47 3.28 3.31 3.18 3.62 3.64 3.69 3.88 3.55 3.69 3.58 4.00 2.89 3.48 3.56 2.97 2.50 3.34 2.56 2.83 3.64 4.13 3.40 3.22 3.63 3.31 2.62 2.47 3.78 2.64 2.59 2.84 3.27 3.12 2.56 2.53 2.77 2.98 2.95 2.81 2.60 3.05 3.07 2.25 2.35 3.14 2.53 4.00 2.50 3.00 2.74 2.76 3.13 2.74 3.44 2.47 2.81 2.07 2.12 89 60 119 47 64 79 105 91 66 61 49 99 96 84 86 28 55 58 62 104 83 80 115 48 118 103 101 97 109 70 69 123 100 112 90 88 116 42 111 78 81 77 113 74 82 117 114 92 94 85 95 121 110 102 125 108 120 122 124 3.85 4.42 3.30 4.63 4.34 4.11 3.57 3.80 4.30 4.41 4.62 3.68 3.72 3.99 3.90 5.07 4.55 4.48 4.40 3.57 4.00 4.04 3.40 4.62 3.30 3.61 3.67 3.70 3.51 4.25 4.26 2.98 3.68 3.44 3.82 3.87 3.32 4.70 3.47 4.12 4.04 4.13 3.42 4.21 4.02 3.31 3.41 3.79 3.77 3.92 3.73 3.19 3.47 3.65 2.65 3.51 3.23 3.07 2.92 The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 1.1: Fostering Recovery by Facilitating Trade Part1.WEB.FINAL:Document 7 5/5/10 11:34 AM Page 11 11 1.1: Fostering Recovery by Facilitating Trade Part1.WEB.FINAL:Document 7 5/5/10 11:34 AM Page 12 12 Table 3: The Enabling Trade Index 2010: Market access PILLARS MARKET ACCESS Country/Economy Albania Algeria Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Belgium Benin Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Chad Chile China Colombia Costa Rica Côte d’Ivoire Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Estonia Ethiopia Finland France Gambia, The Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Guatemala Guyana Honduras Hong Kong SAR Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Korea, Rep. Kuwait Kyrgyz Republic Latvia Lesotho Lithuania 1a. Domestic market access 1b. Foreign market access Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score 21 124 98 9 63 94 61 29 52 99 92 18 44 32 104 76 48 89 40 65 25 56 2 79 57 7 122 28 86 105 95 46 27 114 3 83 68 90 97 119 5 101 67 75 13 84 4 16 108 14 115 60 109 43 78 59 121 51 53 26 111 71 20 80 23 70 4.96 2.69 3.74 5.33 4.17 3.77 4.20 4.77 4.37 3.74 3.77 5.05 4.50 4.69 3.72 3.90 4.42 3.78 4.62 4.12 4.85 4.25 5.65 3.87 4.24 5.38 2.90 4.77 3.79 3.71 3.76 4.44 4.77 3.44 5.55 3.83 4.03 3.78 3.75 3.29 5.43 3.74 4.04 3.91 5.19 3.79 5.45 5.12 3.68 5.14 3.42 4.21 3.67 4.51 3.87 4.22 3.20 4.40 4.35 4.78 3.63 3.94 5.00 3.87 4.90 3.97 4 123 111 17 21 79 70 14 107 85 106 51 40 15 103 65 42 109 96 95 8 99 11 81 108 5 119 25 74 90 80 36 43 122 9 72 110 76 84 117 3 87 67 63 13 97 10 1 92 115 7 45 94 32 68 54 98 91 52 38 82 59 33 69 53 56 6.10 3.12 3.59 5.56 5.49 4.53 4.66 5.58 3.84 4.50 3.85 4.93 5.06 5.56 3.92 4.74 5.04 3.75 4.34 4.35 5.82 4.22 5.78 4.53 3.78 6.09 3.21 5.40 4.57 4.45 4.53 5.14 5.03 3.16 5.81 4.63 3.72 4.55 4.51 3.29 6.10 4.49 4.70 4.75 5.59 4.27 5.81 7.00 4.40 3.32 5.85 5.01 4.38 5.22 4.69 4.88 4.24 4.42 4.92 5.07 4.52 4.79 5.16 4.68 4.89 4.83 78 120 34 15 122 90 59 63 3 90 51 5 55 69 57 90 62 40 6 46 70 25 4 83 7 37 87 54 90 90 90 66 28 36 12 90 20 90 90 58 32 90 77 90 23 74 17 123 90 50 43 79 90 64 90 71 124 24 61 29 119 88 19 90 14 90 2.67 1.84 4.05 4.88 1.53 2.23 3.29 3.14 5.42 2.23 3.61 5.27 3.37 2.93 3.32 2.23 3.17 3.84 5.17 3.66 2.91 4.31 5.39 2.55 5.14 3.96 2.28 3.51 2.23 2.23 2.23 3.04 4.25 4.01 5.02 2.23 4.64 2.23 2.23 3.29 4.09 2.23 2.71 2.23 4.39 2.84 4.73 1.35 2.23 3.62 3.72 2.59 2.23 3.08 2.23 2.89 1.11 4.36 3.20 4.20 1.84 2.25 4.68 2.23 4.93 2.23 (Cont’d.) The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum Table 3: The Enabling Trade Index 2010: Market access (cont’d.) PILLARS MARKET ACCESS Country/Economy Luxembourg Macedonia, FYR Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Nigeria Norway Oman Pakistan Panama Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Qatar Romania Russian Federation Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Singapore Slovak Republic Slovenia South Africa Spain Sri Lanka Sweden Switzerland Syria Taiwan, China Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand Tunisia Turkey Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Uruguay Venezuela Vietnam Zambia Zimbabwe 1a. Domestic market access 1b. Foreign market access Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score 73 38 6 19 31 45 74 8 22 110 24 112 12 41 49 85 37 11 123 33 34 120 69 39 15 64 93 77 72 82 125 54 117 42 1 103 88 87 102 107 96 58 116 106 66 55 113 35 47 10 30 81 91 62 36 100 50 17 118 3.91 4.62 5.39 5.01 4.71 4.47 3.91 5.36 4.90 3.63 4.86 3.61 5.23 4.58 4.42 3.79 4.65 5.23 2.83 4.66 4.65 3.24 3.97 4.62 5.13 4.13 3.77 3.89 3.93 3.85 2.68 4.32 3.35 4.53 5.97 3.72 3.78 3.78 3.72 3.68 3.75 4.23 3.35 3.70 4.12 4.31 3.48 4.65 4.42 5.31 4.76 3.85 3.77 4.17 4.65 3.74 4.41 5.11 3.35 62 46 47 41 34 55 102 6 35 86 18 116 27 24 113 73 12 28 118 16 20 112 64 37 23 100 78 66 60 71 125 30 121 48 2 89 75 93 88 105 83 39 120 44 61 104 124 50 31 22 26 49 77 29 57 101 58 19 114 4.76 5.00 4.99 5.05 5.15 4.84 3.93 6.02 5.15 4.49 5.53 3.32 5.32 5.41 3.56 4.57 5.73 5.32 3.28 5.56 5.51 3.58 4.75 5.13 5.43 4.14 4.54 4.72 4.78 4.65 2.59 5.28 3.20 4.99 6.55 4.47 4.56 4.38 4.47 3.85 4.51 5.07 3.20 5.02 4.77 3.89 2.87 4.94 5.26 5.45 5.32 4.95 4.54 5.29 4.83 4.08 4.80 5.52 3.41 90 38 1 13 41 42 39 35 22 118 53 30 11 68 2 90 84 9 117 73 67 81 85 52 21 31 90 90 89 90 72 86 44 49 16 90 90 80 90 56 90 82 45 125 75 8 18 33 76 10 48 121 90 116 27 65 47 26 60 2.23 3.88 6.19 4.94 3.83 3.74 3.88 4.04 4.41 1.93 3.52 4.19 5.03 2.93 6.13 2.23 2.50 5.06 1.93 2.85 2.95 2.58 2.43 3.61 4.52 4.11 2.23 2.23 2.23 2.23 2.86 2.39 3.66 3.63 4.80 2.23 2.23 2.58 2.23 3.34 2.23 2.57 3.66 1.06 2.81 5.14 4.71 4.07 2.74 5.03 3.63 1.65 2.23 1.95 4.29 3.05 3.64 4.30 3.23 The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 1.1: Fostering Recovery by Facilitating Trade Part1.WEB.FINAL:Document 7 5/5/10 11:34 AM Page 13 13 1.1: Fostering Recovery by Facilitating Trade Part1.WEB.FINAL:Document 7 5/5/10 11:34 AM Page 14 14 Table 4: The Enabling Trade Index 2010: Border administration PILLARS BORDER ADMINISTRATION Country/Economy Albania Algeria Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Belgium Benin Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Chad Chile China Colombia Costa Rica Côte d’Ivoire Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Estonia Ethiopia Finland France Gambia, The Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Guatemala Guyana Honduras Hong Kong SAR Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Korea, Rep. Kuwait Kyrgyz Republic Latvia Lesotho Lithuania 2. Efficiency of customs administration 3. Efficiency of importexport procedures 4. Transparency of border administration Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score 59 99 85 84 14 9 105 26 100 30 97 87 90 70 80 72 116 124 96 108 17 125 23 48 78 46 119 60 29 32 3 63 92 66 56 11 102 8 21 69 37 15 82 71 62 93 86 6 34 22 68 67 7 25 52 76 16 45 121 113 24 81 115 40 107 38 4.11 3.25 3.51 3.52 5.69 5.77 3.13 5.23 3.21 5.06 3.25 3.48 3.42 3.96 3.70 3.88 2.75 2.33 3.27 3.00 5.61 2.13 5.29 4.53 3.71 4.55 2.67 4.11 5.08 4.87 6.22 4.07 3.40 3.99 4.18 5.74 3.20 5.83 5.42 3.98 4.78 5.67 3.59 3.92 4.09 3.39 3.51 5.96 4.83 5.36 3.98 3.99 5.86 5.24 4.30 3.77 5.65 4.56 2.46 2.78 5.24 3.63 2.76 4.64 3.02 4.73 49 105 87 76 18 3 38 15 104 41 112 77 106 46 94 63 96 113 89 99 19 124 21 40 91 34 116 54 43 23 4 73 83 80 61 9 59 30 24 78 31 20 102 88 37 109 93 13 16 29 62 67 6 33 68 53 17 50 103 122 26 115 81 45 111 39 4.36 2.92 3.55 3.86 5.48 6.01 4.69 5.55 2.95 4.59 2.83 3.83 2.90 4.43 3.29 4.15 3.16 2.83 3.44 3.11 5.37 2.32 5.36 4.60 3.40 4.76 2.74 4.25 4.52 5.36 5.98 3.91 3.66 3.81 4.20 5.81 4.20 4.96 5.18 3.82 4.95 5.37 2.99 3.50 4.72 2.86 3.33 5.69 5.49 4.96 4.15 4.00 5.92 4.79 3.96 4.26 5.49 4.35 2.97 2.56 5.08 2.75 3.79 4.45 2.85 4.67 62 90 86 89 25 21 123 35 79 36 94 93 58 111 78 83 121 122 96 102 30 118 47 33 84 51 109 74 22 41 4 42 92 40 50 7 114 5 10 66 38 12 73 63 95 65 85 2 53 57 72 44 19 15 39 88 18 61 125 104 6 75 116 27 103 34 4.71 4.08 4.19 4.11 5.46 5.56 1.78 5.25 4.34 5.25 4.05 4.05 4.77 2.83 4.34 4.30 1.92 1.79 3.97 3.43 5.37 2.03 5.02 5.29 4.26 4.83 2.87 4.49 5.54 5.11 6.16 5.10 4.05 5.12 4.86 6.10 2.43 6.13 5.95 4.67 5.21 5.92 4.57 4.70 4.04 4.67 4.25 6.24 4.83 4.77 4.58 5.07 5.66 5.76 5.20 4.18 5.67 4.74 1.37 3.24 6.11 4.45 2.19 5.43 3.35 5.28 73 101 96 109 10 16 87 30 122 23 91 110 108 35 67 77 79 121 120 117 11 125 20 56 66 47 118 59 27 45 4 76 116 80 65 24 83 5 28 69 42 18 74 61 63 107 85 14 44 6 75 88 13 26 55 90 15 36 81 112 37 57 123 50 92 40 3.27 2.74 2.79 2.60 6.13 5.75 2.92 4.88 2.33 5.33 2.87 2.56 2.60 4.61 3.47 3.19 3.17 2.36 2.39 2.46 6.10 2.04 5.49 3.71 3.48 4.06 2.40 3.57 5.17 4.15 6.52 3.21 2.49 3.05 3.49 5.30 2.97 6.40 5.11 3.44 4.18 5.72 3.22 3.54 3.52 2.65 2.95 5.94 4.16 6.35 3.21 2.89 5.99 5.18 3.73 2.87 5.79 4.58 3.03 2.53 4.54 3.71 2.29 4.02 2.87 4.26 (Cont’d.) The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum Table 4: The Enabling Trade Index 2010: Border administration (cont’d.) PILLARS BORDER ADMINISTRATION Country/Economy Luxembourg Macedonia, FYR Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Nigeria Norway Oman Pakistan Panama Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Qatar Romania Russian Federation Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Singapore Slovak Republic Slovenia South Africa Spain Sri Lanka Sweden Switzerland Syria Taiwan, China Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand Tunisia Turkey Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Uruguay Venezuela Vietnam Zambia Zimbabwe 2. Efficiency of customs administration 3. Efficiency of importexport procedures 4. Transparency of border administration Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score 20 75 94 101 44 117 112 39 65 114 55 57 95 89 118 4 5 83 110 18 47 73 51 91 58 74 42 36 35 43 109 31 77 64 1 49 27 53 28 79 2 10 111 33 122 98 41 50 61 103 106 12 13 19 54 123 88 104 120 5.45 3.77 3.31 3.20 4.57 2.74 2.81 4.69 4.00 2.78 4.19 4.15 3.31 3.46 2.71 6.03 6.02 3.56 2.98 5.60 4.54 3.85 4.38 3.41 4.12 3.82 4.61 4.78 4.79 4.59 2.99 4.91 3.74 4.06 6.56 4.50 5.16 4.25 5.09 3.71 6.34 5.76 2.95 4.83 2.41 3.25 4.61 4.49 4.10 3.19 3.12 5.71 5.69 5.60 4.22 2.35 3.46 3.14 2.57 35 108 121 82 48 119 118 47 65 97 74 44 98 95 120 5 7 92 117 42 52 60 79 55 70 56 58 72 84 32 85 27 86 64 1 25 14 28 22 90 2 10 125 51 114 123 36 57 69 71 110 12 8 11 75 101 107 66 100 4.75 2.87 2.66 3.70 4.37 2.69 2.72 4.42 4.12 3.12 3.89 4.49 3.12 3.18 2.68 5.96 5.88 3.35 2.74 4.56 4.31 4.20 3.81 4.25 3.94 4.25 4.20 3.92 3.62 4.82 3.61 4.97 3.58 4.12 6.69 5.14 5.62 4.96 5.36 3.40 6.33 5.77 1.96 4.34 2.77 2.55 4.74 4.22 3.95 3.94 2.86 5.70 5.82 5.72 3.88 2.99 2.88 4.06 3.01 23 59 80 115 29 112 108 28 71 113 49 64 97 105 107 11 24 76 100 8 82 69 13 101 70 55 37 20 46 48 110 26 56 68 1 81 67 99 45 60 3 32 87 31 124 77 14 43 52 106 98 9 16 17 91 120 54 117 119 5.51 4.76 4.33 2.36 5.37 2.75 2.92 5.40 4.59 2.54 4.94 4.69 3.95 3.14 2.94 5.93 5.50 4.36 3.54 6.05 4.32 4.60 5.85 3.46 4.59 4.82 5.23 5.57 5.04 4.95 2.87 5.44 4.79 4.62 6.45 4.33 4.62 3.68 5.06 4.74 6.18 5.29 4.19 5.32 1.57 4.34 5.81 5.09 4.83 3.08 3.78 6.02 5.73 5.68 4.05 1.93 4.83 2.17 1.94 12 58 86 60 52 98 97 41 70 105 54 72 93 48 114 8 1 84 106 9 29 100 64 113 53 119 38 31 17 51 115 39 94 68 2 49 25 46 32 82 3 7 103 33 89 95 71 43 62 111 102 21 19 22 34 124 104 78 99 6.09 3.68 2.93 3.55 3.96 2.77 2.78 4.25 3.28 2.66 3.74 3.28 2.86 4.06 2.50 6.19 6.67 2.96 2.65 6.19 4.98 2.76 3.49 2.52 3.82 2.40 4.38 4.86 5.72 4.01 2.50 4.31 2.86 3.44 6.53 4.04 5.23 4.12 4.84 2.99 6.53 6.21 2.69 4.84 2.89 2.85 3.28 4.17 3.53 2.55 2.72 5.40 5.53 5.39 4.71 2.12 2.68 3.18 2.77 The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 1.1: Fostering Recovery by Facilitating Trade Part1.WEB.FINAL:Document 7 5/5/10 11:34 AM Page 15 15 1.1: Fostering Recovery by Facilitating Trade Part1.WEB.FINAL:Document 7 5/5/10 11:34 AM Page 16 16 Table 5: The Enabling Trade Index 2010: Transport and communications infrastructure PILLARS TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATIONS INFRASTRUCTURE Country/Economy Albania Algeria Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Belgium Benin Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Chad Chile China Colombia Costa Rica Côte d’Ivoire Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Estonia Ethiopia Finland France Gambia, The Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Guatemala Guyana Honduras Hong Kong SAR Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Korea, Rep. Kuwait Kyrgyz Republic Latvia Lesotho Lithuania 5. Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 6. Availability and quality of transport services 7. Availability and use of ICTs Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score 87 93 61 60 19 12 70 33 117 13 105 102 75 84 66 49 123 124 116 119 20 125 42 43 67 78 104 38 37 36 8 63 80 62 88 31 112 18 4 99 74 1 110 35 82 95 79 5 41 27 81 85 23 30 28 54 14 52 44 100 15 69 94 39 115 34 3.25 3.13 3.78 3.78 5.24 5.49 3.58 4.65 2.53 5.47 2.81 2.84 3.48 3.30 3.64 4.00 2.25 2.12 2.53 2.50 5.24 2.07 4.13 4.13 3.63 3.41 2.81 4.53 4.54 4.61 5.71 3.69 3.40 3.69 3.24 4.70 2.60 5.33 5.80 2.97 3.49 5.85 2.64 4.63 3.31 3.07 3.40 5.79 4.14 4.87 3.34 3.28 5.01 4.71 4.76 3.88 5.45 3.93 4.13 2.95 5.37 3.62 3.12 4.44 2.56 4.63 100 65 70 55 32 11 73 28 120 17 116 95 98 53 99 66 123 124 115 117 21 125 44 57 74 75 104 34 36 48 3 63 77 58 93 51 119 14 1 79 71 5 107 26 89 82 64 8 88 43 78 80 27 38 39 49 20 50 35 97 24 67 90 29 118 30 3.23 4.13 4.06 4.42 5.10 5.94 3.87 5.21 2.58 5.69 2.74 3.39 3.28 4.46 3.28 4.13 2.15 2.10 2.84 2.72 5.48 1.71 4.81 4.30 3.87 3.84 3.20 5.07 5.00 4.71 6.21 4.19 3.81 4.30 3.45 4.61 2.65 5.84 6.63 3.76 4.00 6.12 3.07 5.24 3.51 3.67 4.19 6.02 3.53 4.82 3.78 3.74 5.22 4.99 4.98 4.66 5.52 4.64 5.03 3.32 5.37 4.12 3.49 5.20 2.69 5.16 69 110 72 36 11 8 52 54 105 7 66 119 56 99 42 62 113 123 112 116 25 104 64 18 88 87 102 48 35 27 15 50 78 61 101 37 75 22 10 115 65 3 120 32 82 111 92 9 30 43 59 73 23 49 19 71 4 53 47 83 21 81 84 45 103 44 3.64 2.99 3.61 4.25 5.34 5.53 3.99 3.96 3.03 5.56 3.76 2.88 3.95 3.13 4.14 3.81 2.95 2.71 2.96 2.92 4.66 3.04 3.80 5.00 3.29 3.31 3.05 4.09 4.29 4.61 5.04 4.01 3.52 3.85 3.08 4.25 3.56 4.90 5.37 2.93 3.79 5.78 2.86 4.36 3.38 2.98 3.24 5.40 4.43 4.11 3.93 3.59 4.85 4.04 4.98 3.62 5.77 3.98 4.09 3.37 4.93 3.40 3.35 4.10 3.04 4.10 77 94 49 85 17 24 75 27 108 20 110 96 64 92 54 39 121 124 117 112 11 125 46 70 47 71 100 34 35 31 3 78 79 74 66 19 123 18 15 98 84 9 107 37 72 89 82 2 32 8 93 90 25 21 36 56 23 65 61 101 6 57 91 41 109 29 2.87 2.27 3.66 2.68 5.29 5.00 2.88 4.79 1.98 5.16 1.92 2.26 3.21 2.31 3.49 4.06 1.66 1.54 1.79 1.85 5.57 1.46 3.78 3.09 3.73 3.08 2.18 4.42 4.34 4.51 5.87 2.86 2.86 2.93 3.18 5.24 1.59 5.26 5.39 2.21 2.69 5.66 1.98 4.29 3.05 2.55 2.77 5.95 4.47 5.67 2.30 2.52 4.95 5.10 4.33 3.38 5.05 3.18 3.26 2.15 5.80 3.33 2.51 4.02 1.94 4.64 (Cont’d.) The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum Table 5: The Enabling Trade Index 2010: Transport and communications infrastructure (cont’d.) PILLARS TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATIONS INFRASTRUCTURE Country/Economy Luxembourg Macedonia, FYR Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Nigeria Norway Oman Pakistan Panama Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Qatar Romania Russian Federation Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Singapore Slovak Republic Slovenia South Africa Spain Sri Lanka Sweden Switzerland Syria Taiwan, China Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand Tunisia Turkey Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Uruguay Venezuela Vietnam Zambia Zimbabwe 5. Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 6. Availability and quality of transport services 7. Availability and use of ICTs Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score 3 50 103 118 24 122 109 58 64 97 55 72 111 90 107 6 26 101 108 21 47 92 53 106 91 83 51 25 46 59 48 45 89 76 7 32 29 65 17 86 9 10 98 16 96 113 40 56 57 120 71 22 2 11 73 77 68 114 121 5.81 3.97 2.83 2.50 4.95 2.35 2.74 3.83 3.68 3.00 3.87 3.55 2.62 3.18 2.76 5.75 4.88 2.89 2.74 5.11 4.04 3.14 3.90 2.77 3.16 3.31 3.97 4.91 4.08 3.81 4.00 4.10 3.22 3.47 5.74 4.69 4.76 3.64 5.34 3.27 5.70 5.63 2.98 5.36 3.05 2.59 4.19 3.86 3.85 2.47 3.56 5.08 5.82 5.49 3.54 3.44 3.62 2.56 2.47 2 54 81 112 13 122 108 41 61 105 60 56 92 42 91 19 25 96 114 23 46 72 45 113 94 106 87 18 33 85 52 47 86 102 7 31 22 59 10 62 16 9 101 15 84 110 40 37 68 121 69 4 6 12 83 76 103 109 111 6.23 4.42 3.71 2.89 5.88 2.28 3.00 4.92 4.20 3.18 4.23 4.37 3.46 4.85 3.46 5.63 5.35 3.33 2.85 5.38 4.81 3.93 4.81 2.89 3.41 3.09 3.56 5.68 5.09 3.63 4.53 4.73 3.60 3.21 6.04 5.13 5.44 4.27 5.97 4.20 5.70 6.01 3.22 5.77 3.63 2.93 4.98 5.00 4.12 2.29 4.06 6.14 6.06 5.90 3.65 3.83 3.21 2.95 2.92 5 55 114 106 17 117 95 86 67 108 96 77 124 125 100 2 39 98 89 33 40 91 74 121 94 38 34 28 76 46 70 51 63 58 1 20 41 60 14 109 12 13 68 24 80 107 26 79 57 85 93 29 6 16 97 90 31 118 122 5.66 3.96 2.95 3.02 5.03 2.91 3.17 3.31 3.70 3.01 3.16 3.52 2.66 2.62 3.12 5.80 4.20 3.14 3.27 4.36 4.18 3.24 3.57 2.82 3.19 4.23 4.31 4.61 3.54 4.10 3.62 4.00 3.81 3.93 5.81 4.96 4.18 3.87 5.15 3.01 5.32 5.16 3.65 4.79 3.42 3.01 4.62 3.47 3.95 3.32 3.22 4.58 5.59 5.03 3.16 3.25 4.40 2.88 2.74 13 52 115 122 43 111 106 62 67 80 38 83 119 104 120 4 22 99 102 10 68 97 58 88 76 87 40 33 50 48 44 51 95 60 16 42 28 81 26 86 1 7 105 14 103 114 73 69 53 116 55 30 5 12 45 63 59 113 118 5.55 3.53 1.82 1.59 3.94 1.87 2.06 3.25 3.15 2.80 4.22 2.76 1.74 2.07 1.70 5.81 5.07 2.20 2.11 5.61 3.12 2.25 3.31 2.59 2.87 2.61 4.03 4.44 3.63 3.70 3.86 3.58 2.26 3.26 5.35 3.97 4.66 2.79 4.90 2.61 6.08 5.71 2.07 5.50 2.08 1.84 2.98 3.11 3.50 1.80 3.39 4.53 5.81 5.55 3.81 3.22 3.27 1.85 1.76 The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 1.1: Fostering Recovery by Facilitating Trade Part1.WEB.FINAL:Document 7 5/5/10 11:34 AM Page 17 17 1.1: Fostering Recovery by Facilitating Trade Part1.WEB.FINAL:Document 7 5/5/10 11:34 AM Page 18 18 Table 6: The Enabling Trade Index 2010: Business environment PILLARS BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT Country/Economy Albania Algeria Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Belgium Benin Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Chad Chile China Colombia Costa Rica Côte d’Ivoire Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Estonia Ethiopia Finland France Gambia, The Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Guatemala Guyana Honduras Hong Kong SAR Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Korea, Rep. Kuwait Kyrgyz Republic Latvia Lesotho Lithuania 8. Regulatory environment 9. Physical security Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score 73 110 109 65 19 13 49 25 114 22 78 123 84 35 83 99 74 124 88 94 18 122 26 41 118 59 120 63 20 43 3 105 115 61 98 23 81 1 27 28 45 15 70 72 119 113 107 5 54 12 58 60 16 53 76 91 34 21 80 111 44 38 112 50 90 52 4.22 3.47 3.51 4.31 5.43 5.66 4.62 5.15 3.41 5.31 4.12 2.98 3.99 4.89 4.00 3.68 4.21 2.92 3.87 3.77 5.45 3.07 5.14 4.74 3.30 4.46 3.23 4.39 5.40 4.68 5.96 3.57 3.40 4.41 3.69 5.31 4.04 6.08 5.11 5.07 4.64 5.53 4.25 4.23 3.30 3.42 3.55 5.94 4.56 5.68 4.48 4.42 5.48 4.58 4.18 3.80 4.91 5.32 4.04 3.47 4.65 4.85 3.44 4.60 3.82 4.58 85 114 120 96 12 16 49 25 104 23 79 124 118 31 93 101 75 121 87 108 14 123 32 43 86 46 116 90 20 52 4 100 119 55 65 27 94 7 24 36 66 15 72 67 84 98 95 6 68 21 47 48 17 38 88 64 28 30 83 91 51 50 113 63 82 70 3.50 3.03 2.79 3.40 5.30 5.08 4.08 4.73 3.22 4.76 3.56 2.51 2.86 4.59 3.44 3.30 3.60 2.71 3.48 3.16 5.14 2.58 4.55 4.22 3.49 4.16 2.97 3.44 4.82 3.99 5.60 3.32 2.83 3.95 3.76 4.66 3.43 5.54 4.73 4.50 3.76 5.10 3.70 3.75 3.51 3.39 3.41 5.55 3.74 4.81 4.14 4.11 5.00 4.43 3.48 3.77 4.62 4.60 3.52 3.44 4.02 4.07 3.04 3.78 3.54 3.72 59 101 93 46 33 11 51 31 112 21 78 118 53 50 83 97 67 121 91 89 24 113 25 44 122 72 116 42 15 39 8 106 100 65 111 19 81 1 35 29 34 16 71 77 124 119 109 7 40 2 69 76 18 75 63 104 48 13 82 115 43 30 103 38 95 37 4.95 3.92 4.23 5.22 5.56 6.23 5.16 5.57 3.59 5.87 4.68 3.45 5.12 5.18 4.56 4.06 4.82 3.12 4.26 4.38 5.76 3.57 5.73 5.25 3.11 4.76 3.48 5.33 5.98 5.38 6.33 3.82 3.97 4.86 3.62 5.96 4.65 6.62 5.49 5.65 5.52 5.97 4.80 4.70 3.09 3.45 3.69 6.33 5.38 6.54 4.82 4.72 5.96 4.72 4.87 3.83 5.20 6.03 4.57 3.50 5.27 5.64 3.85 5.42 4.09 5.44 (Cont’d.) The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum Table 6: The Enabling Trade Index 2010: Business environment PILLARS BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT Country/Economy Luxembourg Macedonia, FYR Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Nigeria Norway Oman Pakistan Panama Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Qatar Romania Russian Federation Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Singapore Slovak Republic Slovenia South Africa Spain Sri Lanka Sweden Switzerland Syria Taiwan, China Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand Tunisia Turkey Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Uruguay Venezuela Vietnam Zambia Zimbabwe 8. Regulatory environment 9. Physical security Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score 4 67 104 55 51 82 95 36 106 85 33 66 101 47 121 17 11 96 102 7 14 117 75 116 93 103 68 30 6 57 92 39 48 89 2 56 29 79 46 100 10 8 42 31 77 69 71 24 87 97 86 9 32 37 40 125 64 62 108 5.96 4.29 3.57 4.55 4.59 4.02 3.73 4.87 3.56 3.92 4.96 4.30 3.67 4.63 3.19 5.48 5.79 3.72 3.65 5.90 5.63 3.31 4.21 3.32 3.78 3.61 4.28 5.00 5.92 4.49 3.79 4.85 4.62 3.85 6.00 4.53 5.00 4.11 4.64 3.68 5.84 5.87 4.70 4.99 4.13 4.26 4.24 5.27 3.90 3.70 3.90 5.86 4.96 4.86 4.75 2.65 4.34 4.40 3.51 5 73 103 54 35 99 105 34 77 112 45 62 107 39 109 9 3 111 78 11 18 80 56 115 69 106 61 40 10 74 110 26 89 102 1 59 41 37 44 58 2 8 81 33 92 76 53 29 71 97 117 13 19 22 42 125 60 57 122 5.56 3.62 3.25 3.95 4.52 3.37 3.21 4.52 3.58 3.10 4.21 3.78 3.19 4.37 3.14 5.38 5.62 3.13 3.56 5.35 4.97 3.55 3.95 2.97 3.73 3.20 3.82 4.30 5.38 3.62 3.14 4.67 3.46 3.25 5.93 3.87 4.30 4.44 4.21 3.89 5.68 5.48 3.55 4.54 3.44 3.59 3.96 4.62 3.72 3.39 2.93 5.26 4.94 4.76 4.28 2.20 3.84 3.89 2.62 6 57 102 52 79 80 92 45 114 73 27 70 94 62 120 32 17 90 108 5 9 125 85 110 105 99 74 28 3 41 87 55 23 86 12 49 26 107 54 117 14 10 22 36 68 60 84 20 96 98 64 4 56 58 47 123 66 61 88 6.36 4.96 3.90 5.15 4.66 4.66 4.25 5.22 3.54 4.74 5.70 4.82 4.16 4.89 3.24 5.57 5.96 4.30 3.75 6.45 6.29 3.08 4.47 3.68 3.82 4.01 4.74 5.70 6.46 5.37 4.43 5.02 5.78 4.45 6.06 5.19 5.71 3.77 5.06 3.47 6.00 6.26 5.86 5.44 4.82 4.92 4.52 5.91 4.08 4.02 4.87 6.45 4.97 4.96 5.22 3.10 4.85 4.91 4.41 The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 1.1: Fostering Recovery by Facilitating Trade Part1.WEB.FINAL:Document 7 5/5/10 11:34 AM Page 19 19 1.1: Fostering Recovery by Facilitating Trade Part1.WEB.FINAL:Document 7 5/5/10 11:34 AM Page 20 20 comparison with last year’s results, while Tables 2 through 6 provide the details for the four subindexes and the nine pillars of the ETI for all economies covered. Top 10 The top 10 ranking of the Enabling Trade Index 2010 is populated by relatively small, open economies in which trade compensates for the small size of their domestic markets. Singapore continues to lead the way by a large margin, as measured by its score compared with secondranked Hong Kong SAR. The composition of the top 10 is similar to that of last year with two notable exceptions: New Zealand (6th, up five places) and Luxembourg (9th, up four ranks) displace Finland (12th) and Austria (14th), respectively. As in previous years, Nordic countries feature prominently in the ranking: Denmark is 3rd, followed by Sweden (4th) and Norway (7th), while Iceland (11th)—covered for the first time— stands at the doorstep of the top 10. Notwithstanding some movement in the rankings and the widening gap between the two frontrunners and the rest of the cohort, the scores within the top 10 remain remarkably stable. Singapore continues to lead the ETI rankings by maintaining its outstanding performance across the board. The city-state comes in 1st position on no less than five out of the nine pillars, and features in the top 10 on 43 out of the 56 indicators composing the ETI. As a small economy, Singapore has a very open trade policy and exporters face only a few barriers in target markets. The trade-weighted applied tariff rate amounts to almost zero (0.03 percent, the second lowest), as 99.9 percent of imports enter duty-free and Singapore’s exporters face an average tariff in destination markets of 4.5 percent, the second-lowest rate after Chile.13 Singapore also is rewarded for the extreme simplicity of its tariff structure, ranking 4th on this indicator, just a few places behind leading Hong Kong. These two are the only high-income economies within the top 30 on this indicator. Singapore’s border administration is top notch in every respect. The country tops the customs services index with the maximum score of 12, and the Doing Business study reveals that importing and exporting goods requires little paper work (four documents on average), is swift (three to five days on average), and inexpensive. The estimated cost of US$450 per container is less than half the average of high-income economies and the lowest in the sample. As in previous years, the assessment of the quality and availability of transport infrastructure is equally excellent. Singapore leads the way for the quality of air transport, seaport, and road infrastructure. On measures related to connectivity, as well as timeliness, ease and affordability of shipments, and logistics competence, Singapore places at or near the top. Against these excellent results, the 16th rank of Singapore in terms of overall ICT penetration points to some room for improvement. For example, there are 22 broadband users per 100 population in Singapore, less than half the rate of Sweden. More generally, and as highlighted repeatedly, including in the World Economic Forum’s Global Competitiveness Report and Global Information Technology Report series, Singapore offers a supportive business environment that contributes to making it one of the major trade hubs worldwide. The levels of corruption are the lowest among the countries covered, financial markets are world-class (2nd), and policymaking is perceived as the most efficient. The economy is also open to foreign participation (2nd), although it would benefit from more openness to multilateral trade rules (54th). Placed 2nd, Hong Kong SAR continues to deliver consistently strong performance across the components of the ETI, ranking no lower than 16th in any of the pillars, yet not at the top of any. Hong Kong’s commitment to free trade is shown in the absence of trade barriers in the domestic market. The territory achieves the highest possible score on all the indicators comprising this pillar and, therefore, obtains a perfect score of 7 in the pillar. Despite its openness to incoming trade, exporters from Hong Kong face the highest trade barriers in their target markets within the ETI sample. The trade-weighted tariff rate amounts to 6.2 percent. Hong Kong’s 1st place in the quality of transport infrastructure reflects outstanding infrastructure facilities available across the four main transport modes: air (2nd), sea (2nd), rail (3rd), and road (3rd). With regard to transport by sea, the territory has direct routes to many countries and for non-direct routes the number of transshipments required is minimal. Finally, Hong Kong offers a very conducive environment for business (6th). In particular, the efficiency of its financial sector is rated as second to none, as is its openness to foreign participation. Up one rank from last year, Denmark moves into 3rd position. The best ranked of the Nordics does very well on three out of the four components of the ETI. It ranks 3rd behind Singapore and Hong Kong for the efficiency of its border administration. It gets excellent marks for the efficiency, transparency, and rapidity of customs clearance procedures, although importing and exporting goods remain very costly. With its very dense ICT penetration, Denmark leads the way when it comes to ICT infrastructure.14 By the same token, the quality of transport infrastructure is world-class, despite limited connectivity by sea. Also among Denmark’s strengths is the quality of its business environment (3rd). Yet the gap with its two predecessors in the overall ETI rankings remains sizeable because of Denmark’s rather mediocre performance in the market access component, where it ranks 95th. Denmark, as all other European Union (EU) member countries, owes this low position to the highly complex common external tariff schedule of the The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum European Union (96th) and the frequent recourse to non-tariff measures (68th). In addition, while tariffs applied by the European Union are very low (4th), its members still face average tariffs of close to 6 percent in destination markets. Sweden, ranked 4th, posts a performance similar to Denmark’s. Also up one notch from last year, the country stands out for its highly efficient and transparent border administration, as reflected in the 2nd rank (after Singapore) in the related subindex. Another area of strength is its excellent ICT infrastructure, where it ranks 1st thanks to the extensive use of Internet by businesses, the most dense penetration of broadband connections in the sample (41 subscribers per 100 population), and universal use of mobile telephony. Finally, Sweden offers a regulatory framework that is remarkably conducive to trade (2nd), characterized by extremely high ethical standards in the public and private sectors (3rd), a very efficient government (3rd), well-functioning financial markets (4th), and a high degree of openness to foreign participation (7th), although the hiring of foreign labor remains rather difficult (49th). By contrast, the highly complex tariff structure and the prevalence of non-tariff measures make Sweden, as other EU members, a laggard in the market access component (96th). Down two positions, Switzerland (5th) fares very well in most of the dimensions of the ETI, with some notable exceptions within the market access component. Switzerland ranks last among the 125 economies for the complexity of tariffs. The country applies a staggering 6,662 distinct tariffs, while the count for second-to-last Russia amounts to 1,921. Moreover, over 82 percent of all tariff lines bear a specific tariff. Yet, this complexity seems to apply only to a limited share of trade, since almost 90 percent (9th highest share) of all imports to Switzerland are duty-free. Turning to border administration, there remains some room for improvement for making procedures less costly, burdensome, and time consuming on both the export and import ends. For example, exporting a standardized container costs US$1,537 (96th) on average, three times more than in Singapore. Switzerland boasts excellent infrastructure for roads, railroads, and air transport, although the fact that the country is landlocked results in relatively poor connectivity to maritime routes. Switzerland partially compensates for its disadvantageous geographical position by striving for high performance in transport services (13th): its logistics competence as well as its tracking and tracing ability are second to none, as measured by the Logistics Perception Index. Continuing on this positive note, the regulatory environment is extremely supportive to business activity and trade with a great degree of openness to foreign participation (6th). New Zealand progresses by five positions to 6th rank. New Zealand leads the transparency pillar of the border administration component (5th) although it underperforms on some specific indicators, including the fees, number of documents, and time associated with exporting and importing goods. Partly because of its remoteness and small size, the availability and quality of transport services (39th) are limited as reflected by New Zealand’s low ranking on the Liner Shipping Connectivity Index (68th) and transshipment connectivity index (49th). On a more positive note, New Zealand offers a favorable business environment (11th), scoring high on all indicators entering this variable except the openness to foreign participation (48th). The third of the Nordics, Norway (7th) sees no change in its overall score and rank. The country does generally better in the market access component than its neighboring EU members Denmark and Sweden, although it ranks third to last on the index of tariff complexity. Losing two ranks, Canada (8th) is the largest country in the top 10. Canada owes its good positioning to a consistently good performance across the board, ranking no lower than 30th in any of the nine pillars of the ETI. Yet there is room for improvement, as Canada places below the top 10 on many of the pillars. The country does better than many advanced economies in the market access component (25th) of the Index, despite a complex tariff structure (83rd), which is partly the result of the great variance in tariff rates (115th). Within the border administration pillar, some barriers persist, such as very high average costs to export (100th) and import (91st) goods, and relatively burdensome customs procedures (30th). On a more positive note, Canada boasts good transport infrastructure and services, including good connectivity, as well as very high ICT penetration (11th). Moreover, Canada offers one of the most conducive business environments (18th), thanks to a favorable regulatory environment (14th). Luxembourg improves four ranks to reach 9th position. The most positive aspect is the quality of transport and ICT infrastructure, in which Luxembourg places 3rd, behind neighboring Germany and the United Kingdom. More generally, the Duchy offers a very safe environment (6th) and a very supportive regulatory framework (5th), due to efficient policymaking (4th), a mature financial sector (8th), high ethical standards (6th), as well as one of the highest degrees of openness to foreign participation (3rd). In particular, the business community recognizes the high prevalence of foreign ownership in the country’s economy (5th), the ease for employers to hire foreign labor (4th), and the relative mobility of capital flows (11th). Less positive and uneven is the performance in the border administration component (20th). While customs clearance procedures are generally efficient, importing goods remains expensive (US$1,420), and Luxembourg receives a rather low score on the customs services index (6 points out of 12, 76th). Closing the top 10, the Netherlands (10th) retains its position with the same score as last year. Border The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 1.1: Fostering Recovery by Facilitating Trade Part1.WEB.FINAL:Document 7 5/5/10 11:34 AM Page 21 21 1.1: Fostering Recovery by Facilitating Trade Part1.WEB.FINAL:Document 7 5/5/10 11:34 AM Page 22 administration and the quality and availability of transport and logistics services are the strongest aspects of the country’s performance. The Netherlands customs offers the necessary services to business (5th) and importing and exporting goods is hassle-free and swift (11th on the efficiency of import-export procedures), while transport services are assessed as the 2nd best in the world in terms of availability and quality. Moreover, the country’s connectivity with the rest of the world via maritime routes is among the best (3rd), which is not surprising given that the country hosts Europe’s main maritime gateway, the Port of Rotterdam. By the same token, the quality of port infrastructure is assessed as among the world’s best (3rd). The assessment is somewhat less positive when it comes to specific aspects of the regulatory environment and physical security. Trade would benefit from easier rules and regulations for hiring foreign labor (42nd) and from better protection from common crime and violence (54th). Asia and Pacific 22 The Asia and Pacific region is host to some of the fastest-growing and largest economies worldwide. Many of the countries in the region have greatly benefited from trade and made it a central part of their growth strategy. It is estimated that over the period 2010–14, almost 50 percent of global growth will take place in Asia. The developing countries in the region are growing faster than the global economy, and will account for the largest share of that global growth—42 percent of it.15 Over the same period, trade in goods from, to, and within the region will grow by 9 percent annually and account for 40 percent of global merchandise trade.16 In the ETI, there is a wide gap between frontrunners Singapore, Hong Kong, and New Zealand, and the rest of the region; many agree that Asia has yet to fully leverage the opportunities offered, in particular by trade, in the region. This is reflected in the results of the ETI. Except for the top 10 and Australia (15th), countries stay outside the top 20, with China hovering around the 50 mark and India at a low 84th. Australia ranks 15th as a result of good performance across the board, although leaving some room for improvement in specific areas, such as market access where the country places 63rd. Access to the domestic market remains hampered by tariffs close to 4 percent; these apply to a large share of imports (45 percent).17 Australian exports face some of the highest tariffs, 6 percent, and the margin of preference—at less than 3 percent—is extremely narrow. The quality of border administration has improved significantly (14th), although ample room for improvement remains as to the time, costs, and paperwork associated with exporting and importing goods. Some facets of Australia’s transport infrastructure (32nd) are in need of improvement; maritime transport is the most worrisome, especially given the country’s remoteness. The country ranks 46th for the quality of seaport infrastructure, and 27th and 33rd on the transshipment connectivity index and Liner Shipping Connectivity Index, respectively. Finally, the business environment is fairly good (19th). Yet, among the various issues affecting their international operations, the business community cites the difficulty of hiring foreign labor (91st) and somewhat restrictive rules on FDI (51st), as well as the costs incurred by the threat of terrorism (77th) and by crime and violence (45th). Japan, at 25th, loses two positions. The country has one of the most protected domestic markets in the entire sample. At 25.3 percent (111th), import tariffs on agricultural products move toward prohibitive levels; in addition, the market is protected by frequent recourse to non-tariff measures. The highly complex tariff schedule (93rd) is difficult to navigate for business as a result of the variance and the large number of distinct tariffs. The openness to foreign participation is limited (77th), as manifested in the difficulty of hiring of foreign labor; restrictive rules on FDI; and, consequently, infrequent foreign participation. At the same time, Japan’s border administration is transparent and efficient, albeit businesses express concerns about the burden of customs procedures. Last but not least, the quality of transport-related services is world-class (4th), with the most efficient postal service worldwide and high level of logistics competence (7th). At the same time, the assessment of the quality of transport infrastructure is less somewhat positive (20th) and mixed across the different modes of transport. Although the quality of railroads is world-class (2nd), air transport infrastructure lags behind the world’s best (48th). With its score unchanged from last year, Korea (27th) drops one position, displaying a mixed performance across the four main components of the ETI. Korea remains a laggard in the market access component (111th), imposing some of the highest tariffs on agricultural imports in the sample (44 percent, followed only by Norway, Morocco, and Turkey). Korea’s tariff structure is characterized by very high tariffs on a few selected agricultural products (e.g., dairy products), as reflected in the third-highest variance of tariffs in the sample. On the export side, Korean products face some of the highest tariffs in the world and are granted only very narrow preference margins. On a more positive note, Korea achieves high marks for the quality and availability of its transport and communications infrastructure (15th, up six positions) and to a lesser extent border administration (24th). In particular, the country boasts excellent connectivity through maritime routes and world-class shipping services. In addition, railroad infrastructure is also very well rated (8th overall) and Korea also possesses one of the world’s best and densest ICT infrastructures (6th). The government is among the most active in promoting ICT, for example, through putting online services in place. Korea obtains the best score in the sample in the Government Online Service Index, an assessment of the extent and quality of the government’s The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum online offer. Border administration and import-export procedures are efficient, smooth, and swift, though relatively costly. More problematic is the quality of the general business environment. In this component, Korea ranks a middling 44th, owing to the negative assessment by the business community of such critical factors as the efficiency of government policymaking and the financial market, corruption, and the country’s openness to foreign investment. The fourth and lowest-ranked member of the Tigers quartet, Taiwan, China (28th), loses three positions, although its main strength and weaknesses remain in line with the previous edition of this Report. Market access is by far the weakest area (106th), whereas Taiwan obtains good to excellent marks on most indicators having to do with the quality of transport infrastructure (15th) and related services (24th), and ICT infrastructure (14th). The business environment is also fairly conducive to trade (31st), with one major shortcoming in the openness to foreign participation (66th). Following closely, Malaysia (30th) maintains its position within the top 30. The country ranks fairly high in the market access (31st) and infrastructure (24th) components. Transport infrastructure is of high quality (19th) and widely available (9th), and the related services are well developed (17th). Border clearance procedures are the least costly in the world and businesses assess them as fairly hassle-free, although many documents are necessary. However, against this positive assessment, it has to be noted that the quality of the business environment has deteriorated considerably since the last assessment. Malaysia loses ground in all 10 indicators of this component, falling from 33rd to 51st position. In particular, the costs associated with crime and violence and the threat of terrorism are on the rise. Yet the regulatory framework remains fairly propitious (35th) thanks to efficient financial markets (10th), solid property rights (34th), and strong domestic competition (32nd). China, the world’s largest exporter and one of its fastest-growing countries, progresses one rank to 48th position; it ranks 3rd within the lower-middle-income country group. Although considerable room for improvement remains in every component of the Index, China’s performance appears in a different light when compared with its BRIC peers. India, its closest contender, lags 36 places behind at 84th, followed by Brazil at 87th, while Russia follows at a much lower 114th. The availability and quality of transport services constitute the main areas of strength for China (18th). In particular, the country tops the Liner Shipping Connectivity Index and obtains very good and improving scores on most of the other indicators in this category. By contrast, transport infrastructure (57th) still presents major shortcomings, in particular with respect to air and sea transport infrastructure. China’s customs procedures are assessed as fairly efficient (33rd), especially when compared with the other BRIC economies—the closest being India, at 72nd. Average fees associated with importing and exporting goods are among the world’s lowest (3rd), at US$545 and US$500 per container, respectively. However, the time required to complete these procedures ranges from 21 to 24 days, far longer than in Singapore, for example (3 to 5 days). While being fairly efficient, border administration remains subject to irregular payments and corruption, as reflected in China’s results on the related variable (51st) and the 65th position in the Corruption Perceptions Index. China ranks 79th on the market access component, owing to the high import tariffs of 11.8 percent (108th) it levies as well as the very narrow margin of preference (122nd) granted in destination markets. Finally, the quality of the Chinese business environment, the fourth main component of the ETI, improved somewhat (41st, up eight notches), but important constraints persist with respect to the efficiency of the financial sector (73rd) and some aspects of the openness to foreign participation (50th), including the restrictions placed on international capital flows (117th). Indonesia, at 68th, improves its score but retains the same position in the rankings. At 68th, it does better than most of its peers of the lower-middle-income group. The most positive aspects of Indonesia’s performance are found in the regulatory framework pillar (48th). In particular, the country receives good marks for the efficiency of its financial sector (29th) and of government policymaking (46th), as well as for some measures of the country’s openness to foreign participation (52nd), including the prevalence of foreign ownership (40th), rules on FDI (38th), and restrictions on capital flows (32nd). The assessment is more negative regarding security (76th), another key determinant of the quality of the overall environment: Indonesia ranks 82nd for the costs associated with the threat of terrorism and 74th for the reliability of the police, in line with the average for the country group. Overall, the quality of Indonesia’s transport infrastructure, including roads and seaports, is second rate (80th) and airport density is low (0.3, 100th). The availability and quality of transport services (73rd), though improving, are not satisfactory. In this context, the 48th and 38th ranks obtained in the transshipment connectivity index and the Liner Shipping Connectivity Index, respectively, are encouraging. ICT infrastructure remains largely underdeveloped (90th), with very sparse Internet usage and a very limited government online presence. Border administration also offers a mixed picture. Customs procedures associated with importing and exporting are relatively inexpensive and require little paperwork, but they still take a lot of time by international standards, and border administration remains marred by corruption (88th). Vietnam posts one of the biggest progressions among all countries, leaping 18 places to 71st position. The improvements in the country’s trade environment reflect Vietnam’s commitments following the country’s The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 1.1: Fostering Recovery by Facilitating Trade Part1.WEB.FINAL:Document 7 5/5/10 11:34 AM Page 23 23 1.1: Fostering Recovery by Facilitating Trade Part1.WEB.FINAL:Document 7 5/5/10 11:34 AM Page 24 24 recent accession to the WTO (in 2007), which is leading to a significant liberalization of trade in goods and services over the phase-in period to 2012. This is reflected in the ETI in Vietnam’s improved ranking in the market access component (50th). Despite progress made,Vietnam’s tariff schedule remains complex in some respects. The area of biggest concern, however, is in border administration. Recent efforts to streamline the efficiency of the country’s customs led to a 10-place improvement in the related category, albeit from a low base (107th). Simultaneously, the low rank of 104th for the transparency of border administration indicates room for improvement in this area. Trade could be further enabled by upgrading the country’s transport infrastructure, which is in a dire state (103rd). Low airport density (104th), poor road quality (95th), and insufficiently developed port facilities (93rd) indicate that the booming economy is straining the country’s infrastructure. The assessment of transport services is much more positive. Vietnam improves its scores on all indicators composing this category and ranks 31st. Finally, Vietnam achieves mixed results in the business environment component (64th). Openness to foreign participation is limited because of the low prevalence of foreign ownership (102nd) and limited participation in multilateral trade rules (102nd), and despite the openness toward FDI (26th) and foreign labor (46th). India ranks a low 84th, owing to a mixed performance in the ETI. Among the nine pillars of the Index, the country’s highest ranking is 47th—in the regulatory environment pillar—and it attains only a very low 115th on the market access pillar. The domestic market is protected through tariffs of 13 percent on average (115th), which are particularly high for agricultural products (40 percent, 121st). Further, only 17 percent of all imports enter the country free of duty (112th). Adding to the costs, the structure of tariffs is difficult to navigate (89th) because of the large dispersion of tariffs (107th) and the high number of distinct tariffs (94th), including many specific tariffs (90th). Trade is also impeded by customs procedures, which remain largely inefficient (72nd). In addition, exporting and importing require much time and paperwork to clear goods at the border, and the process is plagued by corruption and bribery (82nd). India’s good connectivity and some aspects of India’s general regulatory environment (47th) brighten somewhat this rather bleak assessment. Other than the Philippines, at 92nd, the other countries in the region are found below the 100 mark with Pakistan at 112th, followed by Bangladesh (113th), Mongolia (116th), and Nepal (118th). Europe and North America Germany, which has just been surpassed by China as the world’s largest exporter, is the highest ranked among the large economies in terms of enabling trade, and placed 13th after losing one rank compared with last year. As is the case in all EU member countries, Germany provides fairly strong protection to agricultural markets through non-tariff barriers (73rd) and a highly complex tariff structure that protects a small number of mainly agricultural products. As in many other developed countries, tariffs faced by Germany abroad are fairly high in international comparison (76th), but the country performs very well on all the other pillars of the ETI except for the efficiency of border administration, where it ranks 20th. Irregular payments in exports and imports also appear to be more prevalent (24th) than could be expected from a country with a very strong regulatory environment (15th). Further disadvantages include difficulties in hiring foreign labor (86th) and restrictions on FDI (67th). However, Germany’s excellent transport infrastructure (5th) and the high quality of the related services (3rd) compensate for these weaknesses. Dropping three places, the United States is ranked 19th this year. The country’s performance has fallen in international comparison in almost all areas assessed by the Index, bar the regulatory environment and physical security. Although some progress has been achieved in absolute terms, this has not been sufficient to lead to an improvement in the rankings. There has been a deterioration by 13 places of the market access component, placing the country 62nd. Most aspects measuring the state of trade policy in the United States have remained unchanged, with the exception of a very small increase in the complexity of tariffs, yet US exporters appear to be facing higher tariffs abroad and benefiting from lower preference margin than in previous years. Overall, the United States continues to benefit from hassle-free import and export procedures (17th) and efficient customs clearance (11th), and provides excellent customs services to business (3rd).The country also benefits from excellent infrastructure, including ICTs, providing a strong basis for enabling trade within the country. However, over the past year, the United States has fallen behind in two crucial categories of openness—business leaders perceive that the rules and regulations both for hiring foreign labor and for encouraging foreign direct investment have become more restrictive, falling by 18 and 17 places, respectively, to 62nd and 64th position. And as in the previous year, the threat of terrorism to business, at 114th, remains among the costliest in the world. France places 20th in this year’s ETI, down by three positions. As for other European countries, market access has slightly deteriorated mainly because of higher barriers faced by exporters abroad. There has also been a decline in the transparency of the border administration. The country’s overall trade environment remains characterized by high barriers to the domestic market by means of non-tariff measures and highly complex, although low, tariffs, which apply to a significant portion of imports. Access to foreign markets remains limited with fairly high tariffs faced and low margins of preference in The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum place. Nevertheless, France’s transport infrastructure plays an important role in facilitating trade: it is second to none, widely available, and of excellent quality. The high-quality transport services, ranked 10th, also play a key role in supporting the country’s trade performance. Businesses operate in a largely suitable regulatory environment (24th), with the only drawbacks being restrictive regulations on hiring foreign labor and encouraging FDI, ranked at 90th and 62nd, respectively. Physical security is not a major disadvantage (35th), although the threat of terrorism continues to pose some costs to business (70th). The Russian Federation slides by five places to obtain a very low 114th position in this year’s ETI. Despite pledges of the G-20 not to increase protectionism following the financial crisis, Russia has fallen to the last place in the entire sample on the market access subindex. Although the average weighted tariff rate declined, non-tariff measures are being used more frequently than in previous years and the complexity of the tariff structure has increased somewhat. Yet the bulk of the decline can be traced to higher tariffs in target markets faced by Russia’s exporters, which are among the highest worldwide (102nd). Russian exporters are clearly suffering from the country’s decision not to pursue accession to the WTO. Russia’s low ranking obscures to a certain extent the strengths of its trade environment. Given the country’s level of development, transport infrastructure remains in fairly good condition, although its availability is assessed more positively (at 31st) than its quality (at 74th). Furthermore, Russia continues benefit from the availability of ICTs in the context of trade, with the use of these technologies spreading quickly by both businesses and government. On the other hand, enabling trade in Russia would require an overhaul of the import export procedures (110th) and reform of what is one of the most burdensome customs clearance processes in the world (122nd). Russia also obtains poor marks for its regulatory environment (110th), which bears witness to the country’s rather protectionist stance with regard to foreign participation (ranked 115th). And although physical security is moderate (ranked 68th for the business cost of common crime and violence), business leaders do not trust the police for enforcing law and order (105th). Latin America and the Caribbean With some notable exceptions—such as Chile and Costa Rica, which display very strong performances— Latin American and Caribbean countries place for the most part in the middle of the ETI rankings. As highlighted in past editions of this Report, the region’s outstanding domestic and foreign market access continues to be the main strength of many of its countries. However, the overall business environment remains an area for improvement, particularly in terms of corruption and physical security. At 18th, Chile improves by one position, once again leading the ETI rankings in Latin America and the Caribbean. Chile’s strong commitment to participating in international trade is demonstrated by its extended participation in regional trade agreements (RTAs), along with the government’s continuous efforts to improve the country’s facilitation of trade.18 Displaying an extraordinary performance in the area of market access (2nd), Chile benefits from both its high share of duty-free imports (16th) and the low tariffs (1st) faced by Chilean exporters. Likewise, Chile applies an almost uniform MFN tariff (a rate of 6 percent with only a few exceptions) to all its importers,19 a measure that has helped to reduce the complexity of the country’s tariff structure (2nd). The country’s overall assessment of border administration (23rd) is also positive because of its transparency (20th) and efficiency (21st). Furthermore, Chile is characterized by seamless customs procedures (5th), as well as little corruption related to exports and imports (16th). In fact, during the past few years, Chile has made significant efforts toward the modernization of its customs regime through the introduction of new measures such as the advance publication of regulations, the computerization of procedures, and the creation of a customs tribunal.20 But, despite these advances, its clearance procedures remain time consuming and cumbersome. With regard to Chile’s communications infrastructure, the still modest availability and use of ICTs in the country (46th) indicates room for improvement. On the other hand, the country received a sound general assessment of its transport infrastructure (28th), thanks in large part to the excellent quality of its roads (15th), ports (24th), and air transportation (17th). Last but not least, Chile’s favorable business environment (26th) has also been key to the country’s success in benefiting from trade. Costa Rica, ranked 44th for enabling trade across borders, is down one position in this edition of the Report. As a big contributor to national GDP, trade plays a significant role in Costa Rica’s social and economic development strategies. For this reason, the government pays special attention to trade policy and considers it a crucial tool for economic growth and social equity. As in the case of Chile, Costa Rica is an example of best practices in market access (7th), thanks to moderate non-tariff measures (21st) and relatively simple tariff structure (35th). Consequently, the country’s market access is assessed favourably at 37th.21 Costa Rica also has experienced recent improvements concerning the efficiency of its import-export procedures. For example, the time required to import goods dropped from 25 to 15 days, and the number of documents needed to import and export both decreased by one, with only 7 and 6 documents now required, respectively. In addition, Costa Rica’s border administration is considered to be reasonably efficient (34th), even though some difficulties were identified by the business community regarding irregular payments in imports and exports (60th). On a The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 1.1: Fostering Recovery by Facilitating Trade Part1.WEB.FINAL:Document 7 5/5/10 11:34 AM Page 25 25 1.1: Fostering Recovery by Facilitating Trade Part1.WEB.FINAL:Document 7 5/5/10 11:35 AM Page 26 26 less positive note, Costa Rica would benefit from upgrading the quality of its transport and communications infrastructure (78th). In particular, the quality of roads and ports needs to be improved (ranked 100th and 121st, respectively), and ICTs are still not widely available or used (ranked 71st). Mexico comes in at 64th place, moving up in the ETI rankings by 10 positions. Mexico considers trade facilitation and global integration to be areas of focus in its national competitiveness plan 2008–2012. Among the main trade-related policies is the intention to make a thorough analysis of existing tariff rates to avoid discrepancies and reduce tariff dispersion, as well as the elimination of those tariffs affecting goods with low volumes of trade; as for non-tariff measures, simplification and automatization processes are under way.22 One of the main areas of improvement identified is Mexico’s domestic and foreign market access (22nd), as the country significantly increased its share of duty-free imports (11th) while keeping tariffs relatively low (25th). Likewise, the availability and quality of Mexico’s transport infrastructure also improved greatly, climbing 24 positions up to 61st place. Concerning transport services, advantages such as the competence of the logistics industry (43rd), the ability to track shipments (44th), and the timeliness of shipments reaching destination (51st) also helped Mexico’s overall performance. Last, Mexico’s business environment (106th) is still assessed poorly as a consequence of low levels of physical security (114th), limited reliability of police services (116th), and high business costs of crime and violence (117th). Meanwhile, the regulatory environment pillar (77th) captures how, despite Mexico’s openness to foreign participation (40th), the country is strongly affected by both corruption (92nd) and low levels of domestic competition (105th). Brazil maintains its 87th position in the ETI. A G-20 member and major exporter of agricultural products, the country has been much involved in global trade negotiations, representing the interests of both MERCOSUR and developing countries more generally.23 Despite the importance of trade for its economy, Brazil’s main weakness remains high and rising protectionism, as captured by the market access pillar (104th). This is mainly due to high tariffs (105th), which are imposed on the vast majority of imports (90th) as well as to the prevalence of non-tariff measures (79th). The border administration could also be made more efficient (80th), particularly in areas such as customs administration, which remains burdensome (115th), and the overall cost of import and export procedures (81st and 97th, respectively). The overall assessment of Brazil’s infrastructure is fairly positive (66th), although the quality of transport infrastructure could be improved (105th), especially the country’s ports (120th). Brazil also displays some strength with regard to the quality and availability of its transport services (42nd) as well as the availability and use of ICTs (54th). As it is the case for other countries in the region, the general business environment (83rd) could be improved by being more open to foreign participation (83rd) and by reducing the business costs of crime and violence (111th). Argentina, at 95th, improves by two positions, presenting a mixed picture across the different areas of the ETI. In order to improve its trade performance, Argentina should address different aspects affecting the country’s business environment (109th). In particular, regulations affecting property rights (117th), domestic competition (121st), and openness to foreign participation (103rd) increase the difficulty of doing business in the country. At the border, procedures are perceived as a burden by businesses (117th), who encounter difficulties in areas related to the efficiency of import-export procedures (86th), such as the high cost of importing goods (100th, with US$1,810 in fees on a 20-foot container) and numerous documents required to export (106th). Other areas of concern include a lack of transparency at the border (96th), related to the frequent irregular payments in exports and imports (100th). Similar to Brazil, the high and increasing tariff rates (98th) and the pervasive non-trade barriers (85th) continue to affect Argentina’s ability to trade, although tariffs faced by exporters in Argentina (32nd) are relatively easy to overcome, allowing them to introduce their products in global markets. Among the country’s strengths are transport and communications infrastructure (61st) and the availability and use of ICTs (49th). In fact, the Argentinean government provides many online services (42nd), and, similarly, businesses use the Internet to carry out commercial transactions (55th). Middle East and North Africa Over the past year, all countries from the region bar three—Algeria, Morocco, and Jordan—have improved their position in the ETI. The region continues a high degree of diversity in terms of enabling trade, with the United Arab Emirates (UAE) entering the top 20 while Algeria maintains its position at the bottom of the rankings. The United Arab Emirates leads the region at a very strong 16th position, ahead of the United Kingdom, Chile, and the United States. The country improved by two positions over the past year by building on its strengths. Clearance of goods at the border, already efficient in previous years, has become even easier in international comparison (12th), although the assessment of the transparency of border administration (at 21st) lags behind these excellent results somewhat. In terms of the availability and quality of transport infrastructure, the UAE moves up to be among the best countries in the world (4th). Another distinct advantage, high levels of physical security (4th), has been equally strengthened. All these factors provide a basis for further strong growth of trade in the country and a strengthening of The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum its positioning as a key international logistics hub. Despite progress achieved in these areas, if transport services were further developed and liberalized, the UAE could further benefit from its favorable geographic location on the Europe-Asia trade route. The country presently occupies the 29th position in the related category. The government could equally place higher priority on putting more public services online (88th). This would not only facilitate trade in a direct way—for example, by expediting and facilitating customs clearance through online procedures—but also would lead the way in Internet use, given that the business sector presently lags behind a number of other countries in this area (27th). However, the main constraint remains high domestic tariffs (53rd) as well as the high trade barriers faced by the country’s exporters abroad (117th). Israel occupies the 3rd position in the region in terms of enabling trade and 26th worldwide, moving up by three places this year. The improvement in rankings mirrors important advances in maintaining physical security and in increasing the use of ICTs, which on balance outweigh the deterioration in the efficiency of customs procedures. Overall, Israel’s border administration is efficient and transparent compared with that of many other countries (25th). As last year, the formal import and export procedures appear de jure fairly simple, and neither particularly time-consuming nor very costly. However, in their replies to the Executive Opinion Survey, business leaders identified customs procedures as rather burdensome, ranked 64th out of 125 countries. This result, which is significantly lower than that of last year (when the country ranked 31st) could point to bottlenecks in the implementation of official procedures. Other strengths that contribute to an environment that is conducive to trade are the high penetration of ICTs, which are widely used by both businesses for transactions (6th) and the government for online services (19th). Despite the slight improvement over the past year, the difficult security situation remains the most important single drawback in Israel’s trade environment; this is ranked 75th overall. In addition, trade could be further enabled by more efficient transport services (49th). More openness to foreign participation (93rd) could also contribute to raising the performance of this sector by intensifying competition and thereby raising efficiency and stimulating innovation. Tunisia, moving up by three positions to 38th, remains the leading country in North Africa for enabling trade. The country’s association agreement with the European Union, which has created a free trade area between the two traders as of 2008, has contributed significantly to liberalizing imports into Tunisia. Nevertheless, Tunisia maintains fairly high tariffs (120th for the tariff rate), although the complexity has been reduced over the past year. Tariff peaks and specific tariffs have been completely eliminated and the share of duty-free imports rose from 24.1 to 76.3 percent. It must be noted, however, that the simplification of the tariff structure was accompanied by more burdensome customs procedures, which can partially offset the effect of tariff reforms on trade. Tunisia now ranks 52nd for the burden of customs procedures. Overall, Tunisia benefits from a business environment that is conducive to trade (24th) and is supported by a solid institutional framework and high levels of physical security (20th). Nevertheless, openness to foreign participation remains restricted (65th), and a more efficient financial market (65th) could further contribute to developing trade. The country’s exporters and importers also benefit from high-quality and widely available infrastructure across all modes of transport (37th). Room for improvement remains with respect to the availability and quality of transport services (79th), a sector that would benefit from further liberalization and opening up to foreign participation. Last but not least, and in contrast to domestic tariffs, Tunisia enjoys fairly easy access to foreign markets (41st), supported by an important preference margin (27th). Saudi Arabia, up by two positions, occupies the 40th rank. Consistent improvements in all the pillars except for the market access component contributed to this result. The efficiency of Saudi Arabia’s customs services (27th) and border administration (26th) are important factors in facilitating trade across the country’s borders. Customs procedures are not very burdensome, and it is not costly to import and export goods, although it may be time consuming (e.g., it takes 18 days to import goods, which corresponds to 58th rank). Saudi Arabia also benefits from a solid institutional framework with transparent (20th) and efficient (31st) government institutions, well-defined property rights (32nd), and high levels of domestic competition (16th). The country’s recent accession to the WTO was an important step in opening up to foreign participation, yet Saudi Arabia remains closed to foreign ownership (101st) and has signed only a small share of tradeenabling multilateral treaties (109th). This applies equally to the transportation sector, where it did not commit to opening up significantly under the GATS provisions (69th). Such a move would support the development of a more efficient logistics and transport industry in the country, thereby raising the competitiveness of exports, which the country wishes to diversify. Other than that, Saudi Arabia’s exporters and importers face the same challenge as in many other countries in the region: high costs resulting from the threat of terrorism (96th). Morocco, ranked 75th, sees the most significant deterioration in rankings this year’s Report among the countries from the region. The weaker assessment is derived from all of the pillars of the ETI. Morocco’s trade policy remained rather protectionist over the past several years. The country currently ranks 112th on the market access pillar. A rise in protectionism is indicated by the steeply declining share of duty-free imports (14th The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 1.1: Fostering Recovery by Facilitating Trade Part1.WEB.FINAL:Document 7 5/5/10 11:35 AM Page 27 27 1.1: Fostering Recovery by Facilitating Trade Part1.WEB.FINAL:Document 7 5/5/10 11:35 AM Page 28 to 85th) and in the rising complexity of the tariff structure (58th to 61st). At the same time, Morocco’s exporters benefit from easy access to their main target markets (31st), in large part because of a high preference margin with the European Union. Exports are further enabled by clearance procedures, which are more efficient for exports than for imports. For example, it takes 17 days to import goods, but only 14 to export them. Yet, by and large, the customs administration is not the most critical bottleneck, as it is fairly efficient (44th) and provides appropriate services (42nd). Similarly, the quality and availability of infrastructure—in particular railroads and maritime services—is an advantage on which to build. Further fostering Morocco’s trade performance would additionally require continuing the liberalization process. Openness to foreign participation is limited (92nd), and Morocco committed to opening up only a small share of transport-related subsectors under the GATS agreement (54th). Further liberalization of these sectors would help improve the quality of transport services, which currently lags behind many countries (77th). Sub-Saharan Africa 28 Sub-Saharan African countries enable trade to different degrees, and the trade liberalization efforts of recent decades have not been sufficient to significantly improve the trade performance of the region as a whole. Many African countries liberalized trade and enjoy significant preferences in target markets, but significant improvements in trade facilitation have not yet been achieved. As a result, it is still significantly more expensive to trade with Africa than with other regions. In many cases, the cost of trading is a more important obstacle to trade development than trade policies. Mauritius, one of the African countries best harnessing the benefits of international trade, maintains the top position in sub-Saharan Africa at 33rd place, ahead of the rest of the region by a wide margin. With very low tariff and non-tariff barriers and low tariffs in target markets, the country is among the top performers in the entire sample on the market access pillar (8th). Yet, although tariffs are being reduced, complexities in their structure (85th) make it difficult to navigate for business. With rather efficient and transparent border agencies, potential bottlenecks in getting goods across borders can arise with respect to the availability and quality of transport services, as well as the quality of transport infrastructure, ranked 86th and 71st, respectively. International shipments are easy and not costly to arrange from Mauritius, but timeliness of delivery, tracking and tracing ability, and overall logistics competence are low in international comparison (ranked 104th, 93rd, and 91st, respectively). The country’s high level of openness to foreign participation (16th), be it foreign labor, FDI, or capital flows, highlights the country’s commitment to participating in the global economy. Additionally, Mauritius benefits from, in regional comparison, very transparent and efficient governance structures and manageable levels of physical security (45th). The second-highest ranked African country is Botswana, placed at 53rd as it enters this Report for the first time. Botswana has made great strides in opening its market, as shown by its excellent 15th position in terms of domestic market access. Although the country ranks 68th for its average tariff rate (of 5.6 percent), tariffs are applied to only a fraction of imports, about 5 percent, and very few non-tariff measures are in place. On the other hand, the assessment of access to foreign markets is less favorable than that of domestic access, ranked 69th overall. Another key strength, in international comparison, is Botswana’s solid institutional framework, with an efficient government, fair jurisdiction and political decisions, and low levels of corruption, all of which contribute to rendering border administration transparent (35th) and customs clearance fairly efficient (44th). Yet, although transparent, the border clearance process remains somewhat cumbersome, costly, and timeconsuming, for both imports and exports. On the efficiency of import export procedures pillar, Botswana ranks a low 111th. Other than import-export procedures, transport services as well as the availability and use of ICTs constitute important bottlenecks to trading across borders in Botswana, and are ranked at 99th and 92nd, respectively. The country’s logistics services sector is not on a par with international standards, ranking, for example, 106th for logistics competence. At the same time, transport infrastructure appears to be available and in good shape. By making further use of ICTs (114th), businesses in Botswana could enter new markets abroad. The government could also foster the use of ICTs by providing more services online and creating conditions to develop the necessary infrastructure, such as telephone lines, which are not commonplace in Botswana (93rd). South Africa, a G-20 member and the region’s most advanced economy, places 72nd with respect to enabling trade across borders, down by 11 positions from last year’s Report. As the country’s score remained roughly the same, the drop in rankings indicates that although South Africa’s overall situation has not changed, other countries have advanced. The drop is mainly attributable to a poorer comparative assessment of the country’s transport infrastructure and the related services as well as little progress in the use of ICTs. Similar to Botswana, South Africa boasts a very efficient and transparent customs administration (28th and 46th, respectively) and a fairly strong institutional framework. It has to be noted, however, that the country is less open to foreign participation and trade than Botswana, as witnessed by the lower share of duty-free imports (36th), more restrictive regulations on capital flows (105th), and FDI (75th). South Africa also has an important number of non-tariff measures in place. Albeit declining, the The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum state of transport infrastructure (29th for quality of infrastructure) and the availability of transport services receive good assessments. However, the simplification of import and export procedures appears overdue and would make trading across the border more efficient, as their current complexity constitutes the most important bottleneck. Importing goods into South Africa takes 35 days, requires 9 documents, and costs (for a standardized container) US$1,807. Tanzania drops five places this year, to 97th place. A number of areas are assessed more poorly in this year’s edition; in particular, customs clearance has become more burdensome and progress in ICT availability and usage is slower than in other countries. Despite the deterioration since last year Report, market access remains the key advantage in Tanzania’s trade environment. Tanzanian exporters face very low tariffs in target markets (6th), and the country managed to secure additional preferential access. Other advantages include a fairly secure environment and relatively efficient procedures for import and export (77th). However, business leaders assess customs procedures as extremely cumbersome (113th) the customs administration provides only very few services to business (110th). And while exporting only requires a few documents (28th), it remains very time consuming (94th) and costly (77th) given the country’s level of GDP. Enabling trade in Tanzania will also necessitate serious investment in transport infrastructure and efforts to encourage the use of ICTs. Roads, ports, and airports are in poor condition and do not sufficiently support the country’s participation in international trade. Last but not least, Tanzania still imposes some of the highest tariffs in the world, in particular on agricultural products. Conclusions This chapter has presented the results of the ETI for 125 countries and analyzed selected economies in more detail. This methodology, first published in 2008, measures the ease of getting goods across borders and to destination. It has been developed by the World Economic Forum in collaboration with leading companies from the logistics and transportation sectors and experts from trade-related international organizations. The Index categorizes the obstacles into four categories: market access, border administration, transport and communications, and business environment. The economic crisis has highlighted the importance of trade for the global economy, an importance that was thrown into relief when trade volumes contracted sharply in its wake. Throughout the crisis there has been remarkable resilience against the threat of protectionism; this observation is by and large confirmed by the Index results. Just as trade was key to spreading the slowdown internationally, so can trade be an important driver in diffusing the benefits of recovery across the world, as open borders benefit not only the domestic economy, but also that economy’s trading partners. Against this background, by ranking countries according to the barriers to trade they currently have in place, The Global Enabling Trade Report provides key information on one specific set of measures that could facilitate recovery. The Report is intended to be a motivator for change and a foundation for dialogue, by providing a yardstick of the extent to which countries have in place the factors that facilitate the free flow of goods and identifying areas where improvements are most needed. 1.1: Fostering Recovery by Facilitating Trade Part1.WEB.FINAL:Document 7 5/5/10 11:35 AM Page 29 Notes 1 See Eichengreen and O’Rourke 2010. 2 WTO 2010. 3 For an analysis, see Baldwin 2009. 4 GTA 2009. 5 Bown 2010a. See also Bown 2010b. A more pessimistic view is found in Vandenbussche and Zanardi 2010. 6 The deterioration of the security situation in Greece most likely reflects the riots that began at the end of 2008, just a few months before the Survey was conducted. 7 We have focused on the flow of trade in goods in the Index for expository purposes, although we recognize that enabling trade in services, is also important. By circumscribing the issue clearly, the Index provides a useful vehicle for analyzing policy on a clearly defined part of the issue. Trade in goods accounts for upward of 80 percent of all trade, and is therefore highly relevant. 8 The methodology used to calculate the weighted average tariff rate has been updated slightly this year. Weights used for the aggregation are calculated at the 6-digit level of the harmonized system (HS6). For countries where subheadings of a HS6 code (tariff lines) contain both ad valorem duties and specific tariffs, weights are now allocated equally between them. In the last edition of the Report the weights used for specific tariffs were added to the weights of the ad valorem tariffs that pertained to the same HS6 position. This change has impact on the results for a few countries, such as Australia, Japan, and Sri Lanka. This update was necessary because the previous methodology overstated the weights of the few concerned HS6 positions in the overall average. The data on non-tariff measures are currently being revised, but the figures were not yet available at the time of production of this Report. We hope to be able to include an improved measure of non-tariff barriers in the next edition. 9 For landlocked countries, the access to ports is measured. 10 The score of each subindex is derived as an unweighted average of the pillars that constitute it. 11 Tests were carried out using regression analysis in a gravity model of trade. See Lawrence et al. 2009. 12 This is the financial market efficiency subpillar of the World Economic Forum’s Global Competitiveness Index. See Sala-i-Martin et al. 2009 for more details about this variable. 13 However, the spread faced by Hong Kong—between the lowest rate of 3.7 percent and the highest rate 6.2 percent—is now down to a narrow 2.5 percentage points. 14 The rate of broadband Internet subscribers in Denmark (37 percent) is second best worldwide, just behind Sweden. The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 29 1.1: Fostering Recovery by Facilitating Trade Part1.WEB.FINAL:Document 7 5/5/10 11:35 AM Page 30 15 Over this period, world GDP is expected to grow by 5 percent per year, while Developing Asia is expected to grow by 8.2 percent annually (authors’ calculation, based PPP estimates from the October 2009 edition of the International Monetary Fund’s World Economic Outlook). The Developing Asia region comprises Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, China, Fiji, India, Indonesia, Kiribati, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Malaysia, Maldives, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Tonga, Vanuatu, and Vietnam. Singapore; Hong Kong SAR; Taiwan, China; Korea, Rep.; Australia; and New Zealand are added to the group to calculate the average for the entire region. Secretaría de Economía de Mexico. 2008. Diez lienamientos de la secretaria de economia y comercio para incrementar la competitividad 2008–2012. Mexico City, February. Available at http://www.economia.gob.mx/pics/pages/2025_base/ DiezLineamientos.pdf. 16 Authors’ calculations based on trade forecasts obtained from the Economist Intelligence Unit’s CountryData Database (retrieved on April 14, 2010). The figures are for the Australasia region, which comprises Australia; Bangladesh; China; Hong Kong SAR; Indonesia; India; Japan; Korea, Rep.; Malaysia; Myanmar; New Zealand; the Philippines; Pakistan; Papua New Guinea; Singapore; Sri Lanka; Thailand; Taiwan, China; and Vietnam. ———. 2005. Managing the Challenges of WTO Participation: 45 Case Studies, ed. P. Gallagher, P. Low, and A. D. Stoler. “Case Study 7: Brazil and the G-20 Group of Developing Countries,” P. da Motta Veiga. Available at http://onlinebookshop.wto.org/shop/ article_details.asp?Id_Article=701&lang=EN. 17 Australia, however, is one of few advanced economies alongside New Zealand and Hong Kong SAR where tariffs on agricultural products are lower than on the other products. WTO (World Trade Organization). “Understanding the WTO: CrossCutting and New Issues. Regionalism: Friends or Rivals?” Available at http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/ bey1_e.htm (accessed April 14, 2010). ———. 2009a. “Trade Policy Review: Chile. Open trade policy has contributed to growth and poverty reduction.” Press Release: PRESS/ TPRB/320, October 7 and 9. Available at http://www.wto.org/ english/tratop_e/tpr_e/tp320_e.htm/. ———. 2009b. Trade Policy Review, Report by the Secretariat: Chile. WT/TPR/S/220. September 2. Available at http://www.wto.org/ english/tratop_e/tpr_e/s220-00_e.doc. 18 WTO 2009a. 19 WTO 2009a. 20 WTO 2009b. 21 Bilateral and regional agreements—such as Caribbean Community (CARICOM) membership (since 2005) and treaties with large markets in the region such as Chile and Mexico, as well as its prospective treaties with important trade actors such as the European Union, China, and Singapore—are important instruments of Costa Rica’s trade policy. See http://www.comex.go.cr/ politica%20comercio/. 30 Vandenbussche, H. and M. Zanardi. 2010. “Antidumping: Much Ado about Nothing?” VoxEu.org. March 8. Available at http://www.voxeu.org/index.php?q=node/4729. ———. 2010. “Trade to Expand by 9.5% in 2010 after a Dismal 2009, WTO Reports.” Press Release/PRESS/598, March 26. Available at http://www.wto.org/english/news_e/pres10_e/pr598_e.htm. 22 Secretaría de Economía de México 2008. 23 WTO 2005. References Baldwin, R., ed. 2009. The Great Trade Collapse: Causes, Consequences and Prospects. VoxEU.org Ebook. November 2009. Available at http://www.voxeu.org/index.php?q=node/4297 Bown, C. P. 2010a. Global Anti-Dumping Database, version 6.0, March. Available at http://www.brandeis.edu/~cbown/global_ad/. ———. 2010b. “Antidumping, Safeguards and Protectionism During the Crisis: Two New Insights from 4th Quarter 2009.” VoxEU.org. February 18. Available at http://voxeu.org/index.php?q=node/4635. Eichengreen, B. and K. O’Rourke. 2010. “What Do New Data Tell Us?” VoxEU.org. March 8. Available at http://voxeu.org/index.php?q =node/3421. GTA (Global Trade Alert). 2009. The Unrelenting Pressure of Protectionism: The 3rd GTA Report. A focus on the Asia-Pacific Region, ed. S. Evenett. London: CEPR. Available at http://www.globaltradealert.org/gta-analysis/ unrelenting-pressure-protectionism-3rd-gta-report. ———. 2010. Will Stabilisation Limit Protectionism? The 4th GTA Report. A Focus on the Gulf Region, ed. S. Evenett. London: CEPR. Available at http://www.globaltradealert.org/ gta-analysis/will-stabilisation-limit-protectionism-4th-gta-report. IMF (International Monetary Fund). 2009. World Economic Outlook Database. October 2009. Available at http://www.imf.org/ external/pubs/ft/weo/2009/02/weodata/index.aspx. Lawrence, R., M. Drzeniek Hanouz, T. Geiger, and Q. He. 2009. “Enabling Trade in the Global Crisis.” The Global Enabling Trade Report 2009. Geneva: World Economic Forum. 3–35. Sala-i-Martin, X., J. Blanke, M. Drzeniek Hanouz, T. Geiger, and I.Mia. 2009. “The Global Competitiveness Index 2009–2010: Contributing to Long-Term Prosperity amid the Global Economic Crisis.” The Global Competitiveness Report 2009–2010. World Economic Forum: Geneva. 3–48. The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 1.1: Enabling Trade in the Global Crisis Part1.WEB.FINAL:Document 7 5/5/10 11:35 AM Page 31 Appendix: Composition of the Enabling Trade Index This appendix provides details about the construction of the Enabling Trade Index (ETI). The ETI is composed of four subindexes: the market access subindex; the border administration subindex; the transport and communications infrastructure subindex; and the business environment subindex. These subindexes are, in turn, composed of the nine pillars of the ETI: domestic and foreign market access, efficiency of customs administration, efficiency of import-export procedures, transparency of border administration, availability and quality of transport infrastructure, availability and quality of transport services, availability and use of ICTs, regulatory environment, and physical security. These pillars are calculated on the basis of both hard data and survey data. The survey data are mainly derived from the responses to the World Economic Forum’s Executive Opinion Survey and range from 1 to 7. In addition, survey data from the World Bank’s Logistics Performance Index (LPI) have also been included. The hard data were collected from various recognized sources, such as the World Bank, the World Trade Organization (WTO), the International Trade Centre (ITC), and the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD).The data are described in detail in the Technical Notes and Sources section at the end of this Report. All of the data used in the calculation of the ETI can be found in the Data Tables on the website of the Report (www.weforum.org/getr). The hard data indicators used in the ETI, as well as the results from the LPI survey, are normalized to a 1-to-7 scale in order to align them with the Executive Opinion Survey results.1 Each of the pillars has been calculated as an unweighted average of the individual component variables. The subindexes are then compounded as unweighted averages of the included pillars. In the case of the domestic and foreign market access pillar, which is itself composed of two subpillars (domestic market access and foreign market access), the overall pillar is the unweighted average of the two subpillars. Likewise, in the case of the availability and quality of transport infrastructure pillar, which is itself composed of two subpillars (availability of transport infrastructure and quality of transport infrastructure), the overall pillar is the unweighted average of the two subpillars. The overall ETI is then calculated as the unweighted average of the four subindexes. The variables and the composition of pillars are described below. If a variable is one of hard data, this is indicated in parentheses after the description. Subindex A: Market access Pillar 1: Domestic and foreign market access A. Domestic market access 1.01 Tariff rate (hard data) 1.02 Non-tariff measures (hard data) 1.03 Complexity of tariffs (hard data) 2 Tariff dispersion (hard data) Tariff peaks (hard data) Specific tariffs (hard data) Distinct tariffs (hard data) 1.04 Share of duty-free imports (hard data) B. Foreign market access 1.05 Tariffs faced (hard data) 1.06 Margin of preference in destination markets (hard data) Subindex B: Border administration Pillar 2: Efficiency of customs administration 2.01 Burden of customs procedures 2.02 Customs services index (hard data) Pillar 3: Efficiency 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 of import-export procedures Efficiency of the clearance process 3 Time to import (hard data) Documents to import (hard data) Cost to import (hard data) Time to export (hard data) Documents to export (hard data) Cost to export (hard data) 31 Pillar 4: Transparency of border administration 4.01 Irregular payments in exports and imports 4.02 Corruption Perceptions Index (hard data) Subindex C: Transport and communications infrastructure Pillar 5: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure A. Availability of transport infrastructure 5.01 Airport density (hard data) 5.02 Transshipment connectivity index (hard data) 5.03 Paved roads (hard data) B. Quality of transport infrastructure 5.04 Quality of air transport infrastructure 5.05 Quality of railroad infrastructure 5.06 Quality of roads 5.07 Quality of port infrastructure Pillar 6: Availability and quality of transport services 6.01 Liner Shipping Connectivity Index (hard data) 6.02 Ease and affordability of shipment 3 6.03 Logistics competence 3 6.04 Tracking and tracing ability 3 6.05 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination 3 6.06 Postal services efficiency (Cont’d.) The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 1.1: Enabling Trade in the Global Crisis Part1.WEB.FINAL:Document 7 5/5/10 11:35 AM Page 32 Appendix &&&:: Appendix: Composition (cont’d.)of the Enabling Trade Index (cont’d.) 6.07 GATS commitments in the transport sector (hard data) Pillar 7: Availability and use of ICTs 7.01 Extent of business Internet use 7.02 Mobile telephone subscriptions (hard data) 7.03 Broadband Internet subscribers (hard data) 7.04 Internet users (hard data) 7.05 Fixed telephone lines (hard data) 7.06 Government Online Service Index (hard data) Subindex D: Business environment 32 Pillar 8: Regulatory environment 8.01 Property rights 4 8.02 Ethics and corruption 4 8.03 Undue influence 4 8.04 Government efficiency 4 8.05 Domestic competition 4 8.06 Efficiency of the financial market 4 8.07 Openness to foreign participation 5 Ease of hiring foreign labor Prevalence of foreign ownership Business impact of rules on FDI Restriction on international capital flows Openness to multilateral trade rules (hard data) Pillar 9: Physical security 9.01 Reliability of police services 9.02 Business costs of crime and violence 9.03 Business costs of terrorism Notes 1 The standard formula for converting each hard data variable to the 1-to-7 scale is 6 x ( country score – sample minimum sample maximum – sample minimum ) + 1 The sample minimum and sample maximum are the lowest and highest scores of the overall sample, respectively. For those hard data variables for which a higher value indicates a worse outcome (e.g., tariff barriers, road congestion), we rely on a normalization formula that, in addition to converting the series to a 1-to-7 scale, reverses it, so that 1 and 7 still correspond to the worst and best possible outcomes, respectively: –6 x ( country score – sample minimum sample maximum – sample minimum ) + 7 In some instances, adjustments were made to account for extreme outliers in the data. 2 Complexity of tariffs is the average of the other four variables. 3 These variables are derived from the World Bank’s Logistics Performance Index Survey, which is based on a 1-to-5 scale. LPI data were normalized to a 1-to-7 scale using the above formula in order to align it with the Executive Opinion Survey results. 4 These variables are composite indicators comprising multiple variables used in the World Economic Forum's Global Competitiveness Index. For details, see the Technical Notes and Sources at the end of this Report. 5 Openness to foreign participation is the average of the other five variables. The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:38 PM Page 33 Part 2 Country/Economy Profiles The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:38 PM Page 34 The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:38 PM Page 35 How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles The Country/Economy Profiles section presents a twopage detailed profile for the economies covered by The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010. The printed version of the Report features the profiles of 23 selected countries. These are the members of the Group of Twenty (G-20) (i.e., Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Colombia, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, the Republic of Korea, Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and the United States), as well as the three countries where the World Economic Forum is holding major regional summits in 2010 (i.e., Morocco, Tanzania, and Vietnam). The Country/Economy Profiles for all the economies in this Report, including the 23 selected countries listed above, can be found online at www.weforum.org/getr. They can be consulted and downloaded free of charge. Argentina Key indicators Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP Population (millions), 2009 ...............................................40.3 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers).......................2,780.4 GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ................................................301.3 Country World ■ FDI inflows 10 Real GDP growth (percent), 2009 .....................................-2.5 Trade 100 GDP per capita (current prices, US$), 2009 ................7,508.1 80 8 GDP per capita (rank out of 124), 2009...............................52 60 6 Total exports (rank out of 120), 2007 ..................................45 40 4 Total imports (rank out of 120), 2007 ..................................47 20 2 0 Source: IMF; UNFPA; World Bank; UNCTAD; WTO 0 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 Selected trade indicators Current account balance (share of GDP), 2009 ..................4.4 Main trading partners, 2008 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions), 2008 .....70,023.0 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Services exports (US$ millions), 2008.......................11,869.7 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions), 2008 ......57,423.0 Exports Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ......................12,578.7 Brazil EU27 China United States Chile Others WTO accession year .......................................................1995 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................4 MFN tariffs, simple avg., 2008: bound; applied ......31.9; 11.6 Imports 18.9 18.8 9.1 7.9 6.7 38.6 Brazil EU27 China United States Paraguay Others 31.3 15.7 12.4 12.2 3.1 25.3 Tariff escalation (rate diff. raw to finished), 2009 ...............7.9 Exports and imports by sector, 2008 Tariff rate for agricultural products, 2008 .........................10.3 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Tariff rate for non-agricultural products, 2008 ..................10.5 ■ Agriculture Agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 .............................0.0 ■ Fuels and mining ■ Manufactures Non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ......................1.0 53.1 Exports 5.6 Imports Source: IMF; ITC; World Bank; WTO Enabling Trade Index 0 Rank (out of 125) 2010 Index..............................................................................95 12.5 10.9 30.6 82.9 20 40 60 80 100 Score (1–7 scale) 3.6 2009 Index....................................................................................................................97 3.5 Market access ...................................................................................................98 3.7 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access ............................................98 3.7 Border administration.......................................................................................85 3.5 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration............................................87 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures ........................................86 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration .........................................96 3.6 4.2 2.8 Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................61 3.8 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure......................70 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services ...............................72 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs..............................................................49 4.1 3.6 3.7 Business environment ....................................................................................109 3.5 8th pillar: Regulatory environment .................................................................120 9th pillar: Physical security................................................................................93 2.8 4.2 35 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performing economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.” Page 1 Key indicators The first section presents a selection of key indicators: • Population figures are from the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA)’s State of World Population 2009, and surface area data are from the World Bank’s World Development Indicators Online (retrieved March 24, 2010). • All GDP figures are from the International Monetary Fund (IMF)’s World Economic Outlook Online Database (October 2009 edition). • The chart on the upper right-hand side displays the evolution of trade volumes and foreign direct investment (FDI) as a percentage of GDP from 1996 through 2008 (or over the subperiod for which data are available) for the economy under review (blue line and bars). The black line represents the evolution of world trade as percentage of world GDP. Total trade is the sum of total imports and exports of merchandise and commercial services. Data are from the World Trade Organization (WTO)’s Statistical Database, Time series on merchandise and commercial services (retrieved March 23rd, 2010). GDP figures come from the IMF (ibid). The bars represent the evolution of FDI inflows as a percentage of GDP. FDI flows with a negative sign indicate reverse investment or disinvestment, as data on FDI flows are presented on a net basis (capital transactions’ credits less debits between direct investors and their foreign affiliates). FDI data are from the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)’s FDIstat database (retrieved March 29th, 2010). • Export and import rankings shown to the left of the chart are for 2007 and based on trade data obtained from the WTO (ibid). Data for 2007 are not available for Indonesia, Malawi, Mauritania, Qatar, and Zimbabwe. Selected trade indicators The second section presents selected indicators that aim to provide an overview of an economy’s trade profile, performance, and policies: • Current account balance data are from the IMF’s World Economic Outlook Online Database (October The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 2009 edition). Merchandise and commercial services trade data come from the WTO’s Statistical Database (retrieved March 29th, 2010). Argentina All 125 profiles available at www.weforum.org/getr The Enabling Trade Index 2010 in detail INDICATOR, UNITS ■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/125 SCORE BEST PERFORMER SCORE 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access 1.01 1.02 1.03 • Regional trade agreements notifications and most favored nation (MFN) bound and applied tariff rates, are provided by the International Trade Centre (ITC). For non-WTO members, we report the simple average tariff rate. Tariff escalation represents the percentage point difference between the MFN applied tariffs for finished (or fully processed) goods and the applied tariffs for raw materials (or primary products) for all goods. The data come from the World Bank’s World Trade Indicators 2009. 1.04 1.05 1.06 Tariff rate, % ........................................................................................98 .....■ .......10.5 Non-tariff measures, index 0–100 (best) .............................................85 .....■ .......62.5 Complexity of tariffs, index 1–7 (best).................................................84 .....■ .........4.7 Tariff dispersion, standard deviation ....................................................89 .....■ .......10.9 Tariff peaks, %.....................................................................................47 .....■ .........0.9 Specific tariffs, % ................................................................................92 .....■ .........7.1 Distinct tariffs, number ........................................................................90 .....■ .....705.0 Share of duty-free imports, % .............................................................68 .....■ .......57.5 Tariffs faced, %....................................................................................32 .....■ .........5.3 Margin of preference in destination markets, index 0–100 (best) ......38 .....■ .......46.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Uganda ...............................................0.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................1.0 Hong Kong SAR .............................100.0 Chile ...................................................3.7 Nepal ................................................97.5 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:38 PM Page 36 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration 2.01 2.02 Burden of customs procedures, 1–7 (best) .......................................117 .....■ .........2.8 Customs services index, 0–12 (best) ..................................................61 .....■ .........7.2 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Multiple economies.............................12 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 Efficiency of the clearance process, 1–5 (best)...................................54 .....■ .........2.6 Time to import, days............................................................................49 .....■ ..........16 Documents to import, number ............................................................50 .....■ ............7 Cost to import, US$ per container.....................................................100 .....■ .....1,810 Time to export, days ............................................................................36 .....■ ..........13 Documents to export, number ..........................................................106 .....■ ............9 Cost to export, US$ per container.......................................................92 .....■ .....1,480 Luxembourg .......................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies...............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration 4.01 4.02 Irregular payments in exports and imports, 1–7 (best)......................100 .....■ .........2.8 Corruption Perceptions Index, 0–10 (best) ..........................................85 .....■ .........2.9 New Zealand ......................................6.7 New Zealand ......................................9.4 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 Airport density, number per million population....................................31 .....■ .........1.2 Transshipment connectivity index, 0–100 (best) .................................45 .....■ .......72.5 Paved roads, % of total .......................................................................80 .....■ .......30.0 Quality of air transport infrastructure, 1–7 (best)...............................108 .....■ .........3.4 Quality of railroad infrastructure, 1–7 (best) ........................................79 .....■ .........2.0 Quality of roads, 1–7 (best) .................................................................78 .....■ .........3.2 Quality of port infrastructure, 1–7 (best) .............................................80 .....■ .........3.6 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 Liner Shipping Connectivity Index, 0–132.5 (best) ..............................37 .....■ .......26.0 Ease and affordability of shipment, 1–5 (best) ....................................42 .....■ .........3.2 Logistics competence, 1–5 (best)........................................................44 .....■ .........3.0 Tracking and tracing ability, 1–5 (best) .................................................49 .....■ .........3.2 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination, 1–5 (best) ..............41 .....■ .........3.8 Postal services efficiency, 1–7 (best) ..................................................95 .....■ .........3.8 GATS commitments in the transport sector, index 0–1 (best) ............69 .....■ .........0.0 Iceland ..............................................29.7 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies........................100.0 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8 9 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................132.5 Singapore ...........................................3.9 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Luxembourg .......................................4.6 Japan ..................................................6.8 Armenia ..............................................0.6 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 • Data on tariff rates and peaks for agricultural and non-agricultural products were provided by the International Trade Centre (ITC). Tariff peaks for agricultural products and non-agricultural products represent the share of tariff lines with a tariff peak in the agricultural sector and the industrial sector, respectively. A tariff peak is defined as an MFN rate that is more than three times the simple average tariff rate. 36 • The first of the two tables on the right-hand side lists the main destination markets of the economy’s exports expressed as a share of its total merchandise exports. The second table reports the main markets of origin of the economy’s imports expressed as a share of its total merchandise imports. Data are from the WTO's World Trade Profiles (March 2010 edition). Note that data for Chad and Montenegro (exports and imports) and Peru (imports only) are mirror data (i.e., obtained from partner countries’ trade data). Mirror data come from the ITC’s Trade Competitiveness Map (retrieved March 29th, 2010). • The bar chart on the right-hand side shows the breakdown by commodity group (Agriculture, Fuels and mining, and Manufactures) of the country’s merchandise exports and imports, respectively. Data are from the WTO's World Trade Profiles (March 2010 edition). Note that mirror data provided by the ITC was used for Chad (exports and imports) and Lesotho (imports only). According to the WTO’s International Trade Statistics, the breakdown is as follows: • Agriculture covers food products (SITC Rev. 3 sections 0, 1, 4, and division 22) and raw materials (SITC Rev. 3 divisions 21, 23, 24, 25, and 26). • Fuels and mining covers ores and other minerals, as well as fuels and non-ferrous metals. • Manufactures covers iron and steel, chemicals, other semi-manufactures, machinery and trans- Extent of business Internet use, 1–7 (best) ........................................55 .....■ .........4.6 Mobile telephone subscriptions per 100 population ...........................32 .....■ .....116.6 Broadband Internet subscribers per 100 population ...........................47 .....■ .........8.0 Internet users per 100 population .......................................................61 .....■ .......28.1 Fixed telephone lines per 100 population............................................49 .....■ .......24.4 Government Online Service Index, 0–1 (best).....................................42 .....■ .........0.4 Sweden ..............................................6.4 United Arab Emirates .....................208.6 Sweden ............................................41.2 Iceland ..............................................90.6 Switzerland.......................................64.1 Korea, Rep..........................................1.0 8th pillar: Regulatory environment 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 Property rights, 1–7 (best) .................................................................117 .....■ .........2.8 Ethics and corruption, 1–7 (best) .......................................................121 .....■ .........1.8 Undue influence, 1–7 (best)...............................................................119 .....■ .........2.2 Government efficiency, 1–7 (best).....................................................122 .....■ .........2.5 Domestic competition, 1–7 (best) .....................................................121 .....■ .........3.2 Efficiency of the financial market, 1–7 (best) ....................................114 .....■ .........2.8 Openness to foreign participation, index 1–7 (best)..........................103 .....■ .........4.2 Ease of hiring foreign labor, 1–7 (best) ................................................51 .....■ .........4.5 Prevalence of foreign ownership, 1–7 (best).......................................56 .....■ .........5.2 Business impact of rules on FDI, 1–7 (best) .....................................120 .....■ .........3.4 Restriction on international capital flows, 1–7 (best).........................120 .....■ .........3.0 Openness to multilateral trade rules, index 0–100 (best)....................48 .....■ .......66.5 Switzerland.........................................6.4 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Sweden ..............................................6.2 Singapore ...........................................6.0 Singapore ...........................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.2 United Arab Emirates .........................6.2 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.5 Slovenia ............................................93.1 9th pillar: Physical security 9.01 9.02 9.03 Reliability of police services, 1–7 (best).............................................113 .....■ .........2.8 Business costs of crime and violence, 1–7 (best) .............................101 .....■ .........3.7 Business costs of terrorism, 1–7 (best)...............................................38 .....■ .........6.2 Finland ................................................6.6 Qatar ..................................................6.7 Austria ................................................6.8 port equipment, textiles, clothing, and other consumer goods. Note that the sum of shares does not necessarily add up to 100 because the world total merchandise trade includes other commodities and transactions that are not part of the three main commodity groups described above. These commodities are gold, arms and ammunition, and commodities and transactions not classified elsewhere (SITC Rev. 3, section 9). Enabling Trade Index The bottom section of the left-hand side summarizes the economy’s performance on the main components of the Enabling Trade Index (ETI) 2010, as well as on the ETI 2009 overall ranking. Page 2 The Enabling Trade Index 2010 in detail This page presents the performance (rank and score) achieved by the economy on each individual indicator entering the composition of the Enabling Trade Index (ETI). Indicators are organized by pillar. Please refer to the Appendix of Chapter 1.1 for the detailed structure and information about the computation of the ETI. Units or index ranges are indicated next to the indicator’s name. Please refer to the Technical Notes and Sources for a detailed description and sources for all The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum indicators. The detailed rankings by indicator, the Data Tables, are available online at www.weforum.org/getr. Next to the rank, a colored square indicates whether the indicator constitutes an advantage (the blue square) or a disadvantage (gray square) for the country. In order to identify variables as an advantage or disadvantage, the following rules apply: • For the top 10 economies in the overall ETI, any variables on which the economy is ranked 10th or higher are considered to be competitive advantages. Any variables ranked below 10 are considered to be competitive disadvantages. • Time to export. It takes 5 days on average to export goods in Denmark, Estonia, and Singapore. • Paved roads. A total of 18 economies have 100 percent of their road network paved: Austria, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Hong Kong SAR, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Latvia, Luxembourg, Mauritius, Singapore, Slovenia, Switzerland, United Arab Emirates, and the United Kingdom. How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:38 PM Page 37 • For those economies ranked from 11th to 50th on the overall ETI, any variables with a higher rank than the economy’s overall rank are considered to be competitive advantages. Any variables ranked equal to, or lower than, the economy’s overall rank are competitive disadvantages. • For economies with an overall rank on the ETI lower than 50, any variables for which the economy ranks 50th or higher are considered to be competitive advantages. Any variables ranked below 50 are considered competitive disadvantages. 37 For the sake of comparison, we report in the two right-most columns the score and name of the best-performing economy for each indicator. Multiple economies denotes a tie among several economies for the best score on a specific indicator. For these indicators, we provide below the list of best performing economies. • Tariff peaks. A total of 24 economies have no tariff peaks: Albania, Algeria, Bangladesh, Benin, Bolivia, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Chad, Côte d’Ivoire, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Hong Kong SAR, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Paraguay, Senegal, Tunisia, and Zambia. • Specific tariffs. A total of 44 economies have no specific tariffs: Albania, Algeria, Benin, Bolivia, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Chad, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Côte d’Ivoire, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Gambia, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Hong Kong SAR, Jamaica, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Senegal, Syria, Tunisia, Uruguay, Venezuela, Vietnam, and Zambia. • Customs services index. Two economies obtain the maximum score of 12 on this index: Singapore and the United Kingdom. The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:38 PM Page 38 The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum List of Countries/Economies Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:38 PM Page 39 List of Countries/Economies Country/Economy Page Country/Economy Page Country/Economy Page Albania 40 Ghana 124 Nigeria 208 Algeria 42 Greece 126 Norway 210 Argentina* 44 Guatemala 128 Oman 212 Armenia 46 Guyana 130 Pakistan 214 Australia* 48 Honduras 132 Panama 216 Austria 50 Hong Kong SAR 134 Paraguay 218 Azerbaijan 52 Hungary 136 Peru 220 Bahrain 54 Iceland 138 Philippines 222 Bangladesh 56 India* 140 Poland 224 Belgium 58 Indonesia* 142 Portugal 226 Benin 60 Ireland 144 Qatar 228 Bolivia 62 Israel 146 Romania 230 Bosnia and Herzegovina 64 Italy* 148 Russian Federation* 232 Botswana 66 Jamaica 150 Saudi Arabia* 234 Brazil* 68 Japan* 152 Senegal 236 Bulgaria 70 Jordan 154 Serbia 238 Burkina Faso 72 Kazakhstan 156 Singapore 240 Burundi 74 Kenya 158 Slovak Republic 242 Cambodia 76 Korea, Rep.* 160 Slovenia 244 Cameroon 78 Kuwait 162 South Africa* 246 Canada* 80 Kyrgyz Republic 164 Spain 248 Chad 82 Latvia 166 Sri Lanka 250 Chile 84 Lesotho 168 Sweden 252 China* 86 Lithuania 170 Switzerland 254 Colombia* 88 Luxembourg 172 Syria 256 Costa Rica 90 Macedonia, FYR 174 Taiwan, China 258 Côte d’Ivoire 92 Madagascar 176 Tajikistan 260 Croatia 94 Malawi 178 Tanzania* 262 Cyprus 96 Malaysia 180 Thailand 264 98 Czech Republic Mali 182 Tunisia 266 Denmark 100 Mauritania 184 Turkey* 268 Dominican Republic 102 Mauritius 186 Uganda 270 Ecuador 104 Mexico* 188 Ukraine 272 Egypt 106 Mongolia 190 United Arab Emirates 274 El Salvador 108 Montenegro 192 United Kingdom* 276 Estonia 110 Morocco* 194 United States* 278 Ethiopia 112 Mozambique 196 Uruguay 280 Finland 114 Namibia 198 Venezuela 282 France* 116 Nepal 200 Vietnam* 284 Gambia, The 118 Netherlands 202 Zambia 286 Georgia 120 New Zealand 204 Zimbabwe 288 Germany* 122 Nicaragua 206 * Economies with an asterisk are included in the print version of this Report. The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 39 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:38 PM Page 40 Albania Key indicators Population (millions), 2009 .................................................3.2 Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)............................28.8 GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ..................................................11.7 Real GDP growth (percent), 2009 ......................................0.7 GDP per capita (current prices, US$), 2009 ................3,680.5 GDP per capita (rank out of 124), 2009...............................77 Total exports (rank out of 120), 2007 ................................100 Total imports (rank out of 120), 2007 ..................................94 Source: IMF; UNFPA; World Bank; UNCTAD; WTO Country World Trade 100 80 ■ FDI inflows 410 80 60 8 3 60 40 40 6 2 4 2020 12 00 0 1996 1996 1998 1998 2000 2000 2002 2002 2004 2004 2006 2006 2008 2008 Selected trade indicators Current account balance (share of GDP), 2009 ..............–11.5 Main trading partners, 2008 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions), 2008 .......1,354.8 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Services exports (US$ millions), 2008.........................2,419.2 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions), 2008 ........5,250.6 Exports Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ........................2,361.0 EU27 Serbia Macedonia, FYR China Montenegro Others WTO accession year .......................................................2000 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................3 40 MFN tariffs, simple avg., 2008: bound; applied ..........7.0; 5.2 Imports 79.7 8.3 2.9 2.8 2.1 4.3 EU27 China Turkey Serbia Russian Federation Others 60.7 7.4 6.0 4.7 4.4 16.8 Tariff escalation (rate diff. raw to finished), 2008 ...............1.9 Exports and imports by sector, 2008 Tariff rate for agricultural products, 2008 ...........................6.8 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Tariff rate for non-agricultural products, 2008 ....................3.2 ■ ■ Agriculture Agriculture Agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 .............................0.0 ■ ■ Fuels Fuels and and mining mining ■ ■ Manufactures Manufactures Non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ......................0.0 Exports Exports 7.3 7.7 7.3 Imports Imports Source: IMF; ITC; World Bank; WTO Enabling Trade Index 17.9 17.3 17.9 0 00 Rank (out of 125) 19.5 22.1 19.5 71.7 71.770.1 16.9 18.6 16.9 65.1 65.163.6 20 40 2020 60 4040 80 6060 100 8080 100 100 Score (1–7 scale) 2010 Index..............................................................................59 4.1 2009 Index....................................................................................................................63 3.8 Market access ...................................................................................................21 5.0 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access ............................................21 5.0 Border administration.......................................................................................59 4.1 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration............................................49 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures ........................................62 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration .........................................73 4.4 4.7 3.3 Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................87 3.2 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure....................100 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services ...............................69 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs..............................................................77 3.2 3.6 2.9 Business environment ......................................................................................73 4.2 8th pillar: Regulatory environment ...................................................................85 9th pillar: Physical security................................................................................59 3.5 4.9 1 2 3 4 5 6 Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performing economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.” The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 7 Albania The Enabling Trade Index 2010 in detail INDICATOR, UNITS ■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/125 SCORE BEST PERFORMER SCORE 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 Tariff rate, % ........................................................................................42 .....■ .........3.4 Non-tariff measures, index 0–100 (best) .............................................14 .....■ .........5.0 Complexity of tariffs, index 1–7 (best)...................................................6 .....■ .........6.8 Tariff dispersion, standard deviation ....................................................10 .....■ .........5.6 Tariff peaks, %.......................................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Specific tariffs, % ..................................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Distinct tariffs, number ........................................................................21 .....■ .........6.0 Share of duty-free imports, % .............................................................31 .....■ .......69.1 Tariffs faced, %..................................................................................113 .....■ .........5.9 Margin of preference in destination markets, index 0–100 (best) ......53 .....■ .......34.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Uganda ...............................................0.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR .............................100.0 Chile ...................................................3.7 Nepal ................................................97.5 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:38 PM Page 41 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration 2.01 2.02 Burden of customs procedures, 1–7 (best) .........................................88 .....■ .........3.6 Customs services index, 0–12 (best) ..................................................36 .....■ .........8.7 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Multiple economies.............................12 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 Efficiency of the clearance process, 1–5 (best).................................112 .....■ .........2.1 Time to import, days............................................................................58 .....■ ..........18 Documents to import, number ............................................................91 .....■ ............9 Cost to import, US$ per container.......................................................13 .....■ ........710 Time to export, days ............................................................................66 .....■ ..........19 Documents to export, number ............................................................73 .....■ ............7 Cost to export, US$ per container.......................................................18 .....■ ........725 Luxembourg .......................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies...............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration 4.01 4.02 Irregular payments in exports and imports, 1–7 (best)........................70 .....■ .........3.6 Corruption Perceptions Index, 0–10 (best) ..........................................77 .....■ .........3.2 New Zealand ......................................6.7 New Zealand ......................................9.4 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 Airport density, number per million population....................................91 .....■ .........0.3 Transshipment connectivity index, 0–100 (best) .................................96 .....■ .......53.0 Paved roads, % of total .......................................................................71 .....■ .......39.0 Quality of air transport infrastructure, 1–7 (best).................................58 .....■ .........4.8 Quality of railroad infrastructure, 1–7 (best) ......................................110 .....■ .........1.4 Quality of roads, 1–7 (best) .................................................................92 .....■ .........2.8 Quality of port infrastructure, 1–7 (best) .............................................98 .....■ .........3.2 Iceland ..............................................29.7 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies........................100.0 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 Liner Shipping Connectivity Index, 0–132.5 (best) ..............................95 .....■ .........2.3 Ease and affordability of shipment, 1–5 (best) ....................................95 .....■ .........2.6 Logistics competence, 1–5 (best)........................................................95 .....■ .........2.4 Tracking and tracing ability, 1–5 (best) ...............................................106 .....■ .........2.4 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination, 1–5 (best) ............100 .....■ .........3.0 Postal services efficiency, 1–7 (best) ..................................................76 .....■ .........4.4 GATS commitments in the transport sector, index 0–1 (best) ..............6 .....■ .........0.5 China ..............................................132.5 Singapore ...........................................3.9 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Luxembourg .......................................4.6 Japan ..................................................6.8 Armenia ..............................................0.6 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 Extent of business Internet use, 1–7 (best) ......................................113 .....■ .........3.6 Mobile telephone subscriptions per 100 population ...........................52 .....■ .......99.9 Broadband Internet subscribers per 100 population ...........................72 .....■ .........2.0 Internet users per 100 population .......................................................71 .....■ .......23.9 Fixed telephone lines per 100 population............................................80 .....■ .......10.9 Government Online Service Index, 0–1 (best).....................................70 .....■ .........0.3 Sweden ..............................................6.4 United Arab Emirates .....................208.6 Sweden ............................................41.2 Iceland ..............................................90.6 Switzerland.......................................64.1 Korea, Rep..........................................1.0 8th pillar: Regulatory environment 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 Property rights, 1–7 (best) .................................................................110 .....■ .........3.0 Ethics and corruption, 1–7 (best) .........................................................63 .....■ .........3.1 Undue influence, 1–7 (best).................................................................90 .....■ .........2.9 Government efficiency, 1–7 (best).......................................................62 .....■ .........3.6 Domestic competition, 1–7 (best) .......................................................90 .....■ .........4.0 Efficiency of the financial market, 1–7 (best) ......................................93 .....■ .........3.3 Openness to foreign participation, index 1–7 (best)............................61 .....■ .........4.7 Ease of hiring foreign labor, 1–7 (best) ..................................................3 .....■ .........5.7 Prevalence of foreign ownership, 1–7 (best).......................................92 .....■ .........4.4 Business impact of rules on FDI, 1–7 (best) .......................................89 .....■ .........4.5 Restriction on international capital flows, 1–7 (best)...........................77 .....■ .........4.2 Openness to multilateral trade rules, index 0–100 (best)....................56 .....■ .......63.4 Switzerland.........................................6.4 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Sweden ..............................................6.2 Singapore ...........................................6.0 Singapore ...........................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.2 United Arab Emirates .........................6.2 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.5 Slovenia ............................................93.1 9th pillar: Physical security 9.01 9.02 9.03 Reliability of police services, 1–7 (best)...............................................70 .....■ .........4.0 Business costs of crime and violence, 1–7 (best) ...............................60 .....■ .........4.9 Business costs of terrorism, 1–7 (best)...............................................53 .....■ .........5.9 Finland ................................................6.6 Qatar ..................................................6.7 Austria ................................................6.8 The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 41 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:38 PM Page 42 Algeria Key indicators Population (millions), 2009 ...............................................34.9 Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP Surface area (1,000 square kilometers).......................2,381.7 GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ................................................134.8 Real GDP growth (percent), 2009 ......................................2.1 GDP per capita (current prices, US$), 2009 ................3,816.2 GDP per capita (rank out of 124), 2009...............................73 Total exports (rank out of 120), 2007 ..................................48 Total imports (rank out of 120), 2007 ..................................58 Source: IMF; UNFPA; World Bank; UNCTAD; WTO Country World Trade 100 80 ■ FDI inflows 42.5 80 60 2.0 3 60 40 40 1.5 2 1.0 2020 10.5 00 00.0 1996 1996 1998 1998 2000 2000 2002 2002 2004 2004 2006 2006 2008 2008 Selected trade indicators Current account balance (share of GDP), 2009 ..................2.7 Main trading partners, 2008 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions), 2008 .....79,298.0 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Services exports (US$ millions), 2008.........................3,101.4 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions), 2008 ......39,479.0 Exports Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ........................7,193.5 EU27 United States Canada Turkey Brazil Others WTO accession year.................................................Observer Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................2 42 MFN tariffs, simple avg., 2008: bound; applied ........ —; 18.6 Imports 43.6 30.1 7.8 3.4 3.0 12.2 EU27 China United States Japan Argentina Others 51.9 8.6 7.7 3.9 3.3 24.5 Tariff escalation (rate diff. raw to finished), 2009 ...............3.1 Exports and imports by sector, 2008 Tariff rate for agricultural products, 2008 .........................13.9 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Tariff rate for non-agricultural products, 2008 ..................13.4 Agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 .............................0.0 0.2 ■ ■ Agriculture Agriculture ■ ■ Fuels Fuels and and mining mining ■ ■ Manufactures Manufactures 1.0 Non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ......................0.0 Exports Exports 7.3 7.3 19.5 19.5 71.7 71.7 98.8 3.0% Imports Imports Source: IMF; ITC; World Bank; WTO Enabling Trade Index 17.9 17.9 23.0 0 00 Rank (out of 125) 16.9 16.9 65.1 65.1 74.0 20 40 2020 60 4040 80 6060 100 8080 100 100 Score (1–7 scale) 2010 Index............................................................................119 3.1 2009 Index..................................................................................................................112 3.2 Market access .................................................................................................124 2.7 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access ..........................................124 2.7 Border administration.......................................................................................99 3.2 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration..........................................105 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures ........................................90 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration .......................................101 2.9 4.1 2.7 Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................93 3.1 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure......................65 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services .............................110 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs..............................................................94 4.1 3.0 2.3 Business environment ....................................................................................110 3.5 8th pillar: Regulatory environment .................................................................114 9th pillar: Physical security..............................................................................101 3.0 3.9 1 2 3 4 5 6 Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performing economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.” The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 7 Algeria The Enabling Trade Index 2010 in detail INDICATOR, UNITS ■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/125 SCORE BEST PERFORMER SCORE 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 Tariff rate, % ......................................................................................116 .....■ .......13.5 Non-tariff measures, index 0–100 (best) .............................................87 .....■ .......75.5 Complexity of tariffs, index 1–7 (best).................................................29 .....■ .........6.6 Tariff dispersion, standard deviation ....................................................81 .....■ .......10.1 Tariff peaks, %.......................................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Specific tariffs, % ..................................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Distinct tariffs, number ..........................................................................4 .....■ ............4 Share of duty-free imports, % ...........................................................106 .....■ .......20.7 Tariffs faced, %..................................................................................120 .....■ .........6.1 Margin of preference in destination markets, index 0–100 (best) ......75 .....■ .......20.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Uganda ...............................................0.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR .............................100.0 Chile ...................................................3.7 Nepal ................................................97.5 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:38 PM Page 43 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration 2.01 2.02 Burden of customs procedures, 1–7 (best) .......................................121 .....■ .........2.7 Customs services index, 0–12 (best) ..................................................86 .....■ .........5.0 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Multiple economies.............................12 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 Efficiency of the clearance process, 1–5 (best).................................119 .....■ .........2.0 Time to import, days............................................................................77 .....■ ..........23 Documents to import, number ............................................................91 .....■ ............9 Cost to import, US$ per container.......................................................79 .....■ .....1,428 Time to export, days ............................................................................55 .....■ ..........17 Documents to export, number ............................................................91 .....■ ............8 Cost to export, US$ per container.......................................................74 .....■ .....1,248 Luxembourg .......................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies...............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration 4.01 4.02 Irregular payments in exports and imports, 1–7 (best)......................102 .....■ .........2.8 Corruption Perceptions Index, 0–10 (best) ..........................................88 .....■ .........2.8 New Zealand ......................................6.7 New Zealand ......................................9.4 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 Airport density, number per million population....................................50 .....■ .........0.8 Transshipment connectivity index, 0–100 (best) .................................63 .....■ .......67.3 Paved roads, % of total .......................................................................46 .....■ .......70.2 Quality of air transport infrastructure, 1–7 (best)...............................113 .....■ .........3.3 Quality of railroad infrastructure, 1–7 (best) ........................................65 .....■ .........2.4 Quality of roads, 1–7 (best) .................................................................77 .....■ .........3.2 Quality of port infrastructure, 1–7 (best) ...........................................111 .....■ .........2.9 Iceland ..............................................29.7 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies........................100.0 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 Liner Shipping Connectivity Index, 0–132.5 (best) ..............................77 .....■ .........8.4 Ease and affordability of shipment, 1–5 (best) ....................................91 .....■ .........2.7 Logistics competence, 1–5 (best)......................................................112 .....■ .........2.2 Tracking and tracing ability, 1–5 (best) ...............................................115 .....■ .........2.3 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination, 1–5 (best) ............113 .....■ .........2.8 Postal services efficiency, 1–7 (best) ................................................109 .....■ .........3.3 GATS commitments in the transport sector, index 0–1 (best) ...........n/a ..................n/a China ..............................................132.5 Singapore ...........................................3.9 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Luxembourg .......................................4.6 Japan ..................................................6.8 Armenia ..............................................0.6 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 Extent of business Internet use, 1–7 (best) ......................................125 .....■ .........2.5 Mobile telephone subscriptions per 100 population ...........................61 .....■ .......92.7 Broadband Internet subscribers per 100 population ...........................76 .....■ .........1.4 Internet users per 100 population .......................................................86 .....■ .......11.9 Fixed telephone lines per 100 population............................................86 .....■ .........9.6 Government Online Service Index, 0–1 (best)...................................114 .....■ .........0.1 Sweden ..............................................6.4 United Arab Emirates .....................208.6 Sweden ............................................41.2 Iceland ..............................................90.6 Switzerland.......................................64.1 Korea, Rep..........................................1.0 8th pillar: Regulatory environment 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 Property rights, 1–7 (best) .................................................................113 .....■ .........3.0 Ethics and corruption, 1–7 (best) .........................................................76 .....■ .........2.8 Undue influence, 1–7 (best).................................................................99 .....■ .........2.8 Government efficiency, 1–7 (best).....................................................101 .....■ .........3.0 Domestic competition, 1–7 (best) .....................................................115 .....■ .........3.6 Efficiency of the financial market, 1–7 (best) ....................................121 .....■ .........2.6 Openness to foreign participation, index 1–7 (best)..........................120 .....■ .........3.4 Ease of hiring foreign labor, 1–7 (best) ..............................................113 .....■ .........3.5 Prevalence of foreign ownership, 1–7 (best).....................................125 .....■ .........3.1 Business impact of rules on FDI, 1–7 (best) .....................................118 .....■ .........3.5 Restriction on international capital flows, 1–7 (best).........................123 .....■ .........2.4 Openness to multilateral trade rules, index 0–100 (best)....................68 .....■ .......59.4 Switzerland.........................................6.4 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Sweden ..............................................6.2 Singapore ...........................................6.0 Singapore ...........................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.2 United Arab Emirates .........................6.2 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.5 Slovenia ............................................93.1 9th pillar: Physical security 9.01 9.02 9.03 Reliability of police services, 1–7 (best)...............................................84 .....■ .........3.6 Business costs of crime and violence, 1–7 (best) ...............................88 .....■ .........4.3 Business costs of terrorism, 1–7 (best).............................................120 .....■ .........3.8 Finland ................................................6.6 Qatar ..................................................6.7 Austria ................................................6.8 The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 43 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:38 PM Page 44 Argentina Key indicators Population (millions), 2009 ...............................................40.3 Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP Surface area (1,000 square kilometers).......................2,780.4 GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ................................................301.3 Real GDP growth (percent), 2009 .....................................-2.5 GDP per capita (current prices, US$), 2009 ................7,508.1 GDP per capita (rank out of 124), 2009...............................52 Total exports (rank out of 120), 2007 ..................................45 Total imports (rank out of 120), 2007 ..................................47 Source: IMF; UNFPA; World Bank; UNCTAD; WTO Country World Trade 100 80 ■ FDI inflows 410 80 60 8 3 60 40 40 6 2 4 2020 12 00 0 1996 1996 1998 1998 2000 2000 2002 2002 2004 2004 2006 2006 2008 2008 Selected trade indicators Current account balance (share of GDP), 2009 ..................4.4 Main trading partners, 2008 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions), 2008 .....70,023.0 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Services exports (US$ millions), 2008.......................11,869.7 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions), 2008 ......57,423.0 Exports Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ......................12,578.7 Brazil EU27 China United States Chile Others WTO accession year .......................................................1995 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................4 44 MFN tariffs, simple avg., 2008: bound; applied ......31.9; 11.6 Imports 18.9 18.8 9.1 7.9 6.7 38.6 Brazil EU27 China United States Paraguay Others 31.3 15.7 12.4 12.2 3.1 25.3 Tariff escalation (rate diff. raw to finished), 2009 ...............7.9 Exports and imports by sector, 2008 Tariff rate for agricultural products, 2008 .........................10.3 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Tariff rate for non-agricultural products, 2008 ..................10.5 ■ ■ Agriculture Agriculture Agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 .............................0.0 ■ ■ Fuels Fuels and and mining mining ■ ■ Manufactures Manufactures Non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ......................1.0 Exports Exports 7.3 7.3 Imports Imports Source: IMF; ITC; World Bank; WTO Enabling Trade Index 5.6 17.9 10.9 17.9 0 00 Rank (out of 125) 19.5 19.5 53.1 12.571.7 71.7 16.9 16.9 65.1 65.1 82.9 2020 20 4040 40 30.6 6060 60 8080 80 100 100 100 Score (1–7 scale) 2010 Index..............................................................................95 3.6 2009 Index....................................................................................................................97 3.5 Market access ...................................................................................................98 3.7 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access ............................................98 3.7 Border administration.......................................................................................85 3.5 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration............................................87 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures ........................................86 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration .........................................96 3.6 4.2 2.8 Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................61 3.8 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure......................70 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services ...............................72 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs..............................................................49 4.1 3.6 3.7 Business environment ....................................................................................109 3.5 8th pillar: Regulatory environment .................................................................120 9th pillar: Physical security................................................................................93 2.8 4.2 1 2 3 4 5 6 Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performing economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.” The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 7 Argentina The Enabling Trade Index 2010 in detail INDICATOR, UNITS ■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/125 SCORE BEST PERFORMER SCORE 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 Tariff rate, % ........................................................................................98 .....■ .......10.5 Non-tariff measures, index 0–100 (best) .............................................85 .....■ .......62.5 Complexity of tariffs, index 1–7 (best).................................................84 .....■ .........4.7 Tariff dispersion, standard deviation ....................................................89 .....■ .......10.9 Tariff peaks, %.....................................................................................47 .....■ .........0.9 Specific tariffs, % ................................................................................92 .....■ .........7.1 Distinct tariffs, number ........................................................................90 .....■ ........705 Share of duty-free imports, % .............................................................68 .....■ .......57.5 Tariffs faced, %....................................................................................32 .....■ .........5.3 Margin of preference in destination markets, index 0–100 (best) ......38 .....■ .......46.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Uganda ...............................................0.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR .............................100.0 Chile ...................................................3.7 Nepal ................................................97.5 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:38 PM Page 45 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration 2.01 2.02 Burden of customs procedures, 1–7 (best) .......................................117 .....■ .........2.8 Customs services index, 0–12 (best) ..................................................61 .....■ .........7.2 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Multiple economies.............................12 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 Efficiency of the clearance process, 1–5 (best)...................................54 .....■ .........2.6 Time to import, days............................................................................49 .....■ ..........16 Documents to import, number ............................................................50 .....■ ............7 Cost to import, US$ per container.....................................................100 .....■ .....1,810 Time to export, days ............................................................................36 .....■ ..........13 Documents to export, number ..........................................................106 .....■ ............9 Cost to export, US$ per container.......................................................92 .....■ .....1,480 Luxembourg .......................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies...............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration 4.01 4.02 Irregular payments in exports and imports, 1–7 (best)......................100 .....■ .........2.8 Corruption Perceptions Index, 0–10 (best) ..........................................85 .....■ .........2.9 New Zealand ......................................6.7 New Zealand ......................................9.4 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 Airport density, number per million population....................................31 .....■ .........1.2 Transshipment connectivity index, 0–100 (best) .................................45 .....■ .......72.5 Paved roads, % of total .......................................................................80 .....■ .......30.0 Quality of air transport infrastructure, 1–7 (best)...............................108 .....■ .........3.4 Quality of railroad infrastructure, 1–7 (best) ........................................79 .....■ .........2.0 Quality of roads, 1–7 (best) .................................................................78 .....■ .........3.2 Quality of port infrastructure, 1–7 (best) .............................................80 .....■ .........3.6 Iceland ..............................................29.7 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies........................100.0 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 Liner Shipping Connectivity Index, 0–132.5 (best) ..............................37 .....■ .......26.0 Ease and affordability of shipment, 1–5 (best) ....................................42 .....■ .........3.2 Logistics competence, 1–5 (best)........................................................44 .....■ .........3.0 Tracking and tracing ability, 1–5 (best) .................................................49 .....■ .........3.2 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination, 1–5 (best) ..............41 .....■ .........3.8 Postal services efficiency, 1–7 (best) ..................................................95 .....■ .........3.8 GATS commitments in the transport sector, index 0–1 (best) ............69 .....■ .........0.0 China ..............................................132.5 Singapore ...........................................3.9 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Luxembourg .......................................4.6 Japan ..................................................6.8 Armenia ..............................................0.6 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 Extent of business Internet use, 1–7 (best) ........................................55 .....■ .........4.6 Mobile telephone subscriptions per 100 population ...........................32 .....■ .....116.6 Broadband Internet subscribers per 100 population ...........................47 .....■ .........8.0 Internet users per 100 population .......................................................61 .....■ .......28.1 Fixed telephone lines per 100 population............................................49 .....■ .......24.4 Government Online Service Index, 0–1 (best).....................................42 .....■ .........0.4 Sweden ..............................................6.4 United Arab Emirates .....................208.6 Sweden ............................................41.2 Iceland ..............................................90.6 Switzerland.......................................64.1 Korea, Rep..........................................1.0 8th pillar: Regulatory environment 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 Property rights, 1–7 (best) .................................................................117 .....■ .........2.8 Ethics and corruption, 1–7 (best) .......................................................121 .....■ .........1.8 Undue influence, 1–7 (best)...............................................................119 .....■ .........2.2 Government efficiency, 1–7 (best).....................................................122 .....■ .........2.5 Domestic competition, 1–7 (best) .....................................................121 .....■ .........3.2 Efficiency of the financial market, 1–7 (best) ....................................114 .....■ .........2.8 Openness to foreign participation, index 1–7 (best)..........................103 .....■ .........4.2 Ease of hiring foreign labor, 1–7 (best) ................................................51 .....■ .........4.5 Prevalence of foreign ownership, 1–7 (best).......................................56 .....■ .........5.2 Business impact of rules on FDI, 1–7 (best) .....................................120 .....■ .........3.4 Restriction on international capital flows, 1–7 (best).........................120 .....■ .........3.0 Openness to multilateral trade rules, index 0–100 (best)....................48 .....■ .......66.5 Switzerland.........................................6.4 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Sweden ..............................................6.2 Singapore ...........................................6.0 Singapore ...........................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.2 United Arab Emirates .........................6.2 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.5 Slovenia ............................................93.1 9th pillar: Physical security 9.01 9.02 9.03 Reliability of police services, 1–7 (best).............................................113 .....■ .........2.8 Business costs of crime and violence, 1–7 (best) .............................101 .....■ .........3.7 Business costs of terrorism, 1–7 (best)...............................................38 .....■ .........6.2 Finland ................................................6.6 Qatar ..................................................6.7 Austria ................................................6.8 The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 45 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:38 PM Page 46 Armenia Key indicators Population (millions), 2009 .................................................3.1 Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)............................29.8 GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ....................................................8.7 Real GDP growth (percent), 2009 ...................................-15.6 GDP per capita (current prices, US$), 2009 ................2,658.1 GDP per capita (rank out of 124), 2009...............................81 Total exports (rank out of 120), 2007 ................................111 Total imports (rank out of 120), 2007 ................................104 Source: IMF; UNFPA; World Bank; UNCTAD; WTO Country World Trade 100 80 ■ FDI inflows 412 80 60 3 8 60 40 40 2 4 1 2020 00 0 1996 1996 1998 1998 2000 2000 2002 2002 2004 2004 2006 2006 2008 2008 Selected trade indicators Current account balance (share of GDP), 2009 ...............-13.7 Main trading partners, 2008 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions), 2008 .......1,069.1 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Services exports (US$ millions), 2008............................635.5 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions), 2008 ........4,411.7 Exports Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ...........................951.5 EU27 Russian Federation Georgia United States Iran Others WTO accession year .......................................................2003 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................8 46 MFN tariffs, simple avg., 2008: bound; applied ..........8.5; 2.9 Imports 54.6 20.3 7.3 4.9 2.3 10.6 EU27 Russian Federation China Ukraine Turkey Others 29.7 20.4 9.2 7.6 6.5 26.7 Tariff escalation (rate diff. raw to finished), 2008 ...............0.2 Exports and imports by sector, 2008 Tariff rate for agricultural products, 2008 ...........................8.4 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Tariff rate for non-agricultural products, 2008 ....................1.8 ■ ■ Agriculture Agriculture Agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...........................66.5 ■ ■ Fuels Fuels and and mining mining ■ ■ Manufactures Manufactures Non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ....................21.6 Exports Exports 7.3 7.3 20.4 Imports Imports 17.9 18.2 17.9 Source: IMF; ITC; World Bank; WTO Enabling Trade Index 0 00 Rank (out of 125) 19.5 19.5 71.7 71.7 52.5 25.3 16.9 16.8 16.9 54.565.1 65.1 20 40 2020 60 4040 80 6060 100 8080 100 100 Score (1–7 scale) 2010 Index..............................................................................52 4.2 2009 Index....................................................................................................................64 3.8 Market access .....................................................................................................9 5.3 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access ..............................................9 5.3 Border administration.......................................................................................84 3.5 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration............................................76 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures ........................................89 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration .......................................109 3.9 4.1 2.6 Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................60 3.8 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure......................55 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services ...............................36 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs..............................................................85 4.4 4.3 2.7 Business environment ......................................................................................65 4.3 8th pillar: Regulatory environment ...................................................................96 9th pillar: Physical security................................................................................46 3.4 5.2 1 2 3 4 5 6 Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performing economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.” The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 7 Armenia The Enabling Trade Index 2010 in detail INDICATOR, UNITS ■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/125 SCORE BEST PERFORMER SCORE 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 Tariff rate, % ........................................................................................33 .....■ .........2.2 Non-tariff measures, index 0–100 (best) ............................................n/a ..................n/a Complexity of tariffs, index 1–7 (best).................................................72 .....■ .........5.1 Tariff dispersion, standard deviation ....................................................73 .....■ .........9.2 Tariff peaks, %...................................................................................125 .....■ .......27.0 Specific tariffs, % ................................................................................64 .....■ .........0.5 Distinct tariffs, number ........................................................................58 .....■ ..........32 Share of duty-free imports, % .............................................................28 .....■ .......72.5 Tariffs faced, %....................................................................................45 .....■ .........5.4 Margin of preference in destination markets, index 0–100 (best) ........5 .....■ .......81.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Uganda ...............................................0.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR .............................100.0 Chile ...................................................3.7 Nepal ................................................97.5 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:38 PM Page 47 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration 2.01 2.02 Burden of customs procedures, 1–7 (best) .......................................123 .....■ .........2.7 Customs services index, 0–12 (best) ..................................................39 .....■ .........8.5 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Multiple economies.............................12 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 Efficiency of the clearance process, 1–5 (best).................................109 .....■ .........2.1 Time to import, days............................................................................64 .....■ ..........20 Documents to import, number ............................................................50 .....■ ............7 Cost to import, US$ per container.....................................................107 .....■ .....2,096 Time to export, days ............................................................................55 .....■ ..........17 Documents to export, number ............................................................28 .....■ ............5 Cost to export, US$ per container.....................................................104 .....■ .....1,731 Luxembourg .......................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies...............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration 4.01 4.02 Irregular payments in exports and imports, 1–7 (best)......................116 .....■ .........2.6 Corruption Perceptions Index, 0–10 (best) ..........................................92 .....■ .........2.7 New Zealand ......................................6.7 New Zealand ......................................9.4 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 Airport density, number per million population....................................59 .....■ .........0.7 Transshipment connectivity index, 0–100 (best).................................n/a ..................n/a Paved roads, % of total .......................................................................30 .....■ .......89.0 Quality of air transport infrastructure, 1–7 (best).................................69 .....■ .........4.5 Quality of railroad infrastructure, 1–7 (best) ........................................86 .....■ .........1.9 Quality of roads, 1–7 (best) .................................................................68 .....■ .........3.6 Quality of port infrastructure, 1–7 (best) ...........................................110 .....■ .........2.9 Iceland ..............................................29.7 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies........................100.0 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 Liner Shipping Connectivity Index, 0–132.5 (best) .............................n/a ..................n/a Ease and affordability of shipment, 1–5 (best) ..................................111 .....■ .........2.4 Logistics competence, 1–5 (best)........................................................69 .....■ .........2.6 Tracking and tracing ability, 1–5 (best) ...............................................115 .....■ .........2.3 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination, 1–5 (best) ..............71 .....■ .........3.4 Postal services efficiency, 1–7 (best) ..................................................72 .....■ .........4.5 GATS commitments in the transport sector, index 0–1 (best) ..............1 .....■ .........0.6 China ..............................................132.5 Singapore ...........................................3.9 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Luxembourg .......................................4.6 Japan ..................................................6.8 Armenia ..............................................0.6 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 Extent of business Internet use, 1–7 (best) ......................................102 .....■ .........3.8 Mobile telephone subscriptions per 100 population ...........................51 .....■ .....100.0 Broadband Internet subscribers per 100 population ...........................96 .....■ .........0.2 Internet users per 100 population .....................................................102 .....■ .........6.2 Fixed telephone lines per 100 population............................................60 .....■ .......20.3 Government Online Service Index, 0–1 (best)...................................101 .....■ .........0.2 Sweden ..............................................6.4 United Arab Emirates .....................208.6 Sweden ............................................41.2 Iceland ..............................................90.6 Switzerland.......................................64.1 Korea, Rep..........................................1.0 8th pillar: Regulatory environment 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 Property rights, 1–7 (best) ...................................................................80 .....■ .........3.7 Ethics and corruption, 1–7 (best) .........................................................94 .....■ .........2.5 Undue influence, 1–7 (best)...............................................................110 .....■ .........2.6 Government efficiency, 1–7 (best).......................................................79 .....■ .........3.3 Domestic competition, 1–7 (best) .....................................................106 .....■ .........3.8 Efficiency of the financial market, 1–7 (best) ....................................101 .....■ .........3.1 Openness to foreign participation, index 1–7 (best)............................55 .....■ .........4.8 Ease of hiring foreign labor, 1–7 (best) ..................................................6 .....■ .........5.5 Prevalence of foreign ownership, 1–7 (best).......................................91 .....■ .........4.4 Business impact of rules on FDI, 1–7 (best) .......................................84 .....■ .........4.6 Restriction on international capital flows, 1–7 (best)...........................54 .....■ .........4.7 Openness to multilateral trade rules, index 0–100 (best)....................58 .....■ .......62.9 Switzerland.........................................6.4 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Sweden ..............................................6.2 Singapore ...........................................6.0 Singapore ...........................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.2 United Arab Emirates .........................6.2 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.5 Slovenia ............................................93.1 9th pillar: Physical security 9.01 9.02 9.03 Reliability of police services, 1–7 (best)...............................................97 .....■ .........3.4 Business costs of crime and violence, 1–7 (best) ...............................20 .....■ .........5.8 Business costs of terrorism, 1–7 (best)...............................................23 .....■ .........6.4 Finland ................................................6.6 Qatar ..................................................6.7 Austria ................................................6.8 The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 47 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL.cleanup100517:Country Profiles 5/17/10 10:08 AM Page 48 Australia Key indicators Population (millions), 2009 ...............................................21.3 Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP Surface area (1,000 square kilometers).......................7,741.2 GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ................................................920.0 Country World ■ FDI inflows 8 Real GDP growth (percent), 2009 ......................................0.7 Trade 70 GDP per capita (current prices, US$), 2009 ..............41,981.7 60 6 50 4 40 2 Total exports (rank out of 120), 2007 ..................................28 30 0 Total imports (rank out of 120), 2007 ..................................19 20 –2 10 –4 GDP per capita (rank out of 124), 2009...............................15 Source: IMF; UNFPA; World Bank; UNCTAD; WTO 0 –6 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 Selected trade indicators Current account balance (share of GDP), 2009 .................-3.2 Main trading partners, 2008 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions), 2008 ...187,259.3 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Services exports (US$ millions), 2008.......................45,601.3 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions), 2008 ....200,338.3 Exports Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ......................45,491.0 Japan China EU27 Korea, Rep. India Others WTO accession year .......................................................1995 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................7 48 MFN tariffs, simple avg., 2008: bound; applied ..........9.9; 3.5 Imports 22.9 14.6 10.5 8.3 6.1 37.7 EU27 China United States Japan Singapore Others 21.0 15.6 12.0 9.0 7.2 35.3 Tariff escalation (rate diff. raw to finished), 2009 ...............3.9 Exports and imports by sector, 2008 Tariff rate for agricultural products, 2008 ...........................1.0 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Tariff rate for non-agricultural products, 2008 ....................4.1 ■ Agriculture Agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 .............................0.7 ■ Fuels and mining ■ Manufactures Non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ......................4.4 13.9 Exports Imports 5.4 59.7 15.5 17.2 71.5 Source: IMF; ITC; World Bank; WTO 0 Enabling Trade Index Rank (out of 125) 20 40 60 80 100 Score (1–7 scale) 2010 Index..............................................................................15 5.1 2009 Index....................................................................................................................14 5.1 Market access ...................................................................................................63 4.2 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access ............................................63 4.2 Border administration.......................................................................................14 5.7 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration............................................18 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures ........................................25 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration .........................................10 5.5 5.5 6.1 Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................19 5.2 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure......................32 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services ...............................11 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs..............................................................17 5.1 5.3 5.3 Business environment ......................................................................................19 5.4 8th pillar: Regulatory environment ...................................................................12 9th pillar: Physical security................................................................................33 5.3 5.6 1 2 3 4 5 6 Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performing economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.” 7 Australia The Enabling Trade Index 2010 in detail INDICATOR, UNITS ■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/125 SCORE BEST PERFORMER SCORE 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 Tariff rate, % ........................................................................................48 .....■ .........3.9 Non-tariff measures, index 0–100 (best) .............................................28 .....■ .......18.0 Complexity of tariffs, index 1–7 (best).................................................49 .....■ .........6.4 Tariff dispersion, standard deviation ......................................................7 .....■ .........4.4 Tariff peaks, %.....................................................................................66 .....■ .........3.9 Specific tariffs, % ................................................................................61 .....■ .........0.3 Distinct tariffs, number ........................................................................52 .....■ ..........23 Share of duty-free imports, % .............................................................71 .....■ .......56.7 Tariffs faced, %..................................................................................115 .....■ .........6.0 Margin of preference in destination markets, index 0–100 (best) ....123 .....■ .........2.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Uganda ...............................................0.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR .............................100.0 Chile ...................................................3.7 Nepal ................................................97.5 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:39 PM Page 49 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration 2.01 2.02 Burden of customs procedures, 1–7 (best) .........................................24 .....■ .........4.9 Customs services index, 0–12 (best) ..................................................15 .....■ .......10.3 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Multiple economies.............................12 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 Efficiency of the clearance process, 1–5 (best)...................................14 .....■ .........3.7 Time to import, days............................................................................12 .....■ ............8 Documents to import, number ............................................................18 .....■ ............5 Cost to import, US$ per container.......................................................49 .....■ .....1,119 Time to export, days ............................................................................20 .....■ ............9 Documents to export, number ............................................................47 .....■ ............6 Cost to export, US$ per container.......................................................54 .....■ .....1,060 Luxembourg .......................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies...............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration 4.01 4.02 Irregular payments in exports and imports, 1–7 (best)........................12 .....■ .........6.0 Corruption Perceptions Index, 0–10 (best) ............................................8 .....■ .........8.7 New Zealand ......................................6.7 New Zealand ......................................9.4 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 Airport density, number per million population......................................5 .....■ .........7.2 Transshipment connectivity index, 0–100 (best) .................................27 .....■ .......77.2 Paved roads, % of total .......................................................................72 .....■ .......38.7 Quality of air transport infrastructure, 1–7 (best).................................26 .....■ .........5.8 Quality of railroad infrastructure, 1–7 (best) ........................................29 .....■ .........4.1 Quality of roads, 1–7 (best) .................................................................34 .....■ .........5.0 Quality of port infrastructure, 1–7 (best) .............................................46 .....■ .........4.6 Iceland ..............................................29.7 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies........................100.0 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 Liner Shipping Connectivity Index, 0–132.5 (best) ..............................33 .....■ .......28.8 Ease and affordability of shipment, 1–5 (best) ......................................3 .....■ .........3.8 Logistics competence, 1–5 (best)........................................................17 .....■ .........3.8 Tracking and tracing ability, 1–5 (best) .................................................20 .....■ .........3.9 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination, 1–5 (best) ..............18 .....■ .........4.2 Postal services efficiency, 1–7 (best) ..................................................20 .....■ .........6.3 GATS commitments in the transport sector, index 0–1 (best) ..............3 .....■ .........0.6 China ..............................................132.5 Singapore ...........................................3.9 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Luxembourg .......................................4.6 Japan ..................................................6.8 Armenia ..............................................0.6 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 Extent of business Internet use, 1–7 (best) ........................................23 .....■ .........5.5 Mobile telephone subscriptions per 100 population ...........................45 .....■ .....105.0 Broadband Internet subscribers per 100 population ...........................16 .....■ .......24.4 Internet users per 100 population .......................................................17 .....■ .......72.0 Fixed telephone lines per 100 population............................................20 .....■ .......44.5 Government Online Service Index, 0–1 (best).......................................5 .....■ .........0.8 Sweden ..............................................6.4 United Arab Emirates .....................208.6 Sweden ............................................41.2 Iceland ..............................................90.6 Switzerland.......................................64.1 Korea, Rep..........................................1.0 8th pillar: Regulatory environment 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 Property rights, 1–7 (best) ...................................................................11 .....■ .........6.0 Ethics and corruption, 1–7 (best) .........................................................13 .....■ .........5.4 Undue influence, 1–7 (best)...................................................................8 .....■ .........5.7 Government efficiency, 1–7 (best).......................................................20 .....■ .........4.6 Domestic competition, 1–7 (best) .........................................................4 .....■ .........5.4 Efficiency of the financial market, 1–7 (best) ......................................11 .....■ .........4.8 Openness to foreign participation, index 1–7 (best)............................28 .....■ .........5.2 Ease of hiring foreign labor, 1–7 (best) ................................................91 .....■ .........4.0 Prevalence of foreign ownership, 1–7 (best).......................................24 .....■ .........5.6 Business impact of rules on FDI, 1–7 (best) .......................................51 .....■ .........5.1 Restriction on international capital flows, 1–7 (best)...........................40 .....■ .........5.0 Openness to multilateral trade rules, index 0–100 (best)......................7 .....■ .......83.8 Switzerland.........................................6.4 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Sweden ..............................................6.2 Singapore ...........................................6.0 Singapore ...........................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.2 United Arab Emirates .........................6.2 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.5 Slovenia ............................................93.1 9th pillar: Physical security 9.01 9.02 9.03 Reliability of police services, 1–7 (best)...............................................18 .....■ .........6.0 Business costs of crime and violence, 1–7 (best) ...............................45 .....■ .........5.3 Business costs of terrorism, 1–7 (best)...............................................77 .....■ .........5.4 Finland ................................................6.6 Qatar ..................................................6.7 Austria ................................................6.8 The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 49 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:39 PM Page 50 Austria Key indicators Population (millions), 2009 .................................................8.4 Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)............................83.9 GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ................................................374.4 Real GDP growth (percent), 2009 ....................................–3.8 GDP per capita (current prices, US$), 2009 ..............45,090.5 Country World Trade 120 80 ■ FDI inflows 412 GDP per capita (rank out of 124), 2009...............................11 100 60 80 10 3 8 Total exports (rank out of 120), 2007 ..................................22 4060 26 Total imports (rank out of 120), 2007 ..................................20 40 20 20 4 1 2 Source: IMF; UNFPA; World Bank; UNCTAD; WTO 00 0 1996 1996 1998 1998 2000 2000 2002 2002 2004 2004 2006 2006 2008 2008 Selected trade indicators Current account balance (share of GDP), 2009 ..................2.1 Main trading partners, 2008 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions), 2008 ...180,965.7 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Services exports (US$ millions), 2008.......................61,672.6 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions), 2008 ....183,441.5 Exports Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ......................42,577.7 EU27 United States Switzerland Russian Federation China Others WTO accession year .......................................................1995 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ......................29 50 MFN tariffs, simple avg., 2008: bound; applied ..........5.5; 5.6 Imports 72.1 4.4 4.2 2.5 1.6 15.1 EU27 Switzerland China United States Russian Federation Others 73.5 4.4 4.2 2.9 2.1 13.0 Tariff escalation (rate diff. raw to finished), 2008 ...............1.0 Exports and imports by sector, 2008 Tariff rate for agricultural products, 2008 ...........................6.2 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Tariff rate for non-agricultural products, 2008 ....................0.5 ■ ■ Agriculture Agriculture Agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...........................43.0 ■ ■ Fuels Fuels and and mining mining ■ ■ Manufactures Manufactures Non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ......................1.7 Exports Exports 7.3 8.9 7.3 6.2 19.5 19.5 Imports Imports 8.9 17.9 17.9 16.1 Source: IMF; ITC; World Bank; WTO Enabling Trade Index 0 00 Rank (out of 125) 83.371.7 71.7 16.9 16.9 73.3 65.1 65.1 20 40 2020 60 4040 80 6060 100 8080 100 100 Score (1–7 scale) 2010 Index..............................................................................14 5.2 2009 Index......................................................................................................................9 5.3 Market access ...................................................................................................94 3.8 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access ............................................94 3.8 Border administration.........................................................................................9 5.8 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration..............................................3 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures ........................................21 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration .........................................16 6.0 5.6 5.7 Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................12 5.5 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure......................11 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services .................................8 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs..............................................................24 5.9 5.5 5.0 Business environment ......................................................................................13 5.7 8th pillar: Regulatory environment ...................................................................16 9th pillar: Physical security................................................................................11 5.1 6.2 1 2 3 4 5 6 Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performing economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.” The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 7 Austria The Enabling Trade Index 2010 in detail INDICATOR, UNITS ■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/125 SCORE BEST PERFORMER SCORE 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 Tariff rate, % ..........................................................................................4 .....■ .........0.8 Non-tariff measures, index 0–100 (best) .............................................65 .....■ .......41.6 Complexity of tariffs, index 1–7 (best).................................................96 .....■ .........3.2 Tariff dispersion, standard deviation ....................................................45 .....■ .........9.0 Tariff peaks, %.....................................................................................89 .....■ .......10.3 Specific tariffs, % ................................................................................95 .....■ .........9.2 Distinct tariffs, number ........................................................................97 .....■ .....1,382 Share of duty-free imports, % .............................................................39 .....■ .......63.9 Tariffs faced, %....................................................................................76 .....■ .........5.7 Margin of preference in destination markets, index 0–100 (best) ......84 .....■ .......12.2 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Uganda ...............................................0.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR .............................100.0 Chile ...................................................3.7 Nepal ................................................97.5 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:39 PM Page 51 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration 2.01 2.02 Burden of customs procedures, 1–7 (best) .........................................13 .....■ .........5.3 Customs services index, 0–12 (best) ....................................................5 .....■ .......11.5 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Multiple economies.............................12 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 Efficiency of the clearance process, 1–5 (best)...................................20 .....■ .........3.5 Time to import, days............................................................................12 .....■ ............8 Documents to import, number ............................................................18 .....■ ............5 Cost to import, US$ per container.......................................................59 .....■ .....1,195 Time to export, days ..............................................................................8 .....■ ............7 Documents to export, number ..............................................................6 .....■ ............4 Cost to export, US$ per container.......................................................66 .....■ .....1,180 Luxembourg .......................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies...............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration 4.01 4.02 Irregular payments in exports and imports, 1–7 (best)........................19 .....■ .........5.8 Corruption Perceptions Index, 0–10 (best) ..........................................16 .....■ .........7.9 New Zealand ......................................6.7 New Zealand ......................................9.4 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 Airport density, number per million population....................................54 .....■ .........0.7 Transshipment connectivity index, 0–100 (best).................................n/a ..................n/a Paved roads, % of total .........................................................................1 .....■ .....100.0 Quality of air transport infrastructure, 1–7 (best).................................13 .....■ .........6.2 Quality of railroad infrastructure, 1–7 (best) ........................................12 .....■ .........5.5 Quality of roads, 1–7 (best) ...................................................................6 .....■ .........6.4 Quality of port infrastructure, 1–7 (best) .............................................35 .....■ .........5.0 Iceland ..............................................29.7 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies........................100.0 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 Liner Shipping Connectivity Index, 0–132.5 (best) .............................n/a ..................n/a Ease and affordability of shipment, 1–5 (best) ......................................3 .....■ .........3.8 Logistics competence, 1–5 (best)........................................................19 .....■ .........3.7 Tracking and tracing ability, 1–5 (best) .................................................21 .....■ .........3.8 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination, 1–5 (best) ..............23 .....■ .........4.1 Postal services efficiency, 1–7 (best) ..................................................19 .....■ .........6.3 GATS commitments in the transport sector, index 0–1 (best) ............11 .....■ .........0.5 China ..............................................132.5 Singapore ...........................................3.9 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Luxembourg .......................................4.6 Japan ..................................................6.8 Armenia ..............................................0.6 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 Extent of business Internet use, 1–7 (best) ........................................21 .....■ .........5.6 Mobile telephone subscriptions per 100 population ...........................16 .....■ .....129.7 Broadband Internet subscribers per 100 population ...........................25 .....■ .......20.7 Internet users per 100 population .......................................................18 .....■ .......71.2 Fixed telephone lines per 100 population............................................28 .....■ .......39.4 Government Online Service Index, 0–1 (best).....................................33 .....■ .........0.5 Sweden ..............................................6.4 United Arab Emirates .....................208.6 Sweden ............................................41.2 Iceland ..............................................90.6 Switzerland.......................................64.1 Korea, Rep..........................................1.0 8th pillar: Regulatory environment 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 Property rights, 1–7 (best) .....................................................................6 .....■ .........6.3 Ethics and corruption, 1–7 (best) .........................................................17 .....■ .........4.9 Undue influence, 1–7 (best).................................................................14 .....■ .........5.2 Government efficiency, 1–7 (best).......................................................16 .....■ .........4.7 Domestic competition, 1–7 (best) .......................................................19 .....■ .........5.1 Efficiency of the financial market, 1–7 (best) ......................................35 .....■ .........4.3 Openness to foreign participation, index 1–7 (best)............................32 .....■ .........5.1 Ease of hiring foreign labor, 1–7 (best) ..............................................117 .....■ .........3.4 Prevalence of foreign ownership, 1–7 (best).......................................26 .....■ .........5.6 Business impact of rules on FDI, 1–7 (best) .......................................45 .....■ .........5.2 Restriction on international capital flows, 1–7 (best)...........................12 .....■ .........5.7 Openness to multilateral trade rules, index 0–100 (best)....................23 .....■ .......77.2 Switzerland.........................................6.4 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Sweden ..............................................6.2 Singapore ...........................................6.0 Singapore ...........................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.2 United Arab Emirates .........................6.2 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.5 Slovenia ............................................93.1 9th pillar: Physical security 9.01 9.02 9.03 Reliability of police services, 1–7 (best)...............................................23 .....■ .........5.8 Business costs of crime and violence, 1–7 (best) ...............................16 .....■ .........6.1 Business costs of terrorism, 1–7 (best).................................................1 .....■ .........6.8 Finland ................................................6.6 Qatar ..................................................6.7 Austria ................................................6.8 The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 51 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:39 PM Page 52 Azerbaijan Key indicators Population (millions), 2009 .................................................8.8 Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)............................86.6 GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ..................................................42.5 Real GDP growth (percent), 2009 ......................................7.5 GDP per capita (current prices, US$), 2009 ................4,863.8 GDP per capita (rank out of 124), 2009...............................64 Total exports (rank out of 120), 2007 ..................................62 Total imports (rank out of 120), 2007 ..................................84 Source: IMF; UNFPA; World Bank; UNCTAD; WTO Country World Trade 140 80 120 60 100 ■ FDI inflows 450 40 330 80 40 60 20 2 10 2040 20 01 –10 00 0–20 1996 1996 1998 1998 2000 2000 2002 2002 2004 2004 2006 2006 2008 2008 Selected trade indicators Current account balance (share of GDP), 2009 ................19.6 Main trading partners, 2008 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions), 2008 .....30,586.3 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Services exports (US$ millions), 2008.........................1,454.0 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions), 2008 ........7,574.7 Exports Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ........................3,826.0 EU27 United States Israel India Indonesia Others WTO accession year.................................................Observer Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................4 52 MFN tariffs, simple avg., 2008: bound; applied ..........— ; 9.1 Imports 56.5 12.6 7.6 5.1 3.0 15.3 EU27 Russian Federation Turkey Ukraine China Others 28.4 18.8 11.3 7.9 6.7 26.9 Tariff escalation (rate diff. raw to finished), 2009 ...............1.3 Exports and imports by sector, 2008 Tariff rate for agricultural products, 2008 .........................12.9 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Tariff rate for non-agricultural products, 2008 ....................6.5 ■ ■ Agriculture Agriculture Agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 .............................6.9 ■ ■ Fuels Fuels and and mining mining ■ ■ Manufactures Manufactures 1.7 2.0 Non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ......................0.1 Exports Exports 7.3 7.3 19.5 19.5 71.7 71.7 96.1 3.8 Imports Imports Source: IMF; ITC; World Bank; WTO Enabling Trade Index 17.9 17.9 16.5 0 00 Rank (out of 125) 16.9 16.9 65.1 78.6 65.1 20 40 2020 60 4040 80 6060 100 8080 100 100 Score (1–7 scale) 2010 Index..............................................................................77 3.9 2009 Index....................................................................................................................70 3.8 Market access ...................................................................................................61 4.2 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access ............................................61 4.2 Border administration.....................................................................................105 3.1 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration............................................38 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures ......................................123 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration .........................................87 4.7 1.8 2.9 Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................70 3.6 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure......................73 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services ...............................52 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs..............................................................75 3.9 4.0 2.9 Business environment ......................................................................................49 4.6 8th pillar: Regulatory environment ...................................................................49 9th pillar: Physical security................................................................................51 4.1 5.2 1 2 3 4 5 6 Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performing economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.” The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 7 Azerbaijan The Enabling Trade Index 2010 in detail INDICATOR, UNITS ■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/125 SCORE BEST PERFORMER SCORE 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 Tariff rate, % ........................................................................................76 .....■ .........6.9 Non-tariff measures, index 0–100 (best) ............................................n/a ..................n/a Complexity of tariffs, index 1–7 (best).................................................62 .....■ .........5.9 Tariff dispersion, standard deviation ....................................................43 .....■ .........8.7 Tariff peaks, %.....................................................................................54 .....■ .........1.5 Specific tariffs, % ................................................................................76 .....■ .........2.6 Distinct tariffs, number ........................................................................81 .....■ ........266 Share of duty-free imports, % .............................................................88 .....■ .......39.8 Tariffs faced, %....................................................................................57 .....■ .........5.5 Margin of preference in destination markets, index 0–100 (best) ......50 .....■ .......35.2 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Uganda ...............................................0.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR .............................100.0 Chile ...................................................3.7 Nepal ................................................97.5 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:39 PM Page 53 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration 2.01 2.02 Burden of customs procedures, 1–7 (best) .........................................69 .....■ .........3.9 Customs services index, 0–12 (best) ..................................................28 .....■ .........9.3 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Multiple economies.............................12 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 Efficiency of the clearance process, 1–5 (best).................................105 .....■ .........2.1 Time to import, days..........................................................................116 .....■ ..........50 Documents to import, number ..........................................................125 .....■ ..........14 Cost to import, US$ per container.....................................................120 .....■ .....3,480 Time to export, days ..........................................................................115 .....■ ..........46 Documents to export, number ..........................................................106 .....■ ............9 Cost to export, US$ per container.....................................................119 .....■ .....2,980 Luxembourg .......................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies...............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration 4.01 4.02 Irregular payments in exports and imports, 1–7 (best)........................76 .....■ .........3.5 Corruption Perceptions Index, 0–10 (best) ........................................110 .....■ .........2.3 New Zealand ......................................6.7 New Zealand ......................................9.4 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 Airport density, number per million population....................................86 .....■ .........0.4 Transshipment connectivity index, 0–100 (best).................................n/a ..................n/a Paved roads, % of total .......................................................................65 .....■ .......49.4 Quality of air transport infrastructure, 1–7 (best).................................45 .....■ .........5.2 Quality of railroad infrastructure, 1–7 (best) ........................................31 .....■ .........4.0 Quality of roads, 1–7 (best) .................................................................54 .....■ .........3.9 Quality of port infrastructure, 1–7 (best) .............................................59 .....■ .........4.2 Iceland ..............................................29.7 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies........................100.0 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 Liner Shipping Connectivity Index, 0–132.5 (best) .............................n/a ..................n/a Ease and affordability of shipment, 1–5 (best) ....................................53 .....■ .........3.1 Logistics competence, 1–5 (best)........................................................87 .....■ .........2.5 Tracking and tracing ability, 1–5 (best) .................................................84 .....■ .........2.7 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination, 1–5 (best) ..............86 .....■ .........3.2 Postal services efficiency, 1–7 (best) ..................................................54 .....■ .........5.0 GATS commitments in the transport sector, index 0–1 (best) ...........n/a ..................n/a China ..............................................132.5 Singapore ...........................................3.9 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Luxembourg .......................................4.6 Japan ..................................................6.8 Armenia ..............................................0.6 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 Extent of business Internet use, 1–7 (best) ........................................85 .....■ .........4.1 Mobile telephone subscriptions per 100 population ...........................79 .....■ .......75.0 Broadband Internet subscribers per 100 population ...........................84 .....■ .........0.7 Internet users per 100 population .......................................................62 .....■ .......28.0 Fixed telephone lines per 100 population............................................72 .....■ .......15.0 Government Online Service Index, 0–1 (best).....................................64 .....■ .........0.3 Sweden ..............................................6.4 United Arab Emirates .....................208.6 Sweden ............................................41.2 Iceland ..............................................90.6 Switzerland.......................................64.1 Korea, Rep..........................................1.0 8th pillar: Regulatory environment 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 Property rights, 1–7 (best) ...................................................................63 .....■ .........4.1 Ethics and corruption, 1–7 (best) .........................................................43 .....■ .........3.7 Undue influence, 1–7 (best).................................................................50 .....■ .........3.7 Government efficiency, 1–7 (best).......................................................40 .....■ .........4.0 Domestic competition, 1–7 (best) .......................................................79 .....■ .........4.2 Efficiency of the financial market, 1–7 (best) ......................................57 .....■ .........3.8 Openness to foreign participation, index 1–7 (best)............................39 .....■ .........5.0 Ease of hiring foreign labor, 1–7 (best) ................................................26 .....■ .........4.9 Prevalence of foreign ownership, 1–7 (best).......................................35 .....■ .........5.4 Business impact of rules on FDI, 1–7 (best) .......................................60 .....■ .........5.0 Restriction on international capital flows, 1–7 (best)...........................71 .....■ .........4.4 Openness to multilateral trade rules, index 0–100 (best)....................34 .....■ .......73.0 Switzerland.........................................6.4 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Sweden ..............................................6.2 Singapore ...........................................6.0 Singapore ...........................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.2 United Arab Emirates .........................6.2 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.5 Slovenia ............................................93.1 9th pillar: Physical security 9.01 9.02 9.03 Reliability of police services, 1–7 (best)...............................................56 .....■ .........4.3 Business costs of crime and violence, 1–7 (best) ...............................39 .....■ .........5.4 Business costs of terrorism, 1–7 (best)...............................................56 .....■ .........5.8 Finland ................................................6.6 Qatar ..................................................6.7 Austria ................................................6.8 The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 53 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:39 PM Page 54 Bahrain Key indicators Population (millions), 2009 .................................................0.8 Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)..............................0.7 GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ..................................................19.4 Real GDP growth (percent), 2009 ......................................3.0 GDP per capita (current prices, US$), 2009 ..............24,354.8 Country World Trade 200 80 ■ FDI inflows 440 150 60 330 Total exports (rank out of 120), 2007 ..................................66 100 40 220 Total imports (rank out of 120), 2007 ..................................76 2050 110 GDP per capita (rank out of 124), 2009...............................31 Source: IMF; UNFPA; World Bank; UNCTAD; WTO 00 0 1996 1996 1998 1998 2000 2000 2002 2002 2004 2004 2006 2006 2008 2008 Selected trade indicators Current account balance (share of GDP), 2009 ..................3.7 Main trading partners, 2008 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions), 2008 .....18,150.0 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Services exports (US$ millions), 2008.........................3,740.2 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions), 2008 ......12,500.0 Exports Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ........................2,030.1 Saudi Arabia United States EU27 UAE India Others WTO accession year .......................................................1995 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................3 54 MFN tariffs, simple avg., 2008: bound; applied ........34.4; 5.2 Imports 5.3 2.7 2.4 1.5 1.0 87.1 EU27 Australia Japan Saudi Arabia China Others 11.4 6.3 5.2 4.8 4.2 68.1 Tariff escalation (rate diff. raw to finished), 2009 ...............1.1 Exports and imports by sector, 2008 Tariff rate for agricultural products, 2008 ...........................5.8 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Tariff rate for non-agricultural products, 2008 ....................4.0 Agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 .............................3.3 0.5 ■ ■ Agriculture Agriculture ■ ■ Fuels Fuels and and mining mining ■ ■ Manufactures Manufactures Non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ......................0.0 Exports Exports 7.3 7.3 Imports Imports Source: IMF; ITC; World Bank; WTO Enabling Trade Index 17.9 5.6 17.9 0 00 Rank (out of 125) 19.5 19.5 71.7 71.7 90.5 16.9 16.9 59.1 20 65.1 65.1 40 2020 8.9 60 4040 35.2 80 6060 100 8080 100 100 Score (1–7 scale) 2010 Index..............................................................................22 4.9 2009 Index....................................................................................................................24 4.8 Market access ...................................................................................................29 4.8 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access ............................................29 4.8 Border administration.......................................................................................26 5.2 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration............................................15 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures ........................................35 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration .........................................30 5.6 5.3 4.9 Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................33 4.7 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure......................28 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services ...............................54 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs..............................................................27 5.2 4.0 4.8 Business environment ......................................................................................25 5.2 8th pillar: Regulatory environment ...................................................................25 9th pillar: Physical security................................................................................31 4.7 5.6 1 2 3 4 5 6 Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performing economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.” The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 7 Bahrain The Enabling Trade Index 2010 in detail INDICATOR, UNITS ■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/125 SCORE BEST PERFORMER SCORE 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 Tariff rate, % ........................................................................................54 .....■ .........4.2 Non-tariff measures, index 0–100 (best) ...............................................5 .....■ .........2.8 Complexity of tariffs, index 1–7 (best).................................................39 .....■ .........6.5 Tariff dispersion, standard deviation ....................................................87 .....■ .......10.6 Tariff peaks, %.....................................................................................36 .....■ .........0.5 Specific tariffs, % ................................................................................55 .....■ .........0.3 Distinct tariffs, number ........................................................................52 .....■ ..........23 Share of duty-free imports, % .............................................................87 .....■ .......40.3 Tariffs faced, %....................................................................................72 .....■ .........5.7 Margin of preference in destination markets, index 0–100 (best) ......47 .....■ .......38.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Uganda ...............................................0.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR .............................100.0 Chile ...................................................3.7 Nepal ................................................97.5 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:39 PM Page 55 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration 2.01 2.02 Burden of customs procedures, 1–7 (best) .........................................12 .....■ .........5.3 Customs services index, 0–12 (best) ..................................................19 .....■ .........9.8 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Multiple economies.............................12 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 Efficiency of the clearance process, 1–5 (best)...................................36 .....■ .........3.1 Time to import, days............................................................................44 .....■ ..........15 Documents to import, number ............................................................37 .....■ ............6 Cost to import, US$ per container.......................................................41 .....■ ........995 Time to export, days ............................................................................40 .....■ ..........14 Documents to export, number ............................................................28 .....■ ............5 Cost to export, US$ per container.......................................................47 .....■ ........955 Luxembourg .......................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies...............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration 4.01 4.02 Irregular payments in exports and imports, 1–7 (best)........................20 .....■ .........5.7 Corruption Perceptions Index, 0–10 (best) ..........................................38 .....■ .........5.1 New Zealand ......................................6.7 New Zealand ......................................9.4 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 Airport density, number per million population....................................28 .....■ .........1.3 Transshipment connectivity index, 0–100 (best) .................................95 .....■ .......53.1 Paved roads, % of total .......................................................................40 .....■ .......79.1 Quality of air transport infrastructure, 1–7 (best).................................20 .....■ .........6.0 Quality of railroad infrastructure, 1–7 (best) ........................................82 .....■ .........2.0 Quality of roads, 1–7 (best) .................................................................23 .....■ .........5.6 Quality of port infrastructure, 1–7 (best) .............................................17 .....■ .........5.5 Iceland ..............................................29.7 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies........................100.0 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 Liner Shipping Connectivity Index, 0–132.5 (best) ..............................79 .....■ .........8.0 Ease and affordability of shipment, 1–5 (best) ....................................53 .....■ .........3.1 Logistics competence, 1–5 (best)........................................................29 .....■ .........3.4 Tracking and tracing ability, 1–5 (best) .................................................26 .....■ .........3.6 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination, 1–5 (best) ..............36 .....■ .........3.9 Postal services efficiency, 1–7 (best) ..................................................17 .....■ .........6.3 GATS commitments in the transport sector, index 0–1 (best) ............69 .....■ .........0.0 China ..............................................132.5 Singapore ...........................................3.9 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Luxembourg .......................................4.6 Japan ..................................................6.8 Armenia ..............................................0.6 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 Extent of business Internet use, 1–7 (best) ........................................31 .....■ .........5.2 Mobile telephone subscriptions per 100 population .............................3 .....■ .....185.8 Broadband Internet subscribers per 100 population ...........................34 .....■ .......14.2 Internet users per 100 population .......................................................35 .....■ .......51.9 Fixed telephone lines per 100 population............................................45 .....■ .......28.4 Government Online Service Index, 0–1 (best).......................................8 .....■ .........0.7 Sweden ..............................................6.4 United Arab Emirates .....................208.6 Sweden ............................................41.2 Iceland ..............................................90.6 Switzerland.......................................64.1 Korea, Rep..........................................1.0 8th pillar: Regulatory environment 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 Property rights, 1–7 (best) ...................................................................28 .....■ .........5.4 Ethics and corruption, 1–7 (best) .........................................................25 .....■ .........4.5 Undue influence, 1–7 (best).................................................................42 .....■ .........4.1 Government efficiency, 1–7 (best).......................................................34 .....■ .........4.1 Domestic competition, 1–7 (best) .......................................................15 .....■ .........5.1 Efficiency of the financial market, 1–7 (best) ......................................16 .....■ .........4.7 Openness to foreign participation, index 1–7 (best)............................22 .....■ .........5.3 Ease of hiring foreign labor, 1–7 (best) ................................................55 .....■ .........4.5 Prevalence of foreign ownership, 1–7 (best).......................................19 .....■ .........5.8 Business impact of rules on FDI, 1–7 (best) .........................................8 .....■ .........5.9 Restriction on international capital flows, 1–7 (best)...........................14 .....■ .........5.6 Openness to multilateral trade rules, index 0–100 (best)....................71 .....■ .......58.3 Switzerland.........................................6.4 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Sweden ..............................................6.2 Singapore ...........................................6.0 Singapore ...........................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.2 United Arab Emirates .........................6.2 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.5 Slovenia ............................................93.1 9th pillar: Physical security 9.01 9.02 9.03 Reliability of police services, 1–7 (best)...............................................29 .....■ .........5.4 Business costs of crime and violence, 1–7 (best) ...............................30 .....■ .........5.7 Business costs of terrorism, 1–7 (best)...............................................65 .....■ .........5.6 Finland ................................................6.6 Qatar ..................................................6.7 Austria ................................................6.8 The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 55 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:39 PM Page 56 Bangladesh Key indicators Population (millions), 2009 .............................................162.2 Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)..........................144.0 GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ..................................................92.1 Real GDP growth (percent), 2009 ......................................5.4 GDP per capita (current prices, US$), 2009 ...................559.3 Country World Trade 80 ■ FDI inflows 2.0 4 60 1.5 3 Total exports (rank out of 120), 2007 ..................................70 40 1.0 2 Total imports (rank out of 120), 2007 ..................................65 20 0.5 1 GDP per capita (rank out of 124), 2009.............................113 Source: IMF; UNFPA; World Bank; UNCTAD; WTO 0 0.0 0 1996 1998 2000 2002 2002 2004 2004 2006 2006 2008 2008 Selected trade indicators Current account balance (share of GDP), 2009 ..................2.1 Main trading partners, 2008 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions), 2008 .....15,357.3 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Services exports (US$ millions), 2008............................890.7 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions), 2008 ......23,837.8 Exports Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ........................3,684.2 EU27 United States India Canada China Others WTO accession year .......................................................1995 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................5 56 MFN tariffs, simple avg., 2008: bound; applied ....169.2; 14.8 Imports 51.2 25.7 4.0 3.5 1.7 14.0 China India EU27 Kuwait Indonesia Others 15.6 13.2 9.7 7.2 5.1 49.2 Tariff escalation (rate diff. raw to finished), 2008 ...............1.7 Exports and imports by sector, 2008 Tariff rate for agricultural products, 2008 .........................12.6 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Tariff rate for non-agricultural products, 2008 ..................12.7 ■ ■ Agriculture Agriculture Agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 .............................0.0 ■ ■ Fuels Fuels and and mining mining ■ ■ Manufactures Manufactures 2.2 Non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ......................0.0 Exports Exports 7.3 7.3 10.2 Imports Imports Source: IMF; ITC; World Bank; WTO Enabling Trade Index 17.9 17.9 28.6 0 00 Rank (out of 125) 19.5 19.5 71.7 87.6 71.7 16.9 16.9 13.1 20 65.1 65.1 51.4 40 2020 60 4040 80 6060 100 8080 100 100 Score (1–7 scale) 2010 Index............................................................................113 3.4 2009 Index..................................................................................................................111 3.2 Market access ...................................................................................................52 4.4 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access ............................................52 4.4 Border administration.....................................................................................100 3.2 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration..........................................104 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures ........................................79 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration .......................................122 3.0 4.3 2.3 Transport and communications infrastructure ..........................................117 2.5 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure....................120 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services .............................105 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs............................................................108 2.6 3.0 2.0 Business environment ....................................................................................114 3.4 8th pillar: Regulatory environment .................................................................104 9th pillar: Physical security..............................................................................112 3.2 3.6 1 2 3 4 5 6 Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performing economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.” The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 7 Bangladesh The Enabling Trade Index 2010 in detail INDICATOR, UNITS ■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/125 SCORE BEST PERFORMER SCORE 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 Tariff rate, % ......................................................................................113 .....■ .......12.7 Non-tariff measures, index 0–100 (best) .............................................57 .....■ .......37.1 Complexity of tariffs, index 1–7 (best).................................................34 .....■ .........6.6 Tariff dispersion, standard deviation ....................................................44 .....■ .........8.8 Tariff peaks, %.......................................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Specific tariffs, % ................................................................................65 .....■ .........0.5 Distinct tariffs, number ........................................................................61 .....■ ..........38 Share of duty-free imports, % ...........................................................111 .....■ .......18.6 Tariffs faced, %....................................................................................12 .....■ .........4.9 Margin of preference in destination markets, index 0–100 (best) ......14 .....■ .......68.2 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Uganda ...............................................0.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR .............................100.0 Chile ...................................................3.7 Nepal ................................................97.5 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:39 PM Page 57 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration 2.01 2.02 Burden of customs procedures, 1–7 (best) .......................................120 .....■ .........2.8 Customs services index, 0–12 (best) ..................................................84 .....■ .........5.1 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Multiple economies.............................12 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 Efficiency of the clearance process, 1–5 (best)...................................84 .....■ .........2.3 Time to import, days............................................................................93 .....■ ..........29 Documents to import, number ............................................................73 .....■ ............8 Cost to import, US$ per container.......................................................73 .....■ .....1,375 Time to export, days ............................................................................96 .....■ ..........25 Documents to export, number ............................................................47 .....■ ............6 Cost to export, US$ per container.......................................................48 .....■ ........970 Luxembourg .......................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies...............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration 4.01 4.02 Irregular payments in exports and imports, 1–7 (best)......................123 .....■ .........2.2 Corruption Perceptions Index, 0–10 (best) ........................................107 .....■ .........2.4 New Zealand ......................................6.7 New Zealand ......................................9.4 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 Airport density, number per million population..................................125 .....■ .........0.0 Transshipment connectivity index, 0–100 (best) .................................92 .....■ .......53.9 Paved roads, % of total .....................................................................113 .....■ .........9.5 Quality of air transport infrastructure, 1–7 (best)...............................110 .....■ .........3.4 Quality of railroad infrastructure, 1–7 (best) ........................................66 .....■ .........2.3 Quality of roads, 1–7 (best) .................................................................89 .....■ .........2.9 Quality of port infrastructure, 1–7 (best) ...........................................106 .....■ .........3.0 Iceland ..............................................29.7 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies........................100.0 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 Liner Shipping Connectivity Index, 0–132.5 (best) ..............................81 .....■ .........7.9 Ease and affordability of shipment, 1–5 (best) ....................................60 .....■ .........3.0 Logistics competence, 1–5 (best)........................................................90 .....■ .........2.4 Tracking and tracing ability, 1–5 (best) .................................................85 .....■ .........2.6 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination, 1–5 (best) ..............64 .....■ .........3.5 Postal services efficiency, 1–7 (best) ................................................107 .....■ .........3.4 GATS commitments in the transport sector, index 0–1 (best) ............69 .....■ .........0.0 China ..............................................132.5 Singapore ...........................................3.9 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Luxembourg .......................................4.6 Japan ..................................................6.8 Armenia ..............................................0.6 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 Extent of business Internet use, 1–7 (best) ......................................110 .....■ .........3.6 Mobile telephone subscriptions per 100 population .........................113 .....■ .......27.9 Broadband Internet subscribers per 100 population .........................110 .....■ .........0.0 Internet users per 100 population .....................................................125 .....■ .........0.3 Fixed telephone lines per 100 population..........................................115 .....■ .........0.8 Government Online Service Index, 0–1 (best).....................................57 .....■ .........0.4 Sweden ..............................................6.4 United Arab Emirates .....................208.6 Sweden ............................................41.2 Iceland ..............................................90.6 Switzerland.......................................64.1 Korea, Rep..........................................1.0 8th pillar: Regulatory environment 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 Property rights, 1–7 (best) .................................................................105 .....■ .........3.1 Ethics and corruption, 1–7 (best) .......................................................108 .....■ .........2.2 Undue influence, 1–7 (best).................................................................89 .....■ .........2.9 Government efficiency, 1–7 (best).....................................................102 .....■ .........3.0 Domestic competition, 1–7 (best) .......................................................94 .....■ .........3.9 Efficiency of the financial market, 1–7 (best) ......................................87 .....■ .........3.4 Openness to foreign participation, index 1–7 (best)..........................109 .....■ .........4.0 Ease of hiring foreign labor, 1–7 (best) ..............................................116 .....■ .........3.4 Prevalence of foreign ownership, 1–7 (best).......................................95 .....■ .........4.3 Business impact of rules on FDI, 1–7 (best) .......................................43 .....■ .........5.2 Restriction on international capital flows, 1–7 (best).........................111 .....■ .........3.4 Openness to multilateral trade rules, index 0–100 (best)..................107 .....■ .......47.0 Switzerland.........................................6.4 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Sweden ..............................................6.2 Singapore ...........................................6.0 Singapore ...........................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.2 United Arab Emirates .........................6.2 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.5 Slovenia ............................................93.1 9th pillar: Physical security 9.01 9.02 9.03 Reliability of police services, 1–7 (best).............................................111 .....■ .........2.8 Business costs of crime and violence, 1–7 (best) .............................105 .....■ .........3.6 Business costs of terrorism, 1–7 (best).............................................116 .....■ .........4.4 Finland ................................................6.6 Qatar ..................................................6.7 Austria ................................................6.8 The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 57 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:39 PM Page 58 Belgium Key indicators Population (millions), 2009 ...............................................10.6 Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)............................30.5 GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ................................................461.5 Real GDP growth (percent), 2009 ....................................–3.2 GDP per capita (current prices, US$), 2009 ..............42,964.7 GDP per capita (rank out of 124), 2009...............................13 Total exports (rank out of 120), 2007 ....................................9 Total imports (rank out of 120), 2007 ..................................10 Source: IMF; UNFPA; World Bank; UNCTAD; WTO Country World Trade 250 80 ■ FDI inflows 425 200 60 20 3 150 40 100 15 2 10 2050 15 00 0 1996 1996 1998 1998 2000 2000 2002 2002 2004 2004 2006 2006 2008 2008 Selected trade indicators Current account balance (share of GDP), 2009 ................–1.0 Main trading partners, 2008 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions), 2008 ...475,549.5 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Services exports (US$ millions), 2008.......................86,138.7 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions), 2008 ....469,486.4 Exports Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ......................81,942.4 EU27 United States India Switzerland Russian Federation Others WTO accession year .......................................................1995 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ......................29 58 MFN tariffs, simple avg., 2008: bound; applied ..........5.5; 5.6 Imports 77.1 4.8 1.5 1.4 1.2 14.0 EU27 United States China Japan Russian Federation Others 70.3 5.5 4.1 2.6 1.7 15.7 Tariff escalation (rate diff. raw to finished), 2008 ...............1.0 Exports and imports by sector, 2008 Tariff rate for agricultural products, 2008 ...........................6.2 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Tariff rate for non-agricultural products, 2008 ....................0.5 ■ ■ Agriculture Agriculture Agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...........................43.0 ■ ■ Fuels Fuels and and mining mining ■ ■ Manufactures Manufactures Non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ......................1.7 Exports Exports 7.3 7.3 10.0 Imports Imports 17.9 9.3 17.9 Source: IMF; ITC; World Bank; WTO Enabling Trade Index 0 00 Rank (out of 125) 19.5 19.5 12.7 19.8 71.7 76.5 71.7 16.9 16.9 65.1 65.1 70.1 20 40 2020 60 4040 80 6060 100 8080 100 100 Score (1–7 scale) 2010 Index..............................................................................24 4.9 2009 Index....................................................................................................................21 4.9 Market access ...................................................................................................99 3.7 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access ............................................99 3.7 Border administration.......................................................................................30 5.1 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration............................................41 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures ........................................36 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration .........................................23 4.6 5.3 5.3 Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................13 5.5 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure......................17 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services .................................7 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs..............................................................20 5.7 5.6 5.2 Business environment ......................................................................................22 5.3 8th pillar: Regulatory environment ...................................................................23 9th pillar: Physical security................................................................................21 4.8 5.9 1 2 3 4 5 6 Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performing economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.” The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 7 Belgium The Enabling Trade Index 2010 in detail INDICATOR, UNITS ■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/125 SCORE BEST PERFORMER SCORE 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 Tariff rate, % ..........................................................................................4 .....■ .........0.8 Non-tariff measures, index 0–100 (best) .............................................72 .....■ .......43.4 Complexity of tariffs, index 1–7 (best).................................................96 .....■ .........3.2 Tariff dispersion, standard deviation ....................................................45 .....■ .........9.0 Tariff peaks, %.....................................................................................89 .....■ .......10.3 Specific tariffs, % ................................................................................95 .....■ .........9.2 Distinct tariffs, number ........................................................................97 .....■ .....1,382 Share of duty-free imports, % .............................................................39 .....■ .......63.9 Tariffs faced, %....................................................................................76 .....■ .........5.7 Margin of preference in destination markets, index 0–100 (best) ......84 .....■ .......12.2 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Uganda ...............................................0.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR .............................100.0 Chile ...................................................3.7 Nepal ................................................97.5 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:39 PM Page 59 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration 2.01 2.02 Burden of customs procedures, 1–7 (best) .........................................35 .....■ .........4.6 Customs services index, 0–12 (best) ..................................................52 .....■ .........7.7 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Multiple economies.............................12 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 Efficiency of the clearance process, 1–5 (best).....................................8 .....■ .........3.8 Time to import, days............................................................................17 .....■ ............9 Documents to import, number ............................................................18 .....■ ............5 Cost to import, US$ per container.......................................................89 .....■ .....1,600 Time to export, days ............................................................................14 .....■ ............8 Documents to export, number ..............................................................6 .....■ ............4 Cost to export, US$ per container.....................................................101 .....■ .....1,619 Luxembourg .......................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies...............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration 4.01 4.02 Irregular payments in exports and imports, 1–7 (best)........................27 .....■ .........5.4 Corruption Perceptions Index, 0–10 (best) ..........................................20 .....■ .........7.1 New Zealand ......................................6.7 New Zealand ......................................9.4 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 Airport density, number per million population....................................79 .....■ .........0.5 Transshipment connectivity index, 0–100 (best) ...................................2 .....■ .......97.3 Paved roads, % of total .......................................................................42 .....■ .......78.2 Quality of air transport infrastructure, 1–7 (best).................................14 .....■ .........6.2 Quality of railroad infrastructure, 1–7 (best) ........................................11 .....■ .........5.6 Quality of roads, 1–7 (best) .................................................................16 .....■ .........5.8 Quality of port infrastructure, 1–7 (best) ...............................................6 .....■ .........6.3 Iceland ..............................................29.7 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies........................100.0 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 Liner Shipping Connectivity Index, 0–132.5 (best) ................................8 .....■ .......82.8 Ease and affordability of shipment, 1–5 (best) ....................................26 .....■ .........3.3 Logistics competence, 1–5 (best)..........................................................5 .....■ .........4.1 Tracking and tracing ability, 1–5 (best) ...................................................2 .....■ .........4.2 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination, 1–5 (best) ..............12 .....■ .........4.3 Postal services efficiency, 1–7 (best) ..................................................31 .....■ .........5.7 GATS commitments in the transport sector, index 0–1 (best) ............20 .....■ .........0.4 China ..............................................132.5 Singapore ...........................................3.9 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Luxembourg .......................................4.6 Japan ..................................................6.8 Armenia ..............................................0.6 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 Extent of business Internet use, 1–7 (best) ........................................29 .....■ .........5.2 Mobile telephone subscriptions per 100 population ...........................39 .....■ .....111.6 Broadband Internet subscribers per 100 population ...........................14 .....■ .......28.0 Internet users per 100 population .......................................................19 .....■ .......68.9 Fixed telephone lines per 100 population............................................24 .....■ .......42.1 Government Online Service Index, 0–1 (best).....................................17 .....■ .........0.6 Sweden ..............................................6.4 United Arab Emirates .....................208.6 Sweden ............................................41.2 Iceland ..............................................90.6 Switzerland.......................................64.1 Korea, Rep..........................................1.0 8th pillar: Regulatory environment 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 Property rights, 1–7 (best) ...................................................................20 .....■ .........5.6 Ethics and corruption, 1–7 (best) .........................................................31 .....■ .........4.3 Undue influence, 1–7 (best).................................................................25 .....■ .........4.7 Government efficiency, 1–7 (best).......................................................55 .....■ .........3.7 Domestic competition, 1–7 (best) .......................................................20 .....■ .........5.0 Efficiency of the financial market, 1–7 (best) ......................................17 .....■ .........4.7 Openness to foreign participation, index 1–7 (best)............................18 .....■ .........5.3 Ease of hiring foreign labor, 1–7 (best) ................................................69 .....■ .........4.3 Prevalence of foreign ownership, 1–7 (best).......................................12 .....■ .........5.9 Business impact of rules on FDI, 1–7 (best) .......................................25 .....■ .........5.5 Restriction on international capital flows, 1–7 (best)...........................31 .....■ .........5.2 Openness to multilateral trade rules, index 0–100 (best)....................12 .....■ .......80.9 Switzerland.........................................6.4 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Sweden ..............................................6.2 Singapore ...........................................6.0 Singapore ...........................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.2 United Arab Emirates .........................6.2 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.5 Slovenia ............................................93.1 9th pillar: Physical security 9.01 9.02 9.03 Reliability of police services, 1–7 (best)...............................................25 .....■ .........5.7 Business costs of crime and violence, 1–7 (best) ...............................21 .....■ .........5.8 Business costs of terrorism, 1–7 (best)...............................................44 .....■ .........6.1 Finland ................................................6.6 Qatar ..................................................6.7 Austria ................................................6.8 The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 59 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:39 PM Page 60 Benin Key indicators Population (millions), 2009 .................................................8.9 Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)..........................112.6 GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ....................................................6.4 Real GDP growth (percent), 2009 ......................................3.8 GDP per capita (current prices, US$), 2009 ...................765.0 Country World Trade 80 ■ FDI inflows 84 60 63 Total exports (rank out of 120), 2007 ................................115 40 42 Total imports (rank out of 120), 2007 ................................115 20 21 GDP per capita (rank out of 124), 2009.............................107 Source: IMF; UNFPA; World Bank; UNCTAD; WTO 0 00 1996 1998 2000 2002 2002 2004 2004 2006 2006 2008 2008 Selected trade indicators Current account balance (share of GDP), 2009 ................–9.7 Main trading partners, 2008 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions), 2008 .......1,050.0 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Services exports (US$ millions), 2007............................281.0 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions), 2008 ........1,990.0 Exports Services imports (US$ millions), 2007 ...........................491.0 China EU27 Nigeria India Niger Others WTO accession year .......................................................1996 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................3 60 MFN tariffs, simple avg., 2008: bound; applied ......28.3; 11.9 Imports 24.0 10.8 8.7 8.6 7.2 40.7 EU27 China Côte d’Ivoire Ghana Togo Others 36.6 8.5 6.9 6.8 5.3 35.9 Tariff escalation (rate diff. raw to finished), 2009 ...............3.4 Exports and imports by sector, 2008 Tariff rate for agricultural products, 2008 .........................11.6 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Tariff rate for non-agricultural products, 2008 ..................10.1 ■ ■ Agriculture Agriculture Agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 .............................0.0 ■ ■ Fuels Fuels and and mining mining ■ ■ Manufactures Manufactures 0.6 Non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ......................0.0 Exports Exports 7.3 7.3 Imports Imports Source: IMF; ITC; World Bank; WTO Enabling Trade Index 17.9 17.9 34.2 0 00 Rank (out of 125) 19.5 19.5 41.7 71.7 71.7 6.2 16.9 16.9 65.1 65.1 21.4 20 40 2020 60 4040 44.1 80 6060 100 8080 100 100 Score (1–7 scale) 2010 Index............................................................................106 3.5 2009 Index....................................................................................................................96 3.5 Market access ...................................................................................................92 3.8 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access ............................................92 3.8 Border administration.......................................................................................97 3.3 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration..........................................112 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures ........................................94 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration .........................................91 2.8 4.0 2.9 Transport and communications infrastructure ..........................................105 2.8 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure....................116 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services ...............................66 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs............................................................110 2.7 3.8 1.9 Business environment ......................................................................................78 4.1 8th pillar: Regulatory environment ...................................................................79 9th pillar: Physical security................................................................................78 3.6 4.7 1 2 3 4 5 6 Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performing economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.” The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 7 Benin The Enabling Trade Index 2010 in detail INDICATOR, UNITS ■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/125 SCORE BEST PERFORMER SCORE 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 Tariff rate, % ........................................................................................92 .....■ .......10.3 Non-tariff measures, index 0–100 (best) ............................................n/a ..................n/a Complexity of tariffs, index 1–7 (best)...................................................9 .....■ .........6.8 Tariff dispersion, standard deviation ....................................................22 .....■ .........6.8 Tariff peaks, %.......................................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Specific tariffs, % ..................................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Distinct tariffs, number ..........................................................................4 .....■ ............4 Share of duty-free imports, % ...........................................................123 .....■ .........3.4 Tariffs faced, %....................................................................................22 .....■ .........5.1 Margin of preference in destination markets, index 0–100 (best) ......73 .....■ .......23.5 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Uganda ...............................................0.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR .............................100.0 Chile ...................................................3.7 Nepal ................................................97.5 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:58 PM Page 61 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration 2.01 2.02 Burden of customs procedures, 1–7 (best) .........................................92 .....■ .........3.4 Customs services index, 0–12 (best) ................................................105 .....■ .........3.5 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Multiple economies.............................12 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 Efficiency of the clearance process, 1–5 (best)...................................74 .....■ .........2.4 Time to import, days..........................................................................100 .....■ ..........32 Documents to import, number ............................................................50 .....■ ............7 Cost to import, US$ per container.......................................................74 .....■ .....1,400 Time to export, days ..........................................................................102 .....■ ..........30 Documents to export, number ............................................................73 .....■ ............7 Cost to export, US$ per container.......................................................76 .....■ .....1,251 Luxembourg .......................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies...............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration 4.01 4.02 Irregular payments in exports and imports, 1–7 (best)........................96 .....■ .........3.0 Corruption Perceptions Index, 0–10 (best) ..........................................85 .....■ .........2.9 New Zealand ......................................6.7 New Zealand ......................................9.4 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 Airport density, number per million population..................................119 .....■ .........0.1 Transshipment connectivity index, 0–100 (best) .................................57 .....■ .......69.3 Paved roads, % of total .....................................................................113 .....■ .........9.5 Quality of air transport infrastructure, 1–7 (best)...............................114 .....■ .........3.3 Quality of railroad infrastructure, 1–7 (best) ........................................98 .....■ .........1.8 Quality of roads, 1–7 (best) .................................................................91 .....■ .........2.8 Quality of port infrastructure, 1–7 (best) .............................................92 .....■ .........3.3 Iceland ..............................................29.7 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies........................100.0 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 Liner Shipping Connectivity Index, 0–132.5 (best) ..............................62 .....■ .......13.5 Ease and affordability of shipment, 1–5 (best) ....................................94 .....■ .........2.7 Logistics competence, 1–5 (best)........................................................65 .....■ .........2.6 Tracking and tracing ability, 1–5 (best) .................................................57 .....■ .........3.1 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination, 1–5 (best) ..............62 .....■ .........3.5 Postal services efficiency, 1–7 (best) ..................................................73 .....■ .........4.4 GATS commitments in the transport sector, index 0–1 (best) ............43 .....■ .........0.3 China ..............................................132.5 Singapore ...........................................3.9 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Luxembourg .......................................4.6 Japan ..................................................6.8 Armenia ..............................................0.6 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 Extent of business Internet use, 1–7 (best) ........................................87 .....■ .........4.0 Mobile telephone subscriptions per 100 population .........................105 .....■ .......39.7 Broadband Internet subscribers per 100 population .........................111 .....■ .........0.0 Internet users per 100 population .....................................................114 .....■ .........1.8 Fixed telephone lines per 100 population..........................................107 .....■ .........1.8 Government Online Service Index, 0–1 (best)...................................111 .....■ .........0.1 Sweden ..............................................6.4 United Arab Emirates .....................208.6 Sweden ............................................41.2 Iceland ..............................................90.6 Switzerland.......................................64.1 Korea, Rep..........................................1.0 8th pillar: Regulatory environment 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 Property rights, 1–7 (best) ...................................................................89 .....■ .........3.5 Ethics and corruption, 1–7 (best) .........................................................87 .....■ .........2.6 Undue influence, 1–7 (best).................................................................58 .....■ .........3.4 Government efficiency, 1–7 (best).......................................................42 .....■ .........4.0 Domestic competition, 1–7 (best) .......................................................85 .....■ .........4.1 Efficiency of the financial market, 1–7 (best) ....................................104 .....■ .........3.0 Openness to foreign participation, index 1–7 (best)..........................100 .....■ .........4.3 Ease of hiring foreign labor, 1–7 (best) ................................................33 .....■ .........4.9 Prevalence of foreign ownership, 1–7 (best).......................................86 .....■ .........4.6 Business impact of rules on FDI, 1–7 (best) .....................................103 .....■ .........4.2 Restriction on international capital flows, 1–7 (best).........................101 .....■ .........3.7 Openness to multilateral trade rules, index 0–100 (best)....................96 .....■ .......52.0 Switzerland.........................................6.4 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Sweden ..............................................6.2 Singapore ...........................................6.0 Singapore ...........................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.2 United Arab Emirates .........................6.2 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.5 Slovenia ............................................93.1 9th pillar: Physical security 9.01 9.02 9.03 Reliability of police services, 1–7 (best)...............................................61 .....■ .........4.2 Business costs of crime and violence, 1–7 (best) ...............................76 .....■ .........4.5 Business costs of terrorism, 1–7 (best)...............................................81 .....■ .........5.3 Finland ................................................6.6 Qatar ..................................................6.7 Austria ................................................6.8 The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 61 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:39 PM Page 62 Bolivia Key indicators Population (millions), 2009 .................................................9.9 Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP Surface area (1,000 square kilometers).......................1,098.6 GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ..................................................17.5 Real GDP growth (percent), 2009 ......................................2.8 GDP per capita (current prices, US$), 2009 ................1,715.9 Country World Trade 100 80 ■ FDI inflows 415 6075 310 Total exports (rank out of 120), 2007 ..................................90 4050 25 Total imports (rank out of 120), 2007 ................................102 2025 10 GDP per capita (rank out of 124), 2009...............................91 Source: IMF; UNFPA; World Bank; UNCTAD; WTO 00 0–5 1996 1996 1998 1998 2000 2000 2002 2002 2004 2004 2006 2006 2008 2008 Selected trade indicators Current account balance (share of GDP), 2009 ..................1.1 Main trading partners, 2008 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions), 2008 .......6,447.8 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Services exports (US$ millions), 2008............................482.1 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions), 2008 ........4,986.8 Exports Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ........................1,018.0 Brazil Korea, Rep. Argentina United States EU27 Others WTO accession year .......................................................1995 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................3 62 MFN tariffs, simple avg., 2008: bound; applied ........40.0; 8.3 Imports 43.8 11.8 7.1 6.9 6.1 24.3 Brazil Argentina United States Japan EU27 Others 18.4 14.5 10.5 9.9 8.3 38.4 Tariff escalation (rate diff. raw to finished), 2009 ...............0.0 Exports and imports by sector, 2008 Tariff rate for agricultural products, 2008 .........................11.0 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Tariff rate for non-agricultural products, 2008 ....................8.0 ■ ■ Agriculture Agriculture Agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 .............................0.0 ■ ■ Fuels Fuels and and mining mining ■ ■ Manufactures Manufactures Non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ......................0.0 Exports Exports 7.3 7.316.1 Imports Imports Source: IMF; ITC; World Bank; WTO Enabling Trade Index 17.9 10.217.9 10.8 0 00 Rank (out of 125) 19.5 19.5 71.7 76.4 71.7 16.9 16.9 6.7 65.1 78.9 65.1 20 40 2020 60 4040 80 6060 100 8080 100 100 Score (1–7 scale) 2010 Index..............................................................................98 3.6 2009 Index....................................................................................................................88 3.6 Market access ...................................................................................................18 5.0 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access ............................................18 5.0 Border administration.......................................................................................87 3.5 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration............................................77 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures ........................................93 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration .......................................110 3.8 4.1 2.6 Transport and communications infrastructure ..........................................102 2.8 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure......................95 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services .............................119 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs..............................................................96 3.4 2.9 2.3 Business environment ....................................................................................123 3.0 8th pillar: Regulatory environment .................................................................124 9th pillar: Physical security..............................................................................118 2.5 3.5 1 2 3 4 5 6 Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performing economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.” The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 7 Bolivia The Enabling Trade Index 2010 in detail INDICATOR, UNITS ■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/125 SCORE BEST PERFORMER SCORE 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 Tariff rate, % ........................................................................................84 .....■ .........8.2 Non-tariff measures, index 0–100 (best) .............................................41 .....■ .......28.6 Complexity of tariffs, index 1–7 (best)...................................................7 .....■ .........6.8 Tariff dispersion, standard deviation ....................................................13 .....■ .........5.9 Tariff peaks, %.......................................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Specific tariffs, % ..................................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Distinct tariffs, number ........................................................................16 .....■ ............5 Share of duty-free imports, % .............................................................76 .....■ .......51.1 Tariffs faced, %....................................................................................16 .....■ .........4.9 Margin of preference in destination markets, index 0–100 (best) ......16 .....■ .......67.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Uganda ...............................................0.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR .............................100.0 Chile ...................................................3.7 Nepal ................................................97.5 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:39 PM Page 63 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration 2.01 2.02 Burden of customs procedures, 1–7 (best) .......................................118 .....■ .........2.8 Customs services index, 0–12 (best) ..................................................42 .....■ .........8.2 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Multiple economies.............................12 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 Efficiency of the clearance process, 1–5 (best)...................................91 .....■ .........2.3 Time to import, days............................................................................77 .....■ ..........23 Documents to import, number ............................................................50 .....■ ............7 Cost to import, US$ per container.......................................................96 .....■ .....1,747 Time to export, days ............................................................................66 .....■ ..........19 Documents to export, number ............................................................91 .....■ ............8 Cost to export, US$ per container.......................................................87 .....■ .....1,425 Luxembourg .......................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies...............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration 4.01 4.02 Irregular payments in exports and imports, 1–7 (best)......................119 .....■ .........2.5 Corruption Perceptions Index, 0–10 (best) ..........................................92 .....■ .........2.7 New Zealand ......................................6.7 New Zealand ......................................9.4 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 Airport density, number per million population....................................23 .....■ .........1.5 Transshipment connectivity index, 0–100 (best).................................n/a ..................n/a Paved roads, % of total .....................................................................119 .....■ .........7.0 Quality of air transport infrastructure, 1–7 (best)...............................107 .....■ .........3.5 Quality of railroad infrastructure, 1–7 (best) ......................................100 .....■ .........1.7 Quality of roads, 1–7 (best) ...............................................................116 .....■ .........2.2 Quality of port infrastructure, 1–7 (best) ...........................................108 .....■ .........3.0 Iceland ..............................................29.7 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies........................100.0 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 Liner Shipping Connectivity Index, 0–132.5 (best) .............................n/a ..................n/a Ease and affordability of shipment, 1–5 (best) ..................................105 .....■ .........2.5 Logistics competence, 1–5 (best)........................................................96 .....■ .........2.4 Tracking and tracing ability, 1–5 (best) ...............................................107 .....■ .........2.4 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination, 1–5 (best) ..............81 .....■ .........3.2 Postal services efficiency, 1–7 (best) ................................................122 .....■ .........2.5 GATS commitments in the transport sector, index 0–1 (best) ............69 .....■ .........0.0 China ..............................................132.5 Singapore ...........................................3.9 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Luxembourg .......................................4.6 Japan ..................................................6.8 Armenia ..............................................0.6 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 Extent of business Internet use, 1–7 (best) ......................................116 .....■ .........3.4 Mobile telephone subscriptions per 100 population ...........................96 .....■ .......49.8 Broadband Internet subscribers per 100 population ...........................85 .....■ .........0.7 Internet users per 100 population .......................................................89 .....■ .......10.8 Fixed telephone lines per 100 population............................................94 .....■ .........7.1 Government Online Service Index, 0–1 (best).....................................74 .....■ .........0.3 Sweden ..............................................6.4 United Arab Emirates .....................208.6 Sweden ............................................41.2 Iceland ..............................................90.6 Switzerland.......................................64.1 Korea, Rep..........................................1.0 8th pillar: Regulatory environment 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 Property rights, 1–7 (best) .................................................................125 .....■ .........2.0 Ethics and corruption, 1–7 (best) .......................................................123 .....■ .........1.8 Undue influence, 1–7 (best)...............................................................123 .....■ .........2.0 Government efficiency, 1–7 (best).....................................................123 .....■ .........2.4 Domestic competition, 1–7 (best) .....................................................122 .....■ .........3.1 Efficiency of the financial market, 1–7 (best) ....................................110 .....■ .........2.9 Openness to foreign participation, index 1–7 (best)..........................123 .....■ .........3.3 Ease of hiring foreign labor, 1–7 (best) ................................................94 .....■ .........3.9 Prevalence of foreign ownership, 1–7 (best).....................................122 .....■ .........3.2 Business impact of rules on FDI, 1–7 (best) .....................................125 .....■ .........2.0 Restriction on international capital flows, 1–7 (best)...........................88 .....■ .........3.9 Openness to multilateral trade rules, index 0–100 (best)..................116 .....■ .......41.8 Switzerland.........................................6.4 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Sweden ..............................................6.2 Singapore ...........................................6.0 Singapore ...........................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.2 United Arab Emirates .........................6.2 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.5 Slovenia ............................................93.1 9th pillar: Physical security 9.01 9.02 9.03 Reliability of police services, 1–7 (best).............................................124 .....■ .........2.0 Business costs of crime and violence, 1–7 (best) .............................103 .....■ .........3.6 Business costs of terrorism, 1–7 (best).............................................109 .....■ .........4.7 Finland ................................................6.6 Qatar ..................................................6.7 Austria ................................................6.8 The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 63 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:39 PM Page 64 Bosnia and Herzegovina Key indicators Population (millions), 2009 .................................................3.8 Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)............................51.2 GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ..................................................17.0 Real GDP growth (percent), 2009 ....................................–3.0 GDP per capita (current prices, US$), 2009 ................4,235.6 Country World Trade 120 80 ■ FDI inflows 416 6090 312 Total exports (rank out of 120), 2007 ..................................87 4060 28 Total imports (rank out of 120), 2007 ..................................80 2030 14 GDP per capita (rank out of 124), 2009...............................70 Source: IMF; UNFPA; World Bank; UNCTAD; WTO 00 0 1996 1996 1998 1998 2000 2000 2002 2002 2004 2004 2006 2006 2008 2008 Selected trade indicators Current account balance (share of GDP), 2009 ................–8.8 Main trading partners, 2008 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions), 2008 .......5,063.7 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Services exports (US$ millions), 2008.........................1,658.0 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions), 2008 ......12,281.7 Exports Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ...........................632.1 EU27 Croatia Serbia Montenegro Switzerland Others WTO accession year.................................................Observer Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................3 64 MFN tariffs, simple avg., 2008: bound; applied ..........— ; 6.8 Imports 55.0 17.2 15.1 3.4 2.6 6.6 EU27 Croatia Serbia Turkey China Others 48.0 17.1 10.6 5.3 4.6 14.4 Tariff escalation (rate diff. raw to finished), 2009 ...............6.2 Exports and imports by sector, 2008 Tariff rate for agricultural products, 2008 .........................17.8 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Tariff rate for non-agricultural products, 2008 ....................4.3 ■ ■ Agriculture Agriculture Agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...........................30.9 ■ ■ Fuels Fuels and and mining mining ■ ■ Manufactures Manufactures Non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ......................0.0 Exports Exports 7.3 7.3 12.7 Imports Imports Source: IMF; ITC; World Bank; WTO Enabling Trade Index 17.9 17.9 17.0 0 00 Rank (out of 125) 19.5 19.5 24.6 71.7 71.761.2 16.9 16.9 20.2 65.1 65.1 62.0 20 40 2020 60 4040 80 6060 100 8080 100 100 Score (1–7 scale) 2010 Index..............................................................................80 3.8 2009 Index..................................................................................................................102 3.4 Market access ...................................................................................................44 4.5 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access ............................................44 4.5 Border administration.......................................................................................90 3.4 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration..........................................106 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures ........................................58 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration .......................................108 2.9 4.8 2.6 Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................75 3.5 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure......................98 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services ...............................56 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs..............................................................64 3.3 4.0 3.2 Business environment ......................................................................................84 4.0 8th pillar: Regulatory environment .................................................................118 9th pillar: Physical security................................................................................53 2.9 5.1 1 2 3 4 5 6 Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performing economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.” The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 7 Bosnia and Herzegovina The Enabling Trade Index 2010 in detail INDICATOR, UNITS ■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/125 SCORE BEST PERFORMER SCORE 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 Tariff rate, % ........................................................................................64 .....■ .........5.2 Non-tariff measures, index 0–100 (best) ............................................n/a ..................n/a Complexity of tariffs, index 1–7 (best).................................................87 .....■ .........4.2 Tariff dispersion, standard deviation ....................................................41 .....■ .........8.3 Tariff peaks, %.....................................................................................72 .....■ .........6.2 Specific tariffs, % ................................................................................93 .....■ .........7.1 Distinct tariffs, number ........................................................................92 .....■ ........747 Share of duty-free imports, % .............................................................18 .....■ .......77.7 Tariffs faced, %..................................................................................118 .....■ .........6.0 Margin of preference in destination markets, index 0–100 (best) ......17 .....■ .......67.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Uganda ...............................................0.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR .............................100.0 Chile ...................................................3.7 Nepal ................................................97.5 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:39 PM Page 65 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration 2.01 2.02 Burden of customs procedures, 1–7 (best) .........................................89 .....■ .........3.5 Customs services index, 0–12 (best) ................................................105 .....■ .........3.5 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Multiple economies.............................12 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 Efficiency of the clearance process, 1–5 (best)...................................84 .....■ .........2.3 Time to import, days............................................................................49 .....■ ..........16 Documents to import, number ............................................................50 .....■ ............7 Cost to import, US$ per container.......................................................48 .....■ .....1,090 Time to export, days ............................................................................52 .....■ ..........16 Documents to export, number ............................................................47 .....■ ............6 Cost to export, US$ per container.......................................................63 .....■ .....1,125 Luxembourg .......................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies...............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration 4.01 4.02 Irregular payments in exports and imports, 1–7 (best)......................121 .....■ .........2.4 Corruption Perceptions Index, 0–10 (best) ..........................................79 .....■ .........3.0 New Zealand ......................................6.7 New Zealand ......................................9.4 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 Airport density, number per million population....................................51 .....■ .........0.8 Transshipment connectivity index, 0–100 (best).................................n/a ..................n/a Paved roads, % of total .......................................................................61 .....■ .......52.3 Quality of air transport infrastructure, 1–7 (best)...............................125 .....■ .........2.2 Quality of railroad infrastructure, 1–7 (best) ......................................108 .....■ .........1.5 Quality of roads, 1–7 (best) ...............................................................124 .....■ .........1.7 Quality of port infrastructure, 1–7 (best) ...........................................125 .....■ .........1.5 Iceland ..............................................29.7 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies........................100.0 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 Liner Shipping Connectivity Index, 0–132.5 (best) .............................n/a ..................n/a Ease and affordability of shipment, 1–5 (best) ....................................49 .....■ .........3.1 Logistics competence, 1–5 (best)......................................................105 .....■ .........2.3 Tracking and tracing ability, 1–5 (best) .................................................80 .....■ .........2.7 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination, 1–5 (best) ..............82 .....■ .........3.2 Postal services efficiency, 1–7 (best) ..................................................56 .....■ .........4.9 GATS commitments in the transport sector, index 0–1 (best) ...........n/a ..................n/a China ..............................................132.5 Singapore ...........................................3.9 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Luxembourg .......................................4.6 Japan ..................................................6.8 Armenia ..............................................0.6 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 Extent of business Internet use, 1–7 (best) ......................................106 .....■ .........3.7 Mobile telephone subscriptions per 100 population ...........................73 .....■ .......84.3 Broadband Internet subscribers per 100 population ...........................56 .....■ .........5.0 Internet users per 100 population .......................................................49 .....■ .......34.7 Fixed telephone lines per 100 population............................................46 .....■ .......27.3 Government Online Service Index, 0–1 (best).....................................83 .....■ .........0.3 Sweden ..............................................6.4 United Arab Emirates .....................208.6 Sweden ............................................41.2 Iceland ..............................................90.6 Switzerland.......................................64.1 Korea, Rep..........................................1.0 8th pillar: Regulatory environment 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 Property rights, 1–7 (best) .................................................................121 .....■ .........2.5 Ethics and corruption, 1–7 (best) .........................................................85 .....■ .........2.6 Undue influence, 1–7 (best)...............................................................120 .....■ .........2.1 Government efficiency, 1–7 (best).....................................................124 .....■ .........2.2 Domestic competition, 1–7 (best) .....................................................119 .....■ .........3.3 Efficiency of the financial market, 1–7 (best) ....................................105 .....■ .........3.0 Openness to foreign participation, index 1–7 (best)............................97 .....■ .........4.3 Ease of hiring foreign labor, 1–7 (best) ................................................56 .....■ .........4.5 Prevalence of foreign ownership, 1–7 (best).......................................90 .....■ .........4.4 Business impact of rules on FDI, 1–7 (best) .....................................108 .....■ .........4.0 Restriction on international capital flows, 1–7 (best).........................100 .....■ .........3.7 Openness to multilateral trade rules, index 0–100 (best)....................51 .....■ .......65.6 Switzerland.........................................6.4 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Sweden ..............................................6.2 Singapore ...........................................6.0 Singapore ...........................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.2 United Arab Emirates .........................6.2 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.5 Slovenia ............................................93.1 9th pillar: Physical security 9.01 9.02 9.03 Reliability of police services, 1–7 (best)...............................................92 .....■ .........3.5 Business costs of crime and violence, 1–7 (best) ...............................44 .....■ .........5.3 Business costs of terrorism, 1–7 (best)...............................................13 .....■ .........6.6 Finland ................................................6.6 Qatar ..................................................6.7 Austria ................................................6.8 The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 65 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:39 PM Page 66 Botswana Key indicators Population (millions), 2009 .................................................2.0 Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)..........................581.7 GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ..................................................10.8 Real GDP growth (percent), 2009 ..................................–10.3 GDP per capita (current prices, US$), 2009 ................5,995.4 Country World Trade 120 80 ■ FDI inflows 48 6090 36 Total exports (rank out of 120), 2007 ..................................84 4060 24 Total imports (rank out of 120), 2007 ..................................99 2030 12 GDP per capita (rank out of 124), 2009...............................59 Source: IMF; UNFPA; World Bank; UNCTAD; WTO 00 0 1996 1996 1998 1998 2000 2000 2002 2002 2004 2004 2006 2006 2008 2008 Selected trade indicators Current account balance (share of GDP), 2009 ................–7.6 Main trading partners, 2008 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions), 2008 .......4,875.0 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Services exports (US$ millions), 2008............................991.9 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions), 2008 ........5,165.0 Exports Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ........................1,075.6 EU27 South Africa China Zimbabwe Israel Others WTO accession year .......................................................1995 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................3 66 MFN tariffs, simple avg., 2008: bound; applied ........18.9; 7.8 Imports 60.4 20.3 4.9 4.5 3.1 6.8 South Africa EU27 China Israel United States Others 78.6 10.4 2.8 1.7 1.2 5.4 Tariff escalation (rate diff. raw to finished), 2009 ...............6.4 Exports and imports by sector, 2008 Tariff rate for agricultural products, 2008 .........................10.0 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Tariff rate for non-agricultural products, 2008 ....................5.2 ■ ■ Agriculture Agriculture Agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...........................12.4 ■ ■ Fuels Fuels and and mining mining ■ ■ Manufactures Manufactures 3.1 Non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ......................7.7 Exports Exports 7.3 7.3 Imports Imports 17.9 12.717.9 Source: IMF; ITC; World Bank; WTO Enabling Trade Index 0 00 Rank (out of 125) 2010 Index..............................................................................53 19.5 19.5 19.5 71.7 74.971.7 16.9 19.0 16.9 65.1 65.1 65.8 20 40 2020 60 4040 80 6060 100 8080 100 100 Score (1–7 scale) 4.2 2009 Index ..................................................................................................................n/a n/a Market access ...................................................................................................32 4.7 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access ............................................32 4.7 Border administration.......................................................................................70 4.0 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration............................................46 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures ......................................111 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration .........................................35 4.4 2.8 4.6 Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................84 3.3 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure......................53 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services ...............................99 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs..............................................................92 4.5 3.1 2.3 Business environment ......................................................................................35 4.9 8th pillar: Regulatory environment ...................................................................31 9th pillar: Physical security................................................................................50 4.6 5.2 1 2 3 4 5 6 Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performing economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.” The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 7 Botswana The Enabling Trade Index 2010 in detail INDICATOR, UNITS ■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/125 SCORE BEST PERFORMER SCORE 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 Tariff rate, % ........................................................................................68 .....■ .........5.6 Non-tariff measures, index 0–100 (best) .............................................30 .....■ .......19.7 Complexity of tariffs, index 1–7 (best).................................................73 .....■ .........5.1 Tariff dispersion, standard deviation ....................................................90 .....■ .......11.2 Tariff peaks, %.....................................................................................81 .....■ .........8.4 Specific tariffs, % ................................................................................79 .....■ .........3.2 Distinct tariffs, number ........................................................................77 .....■ ........255 Share of duty-free imports, % ...............................................................5 .....■ .......94.7 Tariffs faced, %....................................................................................68 .....■ .........5.6 Margin of preference in destination markets, index 0–100 (best) ......60 .....■ .......30.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Uganda ...............................................0.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR .............................100.0 Chile ...................................................3.7 Nepal ................................................97.5 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:39 PM Page 67 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration 2.01 2.02 Burden of customs procedures, 1–7 (best) .........................................44 .....■ .........4.4 Customs services index, 0–12 (best)..................................................n/a ..................n/a Singapore ...........................................6.4 Multiple economies.............................12 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 Efficiency of the clearance process, 1–5 (best).................................110 .....■ .........2.1 Time to import, days..........................................................................109 .....■ ..........41 Documents to import, number ............................................................91 .....■ ............9 Cost to import, US$ per container.....................................................117 .....■ .....3,264 Time to export, days ..........................................................................102 .....■ ..........30 Documents to export, number ............................................................47 .....■ ............6 Cost to export, US$ per container.....................................................118 .....■ .....2,810 Luxembourg .......................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies...............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration 4.01 4.02 Irregular payments in exports and imports, 1–7 (best)........................37 .....■ .........4.9 Corruption Perceptions Index, 0–10 (best) ..........................................32 .....■ .........5.6 New Zealand ......................................6.7 New Zealand ......................................9.4 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 Airport density, number per million population....................................19 .....■ .........2.1 Transshipment connectivity index, 0–100 (best).................................n/a ..................n/a Paved roads, % of total .......................................................................78 .....■ .......32.6 Quality of air transport infrastructure, 1–7 (best).................................90 .....■ .........3.8 Quality of railroad infrastructure, 1–7 (best) ........................................34 .....■ .........3.9 Quality of roads, 1–7 (best) .................................................................42 .....■ .........4.5 Quality of port infrastructure, 1–7 (best) .............................................74 .....■ .........3.7 Iceland ..............................................29.7 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies........................100.0 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 Liner Shipping Connectivity Index, 0–132.5 (best) .............................n/a ..................n/a Ease and affordability of shipment, 1–5 (best) ..................................124 .....■ .........1.9 Logistics competence, 1–5 (best)......................................................106 .....■ .........2.3 Tracking and tracing ability, 1–5 (best) .................................................92 .....■ .........2.6 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination, 1–5 (best) ............102 .....■ .........3.0 Postal services efficiency, 1–7 (best) ..................................................51 .....■ .........5.1 GATS commitments in the transport sector, index 0–1 (best) ............69 .....■ .........0.0 China ..............................................132.5 Singapore ...........................................3.9 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Luxembourg .......................................4.6 Japan ..................................................6.8 Armenia ..............................................0.6 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 Extent of business Internet use, 1–7 (best) ......................................114 .....■ .........3.5 Mobile telephone subscriptions per 100 population ...........................77 .....■ .......77.3 Broadband Internet subscribers per 100 population ...........................89 .....■ .........0.5 Internet users per 100 population .....................................................100 .....■ .........6.2 Fixed telephone lines per 100 population............................................93 .....■ .........7.4 Government Online Service Index, 0–1 (best).....................................96 .....■ .........0.2 Sweden ..............................................6.4 United Arab Emirates .....................208.6 Sweden ............................................41.2 Iceland ..............................................90.6 Switzerland.......................................64.1 Korea, Rep..........................................1.0 8th pillar: Regulatory environment 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 Property rights, 1–7 (best) ...................................................................39 .....■ .........4.8 Ethics and corruption, 1–7 (best) .........................................................21 .....■ .........4.9 Undue influence, 1–7 (best).................................................................22 .....■ .........4.9 Government efficiency, 1–7 (best).......................................................22 .....■ .........4.4 Domestic competition, 1–7 (best) .......................................................71 .....■ .........4.2 Efficiency of the financial market, 1–7 (best) ......................................47 .....■ .........4.0 Openness to foreign participation, index 1–7 (best)............................46 .....■ .........4.9 Ease of hiring foreign labor, 1–7 (best) ................................................99 .....■ .........3.9 Prevalence of foreign ownership, 1–7 (best).......................................43 .....■ .........5.3 Business impact of rules on FDI, 1–7 (best) .......................................27 .....■ .........5.5 Restriction on international capital flows, 1–7 (best)...........................27 .....■ .........5.3 Openness to multilateral trade rules, index 0–100 (best)....................80 .....■ .......57.5 Switzerland.........................................6.4 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Sweden ..............................................6.2 Singapore ...........................................6.0 Singapore ...........................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.2 United Arab Emirates .........................6.2 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.5 Slovenia ............................................93.1 9th pillar: Physical security 9.01 9.02 9.03 Reliability of police services, 1–7 (best)...............................................36 .....■ .........4.9 Business costs of crime and violence, 1–7 (best) ...............................75 .....■ .........4.6 Business costs of terrorism, 1–7 (best)...............................................45 .....■ .........6.1 Finland ................................................6.6 Qatar ..................................................6.7 Austria ................................................6.8 The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 67 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:39 PM Page 68 Brazil Key indicators Population (millions), 2009 .............................................193.7 Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP Surface area (1,000 square kilometers).......................8,514.9 GDP (US$ billions), 2009 .............................................1,481.5 Real GDP growth (percent), 2009 ....................................–0.7 GDP per capita (current prices, US$), 2009 ................7,737.3 Country World Trade 80 ■ FDI inflows 84 60 63 Total exports (rank out of 120), 2007 ..................................26 40 42 Total imports (rank out of 120), 2007 ..................................29 20 21 GDP per capita (rank out of 124), 2009...............................51 Source: IMF; UNFPA; World Bank; UNCTAD; WTO 0 00 1996 1998 2000 2002 2002 2004 2004 2006 2006 2008 2008 Selected trade indicators Current account balance (share of GDP), 2009 ................–1.3 Main trading partners, 2008 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions), 2008 ...197,942.4 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Services exports (US$ millions), 2008.......................28,822.0 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions), 2008 ....182,408.0 Exports Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ......................44,396.2 EU27 United States Argentina China Japan Others WTO accession year .......................................................1995 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................5 68 MFN tariffs, simple avg., 2008: bound; applied ......31.4; 13.6 Imports 23.5 14.0 8.9 8.3 3.1 42.2 EU27 United States China Argentina Japan Others 20.9 14.9 11.6 7.7 3.9 41.0 Tariff escalation (rate diff. raw to finished), 2009 ...............9.6 Exports and imports by sector, 2008 Tariff rate for agricultural products, 2008 .........................10.7 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Tariff rate for non-agricultural products, 2008 ..................11.2 ■ ■ Agriculture Agriculture Agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 .............................0.2 ■ ■ Fuels Fuels and and mining mining ■ ■ Manufactures Manufactures Non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ......................0.0 Exports Exports 7.3 7.3 Imports Imports Source: IMF; ITC; World Bank; WTO Enabling Trade Index 17.9 5.6 17.9 23.9 0 00 Rank (out of 125) 19.5 31.019.5 71.7 71.7 22.2 16.9 16.9 43.7 65.1 65.1 70.5 20 40 2020 60 4040 80 6060 100 8080 100 100 Score (1–7 scale) 2010 Index..............................................................................87 3.8 2009 Index....................................................................................................................87 3.6 Market access .................................................................................................104 3.7 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access ..........................................104 3.7 Border administration.......................................................................................80 3.7 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration............................................94 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures ........................................78 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration .........................................67 3.3 4.3 3.5 Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................66 3.6 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure......................99 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services ...............................42 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs..............................................................54 3.3 4.1 3.5 Business environment ......................................................................................83 4.0 8th pillar: Regulatory environment ...................................................................93 9th pillar: Physical security................................................................................83 3.4 4.6 1 2 3 4 5 6 Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performing economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.” The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 7 Brazil The Enabling Trade Index 2010 in detail INDICATOR, UNITS ■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/125 SCORE BEST PERFORMER SCORE 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 Tariff rate, % ......................................................................................105 .....■ .......11.1 Non-tariff measures, index 0–100 (best) .............................................79 .....■ .......52.4 Complexity of tariffs, index 1–7 (best).................................................20 .....■ .........6.7 Tariff dispersion, standard deviation ....................................................42 .....■ .........8.4 Tariff peaks, %.....................................................................................25 .....■ .........0.0 Specific tariffs, % ..................................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Distinct tariffs, number ........................................................................39 .....■ ..........16 Share of duty-free imports, % .............................................................90 .....■ .......35.7 Tariffs faced, %....................................................................................44 .....■ .........5.4 Margin of preference in destination markets, index 0–100 (best) ......61 .....■ .......29.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Uganda ...............................................0.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR .............................100.0 Chile ...................................................3.7 Nepal ................................................97.5 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:39 PM Page 69 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration 2.01 2.02 Burden of customs procedures, 1–7 (best) .......................................115 .....■ .........2.9 Customs services index, 0–12 (best) ..................................................77 .....■ .........6.1 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Multiple economies.............................12 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 Efficiency of the clearance process, 1–5 (best)...................................77 .....■ .........2.4 Time to import, days............................................................................49 .....■ ..........16 Documents to import, number ............................................................50 .....■ ............7 Cost to import, US$ per container.......................................................81 .....■ .....1,440 Time to export, days ............................................................................31 .....■ ..........12 Documents to export, number ............................................................91 .....■ ............8 Cost to export, US$ per container.......................................................97 .....■ .....1,540 Luxembourg .......................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies...............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration 4.01 4.02 Irregular payments in exports and imports, 1–7 (best)........................67 .....■ .........3.7 Corruption Perceptions Index, 0–10 (best) ..........................................62 .....■ .........3.7 New Zealand ......................................6.7 New Zealand ......................................9.4 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 Airport density, number per million population....................................71 .....■ .........0.6 Transshipment connectivity index, 0–100 (best) .................................20 .....■ .......79.2 Paved roads, % of total .....................................................................121 .....■ .........5.5 Quality of air transport infrastructure, 1–7 (best).................................84 .....■ .........4.1 Quality of railroad infrastructure, 1–7 (best) ........................................92 .....■ .........1.8 Quality of roads, 1–7 (best) .................................................................99 .....■ .........2.8 Quality of port infrastructure, 1–7 (best) ...........................................120 .....■ .........2.6 Iceland ..............................................29.7 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies........................100.0 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 Liner Shipping Connectivity Index, 0–132.5 (best) ..............................32 .....■ .......31.1 Ease and affordability of shipment, 1–5 (best) ....................................63 .....■ .........2.9 Logistics competence, 1–5 (best)........................................................33 .....■ .........3.3 Tracking and tracing ability, 1–5 (best) .................................................35 .....■ .........3.4 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination, 1–5 (best) ..............20 .....■ .........4.1 Postal services efficiency, 1–7 (best) ..................................................29 .....■ .........5.9 GATS commitments in the transport sector, index 0–1 (best) ............67 .....■ .........0.0 China ..............................................132.5 Singapore ...........................................3.9 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Luxembourg .......................................4.6 Japan ..................................................6.8 Armenia ..............................................0.6 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 Extent of business Internet use, 1–7 (best) ........................................25 .....■ .........5.4 Mobile telephone subscriptions per 100 population ...........................76 .....■ .......78.5 Broadband Internet subscribers per 100 population ...........................55 .....■ .........5.3 Internet users per 100 population .......................................................47 .....■ .......37.5 Fixed telephone lines per 100 population............................................57 .....■ .......21.4 Government Online Service Index, 0–1 (best).....................................52 .....■ .........0.4 Sweden ..............................................6.4 United Arab Emirates .....................208.6 Sweden ............................................41.2 Iceland ..............................................90.6 Switzerland.......................................64.1 Korea, Rep..........................................1.0 8th pillar: Regulatory environment 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 Property rights, 1–7 (best) ...................................................................71 .....■ .........3.9 Ethics and corruption, 1–7 (best) .......................................................117 .....■ .........1.9 Undue influence, 1–7 (best).................................................................65 .....■ .........3.3 Government efficiency, 1–7 (best).....................................................112 .....■ .........2.8 Domestic competition, 1–7 (best) .....................................................114 .....■ .........3.7 Efficiency of the financial market, 1–7 (best) ......................................46 .....■ .........4.0 Openness to foreign participation, index 1–7 (best)............................89 .....■ .........4.4 Ease of hiring foreign labor, 1–7 (best) ................................................83 .....■ .........4.1 Prevalence of foreign ownership, 1–7 (best).......................................67 .....■ .........4.9 Business impact of rules on FDI, 1–7 (best) .......................................66 .....■ .........4.9 Restriction on international capital flows, 1–7 (best)...........................87 .....■ .........3.9 Openness to multilateral trade rules, index 0–100 (best)....................99 .....■ .......50.8 Switzerland.........................................6.4 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Sweden ..............................................6.2 Singapore ...........................................6.0 Singapore ...........................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.2 United Arab Emirates .........................6.2 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.5 Slovenia ............................................93.1 9th pillar: Physical security 9.01 9.02 9.03 Reliability of police services, 1–7 (best)...............................................83 .....■ .........3.7 Business costs of crime and violence, 1–7 (best) .............................111 .....■ .........3.3 Business costs of terrorism, 1–7 (best).................................................5 .....■ .........6.7 Finland ................................................6.6 Qatar ..................................................6.7 Austria ................................................6.8 The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 69 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:39 PM Page 70 Bulgaria Key indicators Population (millions), 2009 .................................................7.5 Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)..........................111.0 GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ..................................................44.8 Real GDP growth (percent), 2009 ....................................–6.5 GDP per capita (current prices, US$), 2009 ................5,916.2 Country World Trade 180 80 ■ FDI inflows 430 GDP per capita (rank out of 124), 2009...............................60 150 60 120 25 3 20 Total exports (rank out of 120), 2007 ..................................60 4090 215 Total imports (rank out of 120), 2007 ..................................57 60 20 30 10 1 5 Source: IMF; UNFPA; World Bank; UNCTAD; WTO 00 0 1996 1996 1998 1998 2000 2000 2002 2002 2004 2004 2006 2006 2008 2008 Selected trade indicators Current account balance (share of GDP), 2009 ..............–11.4 Main trading partners, 2008 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions), 2008 .....22,470.5 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Services exports (US$ millions), 2008.........................8,000.0 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions), 2008 ......37,261.4 Exports Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ........................6,696.0 EU27 Turkey Serbia Russian Federation Macedonia, FYR Others WTO accession year .......................................................1996 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ......................29 70 MFN tariffs, simple avg., 2008: bound; applied ..........5.5; 5.6 Imports 59.9 8.8 4.7 2.7 2.3 21.7 EU27 Ukraine Russian Federation Turkey China Others 62.1 8.0 6.2 6.1 3.3 14.4 Tariff escalation (rate diff. raw to finished), 2008 ...............1.0 Exports and imports by sector, 2008 Tariff rate for agricultural products, 2008 ...........................6.2 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Tariff rate for non-agricultural products, 2008 ....................0.5 ■ ■ Agriculture Agriculture Agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...........................43.0 ■ ■ Fuels Fuels and and mining mining ■ ■ Manufactures Manufactures Non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ......................1.7 Exports Exports 7.3 7.3 13.8 Imports Imports 17.9 8.0 17.9 Source: IMF; ITC; World Bank; WTO Enabling Trade Index 0 00 Rank (out of 125) 19.5 19.5 71.7 71.7 32.6 16.9 29.6 16.9 52.3 65.1 65.1 61.6 20 40 2020 60 4040 80 6060 100 8080 100 100 Score (1–7 scale) 2010 Index..............................................................................78 3.9 2009 Index....................................................................................................................72 3.8 Market access ...................................................................................................76 3.9 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access ............................................76 3.9 Border administration.......................................................................................72 3.9 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration............................................63 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures ........................................83 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration .........................................77 4.2 4.3 3.2 Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................49 4.0 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure......................66 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services ...............................62 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs..............................................................39 4.1 3.8 4.1 Business environment ......................................................................................99 3.7 8th pillar: Regulatory environment .................................................................101 9th pillar: Physical security................................................................................97 3.3 4.1 1 2 3 4 5 6 Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performing economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.” The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 7 Bulgaria The Enabling Trade Index 2010 in detail INDICATOR, UNITS ■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/125 SCORE BEST PERFORMER SCORE 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 Tariff rate, % ..........................................................................................4 .....■ .........0.8 Non-tariff measures, index 0–100 (best) .............................................47 .....■ .......32.2 Complexity of tariffs, index 1–7 (best).................................................96 .....■ .........3.2 Tariff dispersion, standard deviation ....................................................45 .....■ .........9.0 Tariff peaks, %.....................................................................................89 .....■ .......10.3 Specific tariffs, % ................................................................................95 .....■ .........9.2 Distinct tariffs, number ........................................................................97 .....■ .....1,382 Share of duty-free imports, % .............................................................39 .....■ .......63.9 Tariffs faced, %....................................................................................76 .....■ .........5.7 Margin of preference in destination markets, index 0–100 (best) ......84 .....■ .......12.2 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Uganda ...............................................0.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR .............................100.0 Chile ...................................................3.7 Nepal ................................................97.5 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:39 PM Page 71 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration 2.01 2.02 Burden of customs procedures, 1–7 (best) .........................................84 .....■ .........3.6 Customs services index, 0–12 (best) ..................................................48 .....■ .........7.8 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Multiple economies.............................12 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 Efficiency of the clearance process, 1–5 (best)...................................61 .....■ .........2.5 Time to import, days............................................................................69 .....■ ..........21 Documents to import, number ............................................................50 .....■ ............7 Cost to import, US$ per container.......................................................93 .....■ .....1,666 Time to export, days ............................................................................90 .....■ ..........23 Documents to export, number ............................................................28 .....■ ............5 Cost to export, US$ per container.......................................................99 .....■ .....1,551 Luxembourg .......................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies...............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration 4.01 4.02 Irregular payments in exports and imports, 1–7 (best)........................91 .....■ .........3.1 Corruption Perceptions Index, 0–10 (best) ..........................................58 .....■ .........3.8 New Zealand ......................................6.7 New Zealand ......................................9.4 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 Airport density, number per million population....................................72 .....■ .........0.5 Transshipment connectivity index, 0–100 (best) .................................89 .....■ .......58.2 Paved roads, % of total .......................................................................22 .....■ .......98.4 Quality of air transport infrastructure, 1–7 (best).................................91 .....■ .........3.7 Quality of railroad infrastructure, 1–7 (best) ........................................55 .....■ .........2.9 Quality of roads, 1–7 (best) ...............................................................117 .....■ .........2.2 Quality of port infrastructure, 1–7 (best) .............................................81 .....■ .........3.6 Iceland ..............................................29.7 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies........................100.0 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 Liner Shipping Connectivity Index, 0–132.5 (best) ..............................87 .....■ .........5.8 Ease and affordability of shipment, 1–5 (best) ....................................51 .....■ .........3.1 Logistics competence, 1–5 (best)........................................................52 .....■ .........2.9 Tracking and tracing ability, 1–5 (best) .................................................59 .....■ .........3.0 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination, 1–5 (best) ..............82 .....■ .........3.2 Postal services efficiency, 1–7 (best) ..................................................67 .....■ .........4.6 GATS commitments in the transport sector, index 0–1 (best) ............20 .....■ .........0.4 China ..............................................132.5 Singapore ...........................................3.9 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Luxembourg .......................................4.6 Japan ..................................................6.8 Armenia ..............................................0.6 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 Extent of business Internet use, 1–7 (best) ........................................43 .....■ .........4.9 Mobile telephone subscriptions per 100 population ...........................11 .....■ .....138.3 Broadband Internet subscribers per 100 population ...........................41 .....■ .......11.1 Internet users per 100 population .......................................................48 .....■ .......34.9 Fixed telephone lines per 100 population............................................40 .....■ .......28.8 Government Online Service Index, 0–1 (best).....................................43 .....■ .........0.4 Sweden ..............................................6.4 United Arab Emirates .....................208.6 Sweden ............................................41.2 Iceland ..............................................90.6 Switzerland.......................................64.1 Korea, Rep..........................................1.0 8th pillar: Regulatory environment 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 Property rights, 1–7 (best) .................................................................103 .....■ .........3.2 Ethics and corruption, 1–7 (best) .......................................................106 .....■ .........2.2 Undue influence, 1–7 (best)...............................................................104 .....■ .........2.7 Government efficiency, 1–7 (best).......................................................98 .....■ .........3.0 Domestic competition, 1–7 (best) .......................................................87 .....■ .........4.0 Efficiency of the financial market, 1–7 (best) ......................................74 .....■ .........3.5 Openness to foreign participation, index 1–7 (best)............................78 .....■ .........4.5 Ease of hiring foreign labor, 1–7 (best) ................................................81 .....■ .........4.1 Prevalence of foreign ownership, 1–7 (best).......................................88 .....■ .........4.5 Business impact of rules on FDI, 1–7 (best) .....................................107 .....■ .........4.0 Restriction on international capital flows, 1–7 (best)...........................90 .....■ .........3.9 Openness to multilateral trade rules, index 0–100 (best)......................7 .....■ .......83.8 Switzerland.........................................6.4 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Sweden ..............................................6.2 Singapore ...........................................6.0 Singapore ...........................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.2 United Arab Emirates .........................6.2 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.5 Slovenia ............................................93.1 9th pillar: Physical security 9.01 9.02 9.03 Reliability of police services, 1–7 (best).............................................108 .....■ .........3.0 Business costs of crime and violence, 1–7 (best) ...............................92 .....■ .........4.0 Business costs of terrorism, 1–7 (best)...............................................85 .....■ .........5.2 Finland ................................................6.6 Qatar ..................................................6.7 Austria ................................................6.8 The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 71 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:39 PM Page 72 Burkina Faso Key indicators Population (millions), 2009 ...............................................15.8 Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)..........................274.0 GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ....................................................7.8 Real GDP growth (percent), 2009 ......................................3.5 GDP per capita (current prices, US$), 2009 ...................541.6 GDP per capita (rank out of 124), 2009.............................115 Total exports (rank out of 120), 2007 ................................118 Total imports (rank out of 120), 2007 ................................116 Source: IMF; UNFPA; World Bank; UNCTAD; WTO Country World Trade 70 80 60 60 50 ■ FDI inflows 74 6 53 40 40 30 4 2 3 20 20 10 21 1 0 00 1996 1998 2000 2002 2002 2004 2004 2006 2006 2008 2008 Selected trade indicators Current account balance (share of GDP), 2009 ..............–10.8 Main trading partners, 2008 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions), 2008 ..........550.0 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Services exports (US$ millions), 2007..............................69.7 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions), 2008 ........1,800.0 Exports Services imports (US$ millions), 2007 ...........................432.5 Togo Ghana EU27 Côte d’Ivoire Switzerland Others WTO accession year .......................................................1995 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................2 72 MFN tariffs, simple avg., 2008: bound; applied ......41.9; 11.9 Imports 41.0 16.6 13.7 10.5 9.4 8.9 EU27 Côte d’Ivoire Togo Benin Ghana Others 33.3 17.9 11.2 6.8 5.8 24.8 Tariff escalation (rate diff. raw to finished), 2009 ...............3.4 Exports and imports by sector, 2008 Tariff rate for agricultural products, 2008 .........................11.6 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Tariff rate for non-agricultural products, 2008 ..................10.1 ■ ■ Agriculture Agriculture Agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 .............................0.0 ■ ■ Fuels Fuels and and mining mining ■ ■ Manufactures Manufactures 2.7 Non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ......................0.0 Exports Exports 7.3 7.3 Imports Imports 17.9 12.517.9 Source: IMF; ITC; World Bank; WTO Enabling Trade Index 0 00 Rank (out of 125) 19.5 19.5 71.7 71.7 72.4 16.9 16.9 25.0 6.5 65.1 65.1 62.0 20 40 2020 60 4040 80 6060 100 8080 100 100 Score (1–7 scale) 2010 Index............................................................................110 3.4 2009 Index..................................................................................................................104 3.4 Market access ...................................................................................................48 4.4 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access ............................................48 4.4 Border administration.....................................................................................116 2.8 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration............................................96 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures ......................................121 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration .........................................79 3.2 1.9 3.2 Transport and communications infrastructure ..........................................123 2.3 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure....................123 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services .............................113 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs............................................................121 2.2 3.0 1.7 Business environment ......................................................................................74 4.2 8th pillar: Regulatory environment ...................................................................75 9th pillar: Physical security................................................................................67 3.6 4.8 1 2 3 4 5 6 Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performing economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.” The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 7 Burkina Faso The Enabling Trade Index 2010 in detail INDICATOR, UNITS ■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/125 SCORE BEST PERFORMER SCORE 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 Tariff rate, % ........................................................................................94 .....■ .......10.3 Non-tariff measures, index 0–100 (best) ...............................................6 .....■ .........3.0 Complexity of tariffs, index 1–7 (best)...................................................9 .....■ .........6.8 Tariff dispersion, standard deviation ....................................................22 .....■ .........6.8 Tariff peaks, %.......................................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Specific tariffs, % ..................................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Distinct tariffs, number ..........................................................................4 .....■ ............4 Share of duty-free imports, % .............................................................92 .....■ .......34.2 Tariffs faced, %....................................................................................34 .....■ .........5.3 Margin of preference in destination markets, index 0–100 (best) ......77 .....■ .......19.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Uganda ...............................................0.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR .............................100.0 Chile ...................................................3.7 Nepal ................................................97.5 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:39 PM Page 73 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration 2.01 2.02 Burden of customs procedures, 1–7 (best) .........................................76 .....■ .........3.8 Customs services index, 0–12 (best) ................................................100 .....■ .........4.0 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Multiple economies.............................12 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 Efficiency of the clearance process, 1–5 (best)...................................96 .....■ .........2.2 Time to import, days..........................................................................114 .....■ ..........49 Documents to import, number ..........................................................119 .....■ ..........11 Cost to import, US$ per container.....................................................121 .....■ .....3,830 Time to export, days ..........................................................................111 .....■ ..........41 Documents to export, number ..........................................................120 .....■ ..........11 Cost to export, US$ per container.....................................................114 .....■ .....2,262 Luxembourg .......................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies...............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration 4.01 4.02 Irregular payments in exports and imports, 1–7 (best)........................86 .....■ .........3.2 Corruption Perceptions Index, 0–10 (best) ..........................................65 .....■ .........3.6 New Zealand ......................................6.7 New Zealand ......................................9.4 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 Airport density, number per million population..................................113 .....■ .........0.1 Transshipment connectivity index, 0–100 (best).................................n/a ..................n/a Paved roads, % of total .....................................................................122 .....■ .........4.2 Quality of air transport infrastructure, 1–7 (best)...............................116 .....■ .........3.0 Quality of railroad infrastructure, 1–7 (best) ........................................80 .....■ .........2.0 Quality of roads, 1–7 (best) .................................................................98 .....■ .........2.8 Quality of port infrastructure, 1–7 (best) .............................................67 .....■ .........4.0 Iceland ..............................................29.7 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies........................100.0 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 Liner Shipping Connectivity Index, 0–132.5 (best) .............................n/a ..................n/a Ease and affordability of shipment, 1–5 (best) ..................................125 .....■ .........1.7 Logistics competence, 1–5 (best)......................................................124 .....■ .........2.0 Tracking and tracing ability, 1–5 (best) .................................................74 .....■ .........2.8 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination, 1–5 (best) ............115 .....■ .........2.8 Postal services efficiency, 1–7 (best) ..................................................59 .....■ .........4.8 GATS commitments in the transport sector, index 0–1 (best) ............69 .....■ .........0.0 China ..............................................132.5 Singapore ...........................................3.9 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Luxembourg .......................................4.6 Japan ..................................................6.8 Armenia ..............................................0.6 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 Extent of business Internet use, 1–7 (best) ......................................120 .....■ .........3.3 Mobile telephone subscriptions per 100 population .........................118 .....■ .......16.8 Broadband Internet subscribers per 100 population .........................112 .....■ .........0.0 Internet users per 100 population .....................................................121 .....■ .........0.9 Fixed telephone lines per 100 population..........................................112 .....■ .........0.9 Government Online Service Index, 0–1 (best)...................................106 .....■ .........0.2 Sweden ..............................................6.4 United Arab Emirates .....................208.6 Sweden ............................................41.2 Iceland ..............................................90.6 Switzerland.......................................64.1 Korea, Rep..........................................1.0 8th pillar: Regulatory environment 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 Property rights, 1–7 (best) ...................................................................67 .....■ .........4.0 Ethics and corruption, 1–7 (best) .........................................................69 .....■ .........2.8 Undue influence, 1–7 (best).................................................................69 .....■ .........3.2 Government efficiency, 1–7 (best).......................................................49 .....■ .........3.9 Domestic competition, 1–7 (best) .......................................................68 .....■ .........4.2 Efficiency of the financial market, 1–7 (best) ....................................118 .....■ .........2.7 Openness to foreign participation, index 1–7 (best)............................96 .....■ .........4.3 Ease of hiring foreign labor, 1–7 (best) ................................................17 .....■ .........5.2 Prevalence of foreign ownership, 1–7 (best).....................................103 .....■ .........4.2 Business impact of rules on FDI, 1–7 (best) .......................................87 .....■ .........4.6 Restriction on international capital flows, 1–7 (best)...........................96 .....■ .........3.7 Openness to multilateral trade rules, index 0–100 (best)..................104 .....■ .......48.5 Switzerland.........................................6.4 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Sweden ..............................................6.2 Singapore ...........................................6.0 Singapore ...........................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.2 United Arab Emirates .........................6.2 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.5 Slovenia ............................................93.1 9th pillar: Physical security 9.01 9.02 9.03 Reliability of police services, 1–7 (best)...............................................60 .....■ .........4.2 Business costs of crime and violence, 1–7 (best) ...............................78 .....■ .........4.5 Business costs of terrorism, 1–7 (best)...............................................55 .....■ .........5.8 Finland ................................................6.6 Qatar ..................................................6.7 Austria ................................................6.8 The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 73 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:39 PM Page 74 Burundi Key indicators Population (millions), 2009 .................................................8.3 Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)............................27.8 GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ....................................................1.4 Real GDP growth (percent), 2009 ......................................3.2 GDP per capita (current prices, US$), 2009 ...................173.8 GDP per capita (rank out of 124), 2009.............................124 Total exports (rank out of 120), 2007 ................................120 Total imports (rank out of 120), 2007 ................................119 Source: IMF; UNFPA; World Bank; UNCTAD; WTO Country World Trade 100 80 ■ FDI inflows 42.0 75 60 1.5 3 50 40 25 1.0 2 0.5 20 0 10.0 –25 0 0–0.5 1996 1996 1998 1998 2000 2000 2002 2002 2004 2004 2006 2006 2008 2008 Selected trade indicators Current account balance (share of GDP), 2009 ..............–10.9 Main trading partners, 2008 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions), 2008 ............57.4 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Services exports (US$ millions), 2008................................3.3 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions), 2008 ...........402.7 Exports Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ...........................172.9 UAE Switzerland EU27 Kenya Congo, Dem. Rep. Others WTO accession year .......................................................1995 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................1 74 MFN tariffs, simple avg., 2008: bound; applied ......68.3; 12.7 Imports 43.6 15.3 11.7 5.3 4.2 19.9 EU27 Uganda Kenya China India Others 40.5 9.6 8.8 7.3 5.0 28.8 Tariff escalation (rate diff. raw to finished), 2008 .............10.2 Exports and imports by sector, 2008 Tariff rate for agricultural products, 2008 .........................11.6 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Tariff rate for non-agricultural products, 2008 ..................12.9 ■ ■ Agriculture Agriculture Agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 .............................0.0 ■ ■ Fuels Fuels and and mining mining ■ ■ Manufactures Manufactures Non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ......................0.0 Exports Exports 7.3 7.3 19.5 19.5 71.7 71.7 15.3 62.3 22.4 3.0 Imports Imports Source: IMF; ITC; World Bank; WTO Enabling Trade Index 17.9 10.017.9 0 00 Rank (out of 125) 16.9 16.9 65.1 65.1 64.9 20 40 2020 60 4040 80 6060 100 8080 100 100 Score (1–7 scale) 2010 Index............................................................................125 2.8 2009 Index..................................................................................................................116 3.0 Market access ...................................................................................................89 3.8 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access ............................................89 3.8 Border administration.....................................................................................124 2.3 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration..........................................113 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures ......................................122 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration .......................................121 2.8 1.8 2.4 Transport and communications infrastructure ..........................................124 2.1 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure....................124 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services .............................123 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs............................................................124 2.1 2.7 1.5 Business environment ....................................................................................124 2.9 8th pillar: Regulatory environment .................................................................121 9th pillar: Physical security..............................................................................121 2.7 3.1 1 2 3 4 5 6 Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performing economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.” The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 7 Burundi The Enabling Trade Index 2010 in detail INDICATOR, UNITS ■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/125 SCORE BEST PERFORMER SCORE 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 Tariff rate, % ......................................................................................114 .....■ .......12.8 Non-tariff measures, index 0–100 (best) ............................................n/a ..................n/a Complexity of tariffs, index 1–7 (best).................................................23 .....■ .........6.7 Tariff dispersion, standard deviation ....................................................74 .....■ .........9.3 Tariff peaks, %.......................................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Specific tariffs, % ..................................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Distinct tariffs, number ........................................................................21 .....■ ............6 Share of duty-free imports, % ...........................................................114 .....■ .......12.8 Tariffs faced, %....................................................................................21 .....■ .........5.1 Margin of preference in destination markets, index 0–100 (best) ......65 .....■ .......28.5 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Uganda ...............................................0.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR .............................100.0 Chile ...................................................3.7 Nepal ................................................97.5 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:39 PM Page 75 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration 2.01 2.02 Burden of customs procedures, 1–7 (best) .......................................109 .....■ .........3.0 Customs services index, 0–12 (best) ..................................................98 .....■ .........4.2 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Multiple economies.............................12 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 Efficiency of the clearance process, 1–5 (best)...................................97 .....■ .........2.2 Time to import, days..........................................................................119 .....■ ..........71 Documents to import, number ..........................................................104 .....■ ..........10 Cost to import, US$ per container.....................................................122 .....■ .....4,285 Time to export, days ..........................................................................117 .....■ ..........47 Documents to export, number ..........................................................106 .....■ ............9 Cost to export, US$ per container.....................................................117 .....■ .....2,747 Luxembourg .......................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies...............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration 4.01 4.02 Irregular payments in exports and imports, 1–7 (best)......................112 .....■ .........2.6 Corruption Perceptions Index, 0–10 (best) ........................................124 .....■ .........1.8 New Zealand ......................................6.7 New Zealand ......................................9.4 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 Airport density, number per million population..................................118 .....■ .........0.1 Transshipment connectivity index, 0–100 (best).................................n/a ..................n/a Paved roads, % of total .....................................................................110 .....■ .......10.4 Quality of air transport infrastructure, 1–7 (best)...............................105 .....■ .........3.5 Quality of railroad infrastructure, 1–7 (best) ........................................84 .....■ .........1.9 Quality of roads, 1–7 (best) ...............................................................114 .....■ .........2.3 Quality of port infrastructure, 1–7 (best) ...........................................102 .....■ .........3.1 Iceland ..............................................29.7 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies........................100.0 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 Liner Shipping Connectivity Index, 0–132.5 (best) .............................n/a ..................n/a Ease and affordability of shipment, 1–5 (best) ..................................106 .....■ .........2.5 Logistics competence, 1–5 (best)........................................................85 .....■ .........2.5 Tracking and tracing ability, 1–5 (best) ...............................................122 .....■ .........2.0 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination, 1–5 (best) ............125 .....■ .........2.0 Postal services efficiency, 1–7 (best) ..................................................92 .....■ .........3.8 GATS commitments in the transport sector, index 0–1 (best) ............69 .....■ .........0.0 China ..............................................132.5 Singapore ...........................................3.9 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Luxembourg .......................................4.6 Japan ..................................................6.8 Armenia ..............................................0.6 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 Extent of business Internet use, 1–7 (best) ......................................100 .....■ .........3.8 Mobile telephone subscriptions per 100 population .........................123 .....■ .........6.0 Broadband Internet subscribers per 100 population .........................122 .....■ .........0.0 Internet users per 100 population .....................................................122 .....■ .........0.8 Fixed telephone lines per 100 population..........................................121 .....■ .........0.4 Government Online Service Index, 0–1 (best)...................................120 .....■ .........0.0 Sweden ..............................................6.4 United Arab Emirates .....................208.6 Sweden ............................................41.2 Iceland ..............................................90.6 Switzerland.......................................64.1 Korea, Rep..........................................1.0 8th pillar: Regulatory environment 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 Property rights, 1–7 (best) .................................................................120 .....■ .........2.7 Ethics and corruption, 1–7 (best) .......................................................113 .....■ .........2.0 Undue influence, 1–7 (best)...............................................................115 .....■ .........2.3 Government efficiency, 1–7 (best).....................................................117 .....■ .........2.7 Domestic competition, 1–7 (best) .....................................................120 .....■ .........3.2 Efficiency of the financial market, 1–7 (best) ....................................124 .....■ .........2.5 Openness to foreign participation, index 1–7 (best)..........................118 .....■ .........3.7 Ease of hiring foreign labor, 1–7 (best) ................................................58 .....■ .........4.5 Prevalence of foreign ownership, 1–7 (best).....................................116 .....■ .........3.6 Business impact of rules on FDI, 1–7 (best) .....................................105 .....■ .........4.1 Restriction on international capital flows, 1–7 (best).........................119 .....■ .........3.1 Openness to multilateral trade rules, index 0–100 (best)..................121 .....■ .......34.0 Switzerland.........................................6.4 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Sweden ..............................................6.2 Singapore ...........................................6.0 Singapore ...........................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.2 United Arab Emirates .........................6.2 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.5 Slovenia ............................................93.1 9th pillar: Physical security 9.01 9.02 9.03 Reliability of police services, 1–7 (best).............................................121 .....■ .........2.3 Business costs of crime and violence, 1–7 (best) .............................109 .....■ .........3.3 Business costs of terrorism, 1–7 (best).............................................121 .....■ .........3.7 Finland ................................................6.6 Qatar ..................................................6.7 Austria ................................................6.8 The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 75 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:39 PM Page 76 Cambodia Key indicators Population (millions), 2009 ...............................................14.8 Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)..........................181.0 GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ..................................................10.9 Real GDP growth (percent), 2009 ....................................–2.7 GDP per capita (current prices, US$), 2009 ...................781.9 Country World Trade 160 80 ■ FDI inflows 412 120 60 39 Total exports (rank out of 120), 2007 .................................88 4080 26 Total imports (rank out of 120), 2007 .................................92 2040 13 GDP per capita (rank out of 124), 2009.............................106 Source: IMF; UNFPA; World Bank; UNCTAD; WTO 00 0 1996 1996 1998 1998 2000 2000 2002 2002 2004 2004 2006 2006 2008 2008 Selected trade indicators Current account balance (share of GDP), 2009 ................–5.5 Main trading partners, 2008 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions), 2008 .......4,300.0 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Services exports (US$ millions), 2008.........................1,606.2 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions), 2008 ........6,600.0 Exports Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ...........................958.3 United States Hong Kong SAR EU27 Canada Vietnam Others WTO accession year .......................................................2004 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................3 76 MFN tariffs, simple avg., 2008: bound; applied ......19.0; 14.2 Imports 46.9 22.0 21.2 3.4 1.5 5.0 Hong Kong SAR China Taiwan, China Thailand Vietnam Others 19.9 16.5 11.8 11.2 8.2 32.5 Tariff escalation (rate diff. raw to finished), 2007 ...............7.5 Exports and imports by sector, 2008 Tariff rate for agricultural products, 2008 .........................14.3 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Tariff rate for non-agricultural products, 2008 ..................12.1 ■ ■ Agriculture Agriculture Agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 .............................0.0 ■ ■ Fuels Fuels and and mining mining ■ ■ Manufactures Manufactures 2.1 Non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ......................0.0 Exports Exports 7.3 7.3 Imports Imports Source: IMF; ITC; World Bank; WTO Enabling Trade Index 17.9 5.7 17.9 14.1 0 00 Rank (out of 125) 19.5 19.5 71.7 71.7 95.8 16.9 16.9 65.1 65.1 46.9 20 40 2020 60 4040 80 6060 100 8080 100 100 Score (1–7 scale) 2010 Index............................................................................102 3.6 2009 Index....................................................................................................................91 3.5 Market access ...................................................................................................40 4.6 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access ............................................40 4.6 Border administration.......................................................................................96 3.3 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration............................................89 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures ........................................96 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration .......................................120 3.4 4.0 2.4 Transport and communications infrastructure ..........................................116 2.5 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure....................115 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services .............................112 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs............................................................117 2.8 3.0 1.8 Business environment ......................................................................................88 3.9 8th pillar: Regulatory environment ...................................................................87 9th pillar: Physical security................................................................................91 3.5 4.3 1 2 3 4 5 6 Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performing economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.” The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 7 Cambodia The Enabling Trade Index 2010 in detail INDICATOR, UNITS ■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/125 SCORE BEST PERFORMER SCORE 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 Tariff rate, % ......................................................................................112 .....■ .......12.3 Non-tariff measures, index 0–100 (best) .............................................16 .....■ .........6.9 Complexity of tariffs, index 1–7 (best).................................................30 .....■ .........6.6 Tariff dispersion, standard deviation ....................................................88 .....■ .......10.8 Tariff peaks, %.......................................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Specific tariffs, % ..................................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Distinct tariffs, number ..........................................................................4 .....■ ............4 Share of duty-free imports, % ...........................................................122 .....■ .........5.8 Tariffs faced, %......................................................................................4 .....■ .........4.7 Margin of preference in destination markets, index 0–100 (best) ......35 .....■ .......48.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Uganda ...............................................0.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR .............................100.0 Chile ...................................................3.7 Nepal ................................................97.5 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:40 PM Page 77 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration 2.01 2.02 Burden of customs procedures, 1–7 (best) .........................................97 .....■ .........3.3 Customs services index, 0–12 (best) ..................................................81 .....■ .........5.8 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Multiple economies.............................12 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 Efficiency of the clearance process, 1–5 (best)...................................89 .....■ .........2.3 Time to import, days............................................................................97 .....■ ..........30 Documents to import, number ..........................................................119 .....■ ..........11 Cost to import, US$ per container.......................................................30 .....■ ........872 Time to export, days ............................................................................86 .....■ ..........22 Documents to export, number ..........................................................120 .....■ ..........11 Cost to export, US$ per container.......................................................23 .....■ ........732 Luxembourg .......................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies...............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration 4.01 4.02 Irregular payments in exports and imports, 1–7 (best)......................117 .....■ .........2.6 Corruption Perceptions Index, 0–10 (best) ........................................120 .....■ .........2.0 New Zealand ......................................6.7 New Zealand ......................................9.4 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 Airport density, number per million population..................................107 .....■ .........0.2 Transshipment connectivity index, 0–100 (best) .................................91 .....■ .......55.2 Paved roads, % of total .....................................................................120 .....■ .........6.3 Quality of air transport infrastructure, 1–7 (best).................................83 .....■ .........4.1 Quality of railroad infrastructure, 1–7 (best) ......................................101 .....■ .........1.6 Quality of roads, 1–7 (best) .................................................................73 .....■ .........3.3 Quality of port infrastructure, 1–7 (best) .............................................84 .....■ .........3.5 Iceland ..............................................29.7 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies........................100.0 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 Liner Shipping Connectivity Index, 0–132.5 (best) ..............................91 .....■ .........4.7 Ease and affordability of shipment, 1–5 (best) ..................................120 .....■ .........2.2 Logistics competence, 1–5 (best)......................................................106 .....■ .........2.3 Tracking and tracing ability, 1–5 (best) ...............................................100 .....■ .........2.5 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination, 1–5 (best) ............110 .....■ .........2.8 Postal services efficiency, 1–7 (best) ................................................111 .....■ .........3.2 GATS commitments in the transport sector, index 0–1 (best) ............49 .....■ .........0.2 China ..............................................132.5 Singapore ...........................................3.9 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Luxembourg .......................................4.6 Japan ..................................................6.8 Armenia ..............................................0.6 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 Extent of business Internet use, 1–7 (best) ........................................99 .....■ .........3.8 Mobile telephone subscriptions per 100 population .........................110 .....■ .......29.1 Broadband Internet subscribers per 100 population ...........................98 .....■ .........0.1 Internet users per 100 population .....................................................123 .....■ .........0.5 Fixed telephone lines per 100 population..........................................123 .....■ .........0.3 Government Online Service Index, 0–1 (best)...................................109 .....■ .........0.1 Sweden ..............................................6.4 United Arab Emirates .....................208.6 Sweden ............................................41.2 Iceland ..............................................90.6 Switzerland.......................................64.1 Korea, Rep..........................................1.0 8th pillar: Regulatory environment 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 Property rights, 1–7 (best) ...................................................................99 .....■ .........3.2 Ethics and corruption, 1–7 (best) .........................................................66 .....■ .........3.0 Undue influence, 1–7 (best).................................................................88 .....■ .........2.9 Government efficiency, 1–7 (best).......................................................69 .....■ .........3.5 Domestic competition, 1–7 (best) .......................................................98 .....■ .........3.9 Efficiency of the financial market, 1–7 (best) ......................................98 .....■ .........3.2 Openness to foreign participation, index 1–7 (best)............................63 .....■ .........4.7 Ease of hiring foreign labor, 1–7 (best) ................................................59 .....■ .........4.4 Prevalence of foreign ownership, 1–7 (best).......................................73 .....■ .........4.9 Business impact of rules on FDI, 1–7 (best) .......................................44 .....■ .........5.2 Restriction on international capital flows, 1–7 (best)...........................55 .....■ .........4.7 Openness to multilateral trade rules, index 0–100 (best)....................92 .....■ .......53.2 Switzerland.........................................6.4 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Sweden ..............................................6.2 Singapore ...........................................6.0 Singapore ...........................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.2 United Arab Emirates .........................6.2 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.5 Slovenia ............................................93.1 9th pillar: Physical security 9.01 9.02 9.03 Reliability of police services, 1–7 (best).............................................106 .....■ .........3.1 Business costs of crime and violence, 1–7 (best) ...............................74 .....■ .........4.6 Business costs of terrorism, 1–7 (best)...............................................87 .....■ .........5.1 Finland ................................................6.6 Qatar ..................................................6.7 Austria ................................................6.8 The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 77 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:40 PM Page 78 Cameroon Key indicators Population (millions), 2009 ...............................................19.5 Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)..........................475.4 GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ..................................................21.8 Real GDP growth (percent), 2009 ......................................1.6 GDP per capita (current prices, US$), 2009 ................1,095.1 GDP per capita (rank out of 124), 2009...............................94 Total exports (rank out of 120), 2007 ..................................95 Total imports (rank out of 120), 2007 ..................................98 Source: IMF; UNFPA; World Bank; UNCTAD; WTO Country World Trade 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1996 1998 2000 2002 2002 ■ FDI inflows 74 6 53 4 32 2 11 0 -10 2006 2008 2006 2008 2004 2004 Selected trade indicators Current account balance (share of GDP), 2009 ................–7.2 Main trading partners, 2008 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions), 2008 .......4,350.0 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Services exports (US$ millions), 2008............................551.8 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions), 2008 ........4,360.0 Exports Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ........................1,708.4 EU27 United States China Congo, Dem. Rep. Chad Others WTO accession year .......................................................1995 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................3 78 MFN tariffs, simple avg., 2008: bound; applied ......79.9; 17.8 Imports 74.3 6.4 3.4 2.8 0.8 12.4 EU27 Nigeria China Equatorial Guinea United States Others 35.0 23.3 6.3 3.5 2.9 29.0 Tariff escalation (rate diff. raw to finished), 2009 ...............3.0 Exports and imports by sector, 2008 Tariff rate for agricultural products, 2008 .........................17.4 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Tariff rate for non-agricultural products, 2008 ..................14.2 ■ ■ Agriculture Agriculture Agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 .............................0.0 ■ ■ Fuels Fuels and and mining mining ■ ■ Manufactures Manufactures 3.0 Non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ......................0.0 Exports Exports 7.3 7.3 Imports Imports Source: IMF; ITC; World Bank; WTO Enabling Trade Index 17.9 17.9 21.5 0 00 Rank (out of 125) 19.5 26.2 19.5 71.7 65.2 71.7 16.9 16.9 29.5 20 65.1 65.1 40 2020 60 4040 49.0 80 6060 100 8080 100 100 Score (1–7 scale) 2010 Index............................................................................115 3.3 2009 Index..................................................................................................................106 3.4 Market access ...................................................................................................65 4.1 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access ............................................65 4.1 Border administration.....................................................................................108 3.0 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration............................................99 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures ......................................102 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration .......................................117 3.1 3.4 2.5 Transport and communications infrastructure ..........................................119 2.5 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure....................117 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services .............................116 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs............................................................112 2.7 2.9 1.9 Business environment ......................................................................................94 3.8 8th pillar: Regulatory environment .................................................................108 9th pillar: Physical security................................................................................89 3.2 4.4 1 2 3 4 5 6 Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performing economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.” The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 7 Cameroon The Enabling Trade Index 2010 in detail INDICATOR, UNITS ■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/125 SCORE BEST PERFORMER SCORE 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 Tariff rate, % ......................................................................................119 .....■ .......14.7 Non-tariff measures, index 0–100 (best) ...............................................7 .....■ .........3.3 Complexity of tariffs, index 1–7 (best).................................................27 .....■ .........6.7 Tariff dispersion, standard deviation ....................................................78 .....■ .........9.6 Tariff peaks, %.......................................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Specific tariffs, % ..................................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Distinct tariffs, number ........................................................................16 .....■ ............5 Share of duty-free imports, % ...........................................................113 .....■ .......13.8 Tariffs faced, %....................................................................................60 .....■ .........5.6 Margin of preference in destination markets, index 0–100 (best) ......32 .....■ .......49.8 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Uganda ...............................................0.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR .............................100.0 Chile ...................................................3.7 Nepal ................................................97.5 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:40 PM Page 79 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration 2.01 2.02 Burden of customs procedures, 1–7 (best) .......................................102 .....■ .........3.2 Customs services index, 0–12 (best) ..................................................88 .....■ .........4.8 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Multiple economies.............................12 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 Efficiency of the clearance process, 1–5 (best).................................107 .....■ .........2.1 Time to import, days............................................................................89 .....■ ..........26 Documents to import, number ..........................................................119 .....■ ..........11 Cost to import, US$ per container.....................................................105 .....■ .....2,002 Time to export, days ............................................................................90 .....■ ..........23 Documents to export, number ..........................................................113 .....■ ..........10 Cost to export, US$ per container.......................................................75 .....■ .....1,250 Luxembourg .......................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies...............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration 4.01 4.02 Irregular payments in exports and imports, 1–7 (best)......................114 .....■ .........2.6 Corruption Perceptions Index, 0–10 (best) ........................................112 .....■ .........2.2 New Zealand ......................................6.7 New Zealand ......................................9.4 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 Airport density, number per million population..................................109 .....■ .........0.2 Transshipment connectivity index, 0–100 (best) .................................44 .....■ .......72.7 Paved roads, % of total .....................................................................116 .....■ .........8.4 Quality of air transport infrastructure, 1–7 (best)...............................119 .....■ .........2.9 Quality of railroad infrastructure, 1–7 (best) ........................................71 .....■ .........2.2 Quality of roads, 1–7 (best) ...............................................................104 .....■ .........2.6 Quality of port infrastructure, 1–7 (best) ...........................................116 .....■ .........2.7 Iceland ..............................................29.7 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies........................100.0 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 Liner Shipping Connectivity Index, 0–132.5 (best) ..............................65 .....■ .......11.6 Ease and affordability of shipment, 1–5 (best) ....................................92 .....■ .........2.7 Logistics competence, 1–5 (best)........................................................81 .....■ .........2.5 Tracking and tracing ability, 1–5 (best) .................................................90 .....■ .........2.6 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination, 1–5 (best) ..............84 .....■ .........3.2 Postal services efficiency, 1–7 (best) ................................................113 .....■ .........3.2 GATS commitments in the transport sector, index 0–1 (best) ............69 .....■ .........0.0 China ..............................................132.5 Singapore ...........................................3.9 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Luxembourg .......................................4.6 Japan ..................................................6.8 Armenia ..............................................0.6 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 Extent of business Internet use, 1–7 (best) ......................................107 .....■ .........3.7 Mobile telephone subscriptions per 100 population .........................107 .....■ .......32.3 Broadband Internet subscribers per 100 population .........................121 .....■ .........0.0 Internet users per 100 population .....................................................108 .....■ .........3.8 Fixed telephone lines per 100 population..........................................111 .....■ .........1.0 Government Online Service Index, 0–1 (best)...................................107 .....■ .........0.2 Sweden ..............................................6.4 United Arab Emirates .....................208.6 Sweden ............................................41.2 Iceland ..............................................90.6 Switzerland.......................................64.1 Korea, Rep..........................................1.0 8th pillar: Regulatory environment 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 Property rights, 1–7 (best) .................................................................102 .....■ .........3.2 Ethics and corruption, 1–7 (best) .......................................................111 .....■ .........2.1 Undue influence, 1–7 (best)...............................................................107 .....■ .........2.6 Government efficiency, 1–7 (best).......................................................89 .....■ .........3.2 Domestic competition, 1–7 (best) .....................................................102 .....■ .........3.8 Efficiency of the financial market, 1–7 (best) ....................................117 .....■ .........2.8 Openness to foreign participation, index 1–7 (best)............................90 .....■ .........4.4 Ease of hiring foreign labor, 1–7 (best) ................................................40 .....■ .........4.8 Prevalence of foreign ownership, 1–7 (best).......................................54 .....■ .........5.2 Business impact of rules on FDI, 1–7 (best) .....................................102 .....■ .........4.2 Restriction on international capital flows, 1–7 (best)...........................97 .....■ .........3.7 Openness to multilateral trade rules, index 0–100 (best)....................98 .....■ .......51.1 Switzerland.........................................6.4 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Sweden ..............................................6.2 Singapore ...........................................6.0 Singapore ...........................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.2 United Arab Emirates .........................6.2 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.5 Slovenia ............................................93.1 9th pillar: Physical security 9.01 9.02 9.03 Reliability of police services, 1–7 (best)...............................................81 .....■ .........3.8 Business costs of crime and violence, 1–7 (best) ...............................96 .....■ .........3.9 Business costs of terrorism, 1–7 (best)...............................................76 .....■ .........5.4 Finland ................................................6.6 Qatar ..................................................6.7 Austria ................................................6.8 The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 79 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:40 PM Page 80 Canada Key indicators Population (millions), 2009 ...............................................33.6 Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP Surface area (1,000 square kilometers).......................9,984.7 GDP (US$ billions), 2009 .............................................1,319.1 Real GDP growth (percent), 2009 ....................................–2.5 GDP per capita (current prices, US$), 2009 ..............39,217.3 Country World Trade 90 80 ■ FDI inflows 104 GDP per capita (rank out of 124), 2009...............................18 75 60 60 8 3 6 Total exports (rank out of 120), 2007 ..................................10 45 40 42 Total imports (rank out of 120), 2007 ..................................11 30 20 15 2 1 0 Source: IMF; UNFPA; World Bank; UNCTAD; WTO 0 –2 0 1996 1998 2000 2002 2002 2004 2004 2006 2006 2008 2008 Selected trade indicators Current account balance (share of GDP), 2009 ................–2.6 Main trading partners, 2008 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions), 2008 ...456,464.0 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Services exports (US$ millions), 2008.......................64,794.9 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions), 2008 ....418,311.4 Exports Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ......................86,644.3 United States EU27 Japan China Mexico Others WTO accession year .......................................................1995 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................6 80 MFN tariffs, simple avg., 2008: bound; applied ..........6.5; 4.7 Imports 77.6 7.5 2.3 2.2 1.2 9.2 United States EU27 China Mexico Japan Others 52.4 12.5 9.8 4.1 3.5 17.6 Tariff escalation (rate diff. raw to finished), 2009 ...............4.2 Exports and imports by sector, 2008 Tariff rate for agricultural products, 2008 .........................24.9 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Tariff rate for non-agricultural products, 2008 ....................1.4 ■ ■ Agriculture Agriculture Agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...........................11.6 ■ ■ Fuels Fuels and and mining mining ■ ■ Manufactures Manufactures Non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ......................4.6 Exports Exports 7.3 7.3 11.8 Imports Imports 17.9 7.7 17.9 16.0 Source: IMF; ITC; World Bank; WTO Enabling Trade Index 0 00 Rank (out of 125) 19.5 19.5 71.7 71.746.8 35.3 16.9 16.9 65.1 75.5 65.1 20 40 2020 60 4040 80 6060 100 8080 100 100 Score (1–7 scale) 2010 Index................................................................................8 5.3 2009 Index......................................................................................................................6 5.3 Market access ...................................................................................................25 4.9 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access ............................................25 4.9 Border administration.......................................................................................17 5.6 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration............................................19 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures ........................................30 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration .........................................11 5.4 5.4 6.1 Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................20 5.2 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure......................21 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services ...............................25 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs..............................................................11 5.5 4.7 5.6 Business environment ......................................................................................18 5.5 8th pillar: Regulatory environment ...................................................................14 9th pillar: Physical security................................................................................24 5.1 5.8 1 2 3 4 5 6 Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performing economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.” The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 7 Canada The Enabling Trade Index 2010 in detail INDICATOR, UNITS ■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/125 SCORE BEST PERFORMER SCORE 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 Tariff rate, % ........................................................................................38 .....■ .........2.9 Non-tariff measures, index 0–100 (best) .............................................19 .....■ .........7.8 Complexity of tariffs, index 1–7 (best).................................................83 .....■ .........4.7 Tariff dispersion, standard deviation ..................................................115 .....■ .......20.6 Tariff peaks, %.....................................................................................69 .....■ .........5.6 Specific tariffs, % ................................................................................84 .....■ .........3.9 Distinct tariffs, number ........................................................................86 .....■ ........369 Share of duty-free imports, % .............................................................12 .....■ .......86.0 Tariffs faced, %....................................................................................69 .....■ .........5.6 Margin of preference in destination markets, index 0–100 (best) ......62 .....■ .......29.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Uganda ...............................................0.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR .............................100.0 Chile ...................................................3.7 Nepal ................................................97.5 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:40 PM Page 81 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration 2.01 2.02 Burden of customs procedures, 1–7 (best) .........................................30 .....■ .........4.7 Customs services index, 0–12 (best) ..................................................15 .....■ .......10.3 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Multiple economies.............................12 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 Efficiency of the clearance process, 1–5 (best)...................................13 .....■ .........3.7 Time to import, days............................................................................25 .....■ ..........11 Documents to import, number ..............................................................6 .....■ ............4 Cost to import, US$ per container.......................................................91 .....■ .....1,660 Time to export, days ..............................................................................8 .....■ ............7 Documents to export, number ..............................................................2 .....■ ............3 Cost to export, US$ per container.....................................................100 .....■ .....1,610 Luxembourg .......................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies...............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration 4.01 4.02 Irregular payments in exports and imports, 1–7 (best)........................14 .....■ .........6.0 Corruption Perceptions Index, 0–10 (best) ............................................8 .....■ .........8.7 New Zealand ......................................6.7 New Zealand ......................................9.4 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 Airport density, number per million population......................................4 .....■ .........7.8 Transshipment connectivity index, 0–100 (best) .................................24 .....■ .......78.3 Paved roads, % of total .......................................................................70 .....■ .......39.9 Quality of air transport infrastructure, 1–7 (best).................................23 .....■ .........5.9 Quality of railroad infrastructure, 1–7 (best) ........................................15 .....■ .........5.2 Quality of roads, 1–7 (best) .................................................................21 .....■ .........5.7 Quality of port infrastructure, 1–7 (best) .............................................14 .....■ .........5.6 Iceland ..............................................29.7 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies........................100.0 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 Liner Shipping Connectivity Index, 0–132.5 (best) ..............................21 .....■ .......41.3 Ease and affordability of shipment, 1–5 (best) ....................................32 .....■ .........3.2 Logistics competence, 1–5 (best)..........................................................8 .....■ .........4.0 Tracking and tracing ability, 1–5 (best) .................................................14 .....■ .........4.0 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination, 1–5 (best) ................5 .....■ .........4.4 Postal services efficiency, 1–7 (best) ..................................................14 .....■ .........6.4 GATS commitments in the transport sector, index 0–1 (best) ............69 .....■ .........0.0 China ..............................................132.5 Singapore ...........................................3.9 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Luxembourg .......................................4.6 Japan ..................................................6.8 Armenia ..............................................0.6 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 Extent of business Internet use, 1–7 (best) ..........................................5 .....■ .........6.1 Mobile telephone subscriptions per 100 population ...........................86 .....■ .......66.4 Broadband Internet subscribers per 100 population ...........................10 .....■ .......29.6 Internet users per 100 population .......................................................11 .....■ .......75.4 Fixed telephone lines per 100 population..............................................9 .....■ .......54.9 Government Online Service Index, 0–1 (best).......................................3 .....■ .........0.9 Sweden ..............................................6.4 United Arab Emirates .....................208.6 Sweden ............................................41.2 Iceland ..............................................90.6 Switzerland.......................................64.1 Korea, Rep..........................................1.0 8th pillar: Regulatory environment 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 Property rights, 1–7 (best) ...................................................................13 .....■ .........6.0 Ethics and corruption, 1–7 (best) .........................................................18 .....■ .........4.9 Undue influence, 1–7 (best).................................................................13 .....■ .........5.4 Government efficiency, 1–7 (best).......................................................19 .....■ .........4.6 Domestic competition, 1–7 (best) .........................................................9 .....■ .........5.2 Efficiency of the financial market, 1–7 (best) ........................................5 .....■ .........5.0 Openness to foreign participation, index 1–7 (best)............................41 .....■ .........5.0 Ease of hiring foreign labor, 1–7 (best) ................................................71 .....■ .........4.2 Prevalence of foreign ownership, 1–7 (best).......................................22 .....■ .........5.7 Business impact of rules on FDI, 1–7 (best) .......................................47 .....■ .........5.1 Restriction on international capital flows, 1–7 (best)...........................36 .....■ .........5.1 Openness to multilateral trade rules, index 0–100 (best)....................58 .....■ .......62.9 Switzerland.........................................6.4 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Sweden ..............................................6.2 Singapore ...........................................6.0 Singapore ...........................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.2 United Arab Emirates .........................6.2 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.5 Slovenia ............................................93.1 9th pillar: Physical security 9.01 9.02 9.03 Reliability of police services, 1–7 (best)...............................................11 .....■ .........6.2 Business costs of crime and violence, 1–7 (best) ...............................35 .....■ .........5.5 Business costs of terrorism, 1–7 (best)...............................................68 .....■ .........5.6 Finland ................................................6.6 Qatar ..................................................6.7 Austria ................................................6.8 The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 81 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:40 PM Page 82 Chad Key indicators Population (millions), 2009 ...............................................11.2 Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP Surface area (1,000 square kilometers).......................1,284.0 GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ....................................................7.0 Real GDP growth (percent), 2009 ......................................1.6 GDP per capita (current prices, US$), 2009 ...................699.3 Country World Trade 180 80 ■ FDI inflows 450 GDP per capita (rank out of 124), 2009.............................109 150 60 120 40 3 30 Total exports (rank out of 120), 2007 ..................................97 4090 220 Total imports (rank out of 120), 2007 ................................108 60 20 30 10 1 0 Source: IMF; UNFPA; World Bank; UNCTAD; WTO 00 0–10 1996 1996 1998 1998 2000 2000 2002 2002 2004 2004 2006 2006 2008 2008 Selected trade indicators Current account balance (share of GDP), 2009 ..............–20.8 Main trading partners, 2008 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions), 2008 .......4,650.0 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Services exports (US$ millions), 2008..............................93.2 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions), 2008 ........1,830.0 Exports Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ........................2,455.1 United States Japan Taiwan, China France China Others WTO accession year .......................................................1996 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................1 82 MFN tariffs, simple avg., 2008: bound; applied ......79.9; 17.9 Imports 88.3 5.0 2.7 1.4 1.1 1.5 France China Ukraine United States Germany Others 20.9 11.6 11.3 9.1 6.4 40.8 Tariff escalation (rate diff. raw to finished), 2009 ...............1.3 Exports and imports by sector, 2008 Tariff rate for agricultural products, 2008 .........................16.2 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Tariff rate for non-agricultural products, 2008 ..................14.4 ■ ■ Agriculture Agriculture Agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 .............................0.0 ■ ■ Fuels Fuels and and mining mining ■ ■ Manufactures Manufactures 1.7 0.4 Non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ......................0.0 Exports Exports 7.3 7.3 19.5 19.5 71.7 71.7 97.5 1.6 Imports Imports Source: IMF; ITC; World Bank; WTO Enabling Trade Index 17.9 17.9 17.1 0 00 Rank (out of 125) 16.9 16.9 65.1 65.1 71.2 20 40 2020 60 4040 80 6060 100 8080 100 100 Score (1–7 scale) 2010 Index............................................................................124 2.9 2009 Index..................................................................................................................121 2.8 Market access ...................................................................................................56 4.3 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access ............................................56 4.3 Border administration.....................................................................................125 2.1 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration..........................................124 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures ......................................118 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration .......................................125 2.3 2.0 2.0 Transport and communications infrastructure ..........................................125 2.1 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure....................125 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services .............................104 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs............................................................125 1.7 3.0 1.5 Business environment ....................................................................................122 3.1 8th pillar: Regulatory environment .................................................................123 9th pillar: Physical security..............................................................................113 2.6 3.6 1 2 3 4 5 6 Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performing economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.” The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 7 Chad The Enabling Trade Index 2010 in detail INDICATOR, UNITS ■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/125 SCORE BEST PERFORMER SCORE 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 Tariff rate, % ......................................................................................118 .....■ .......14.7 Non-tariff measures, index 0–100 (best) ...............................................3 .....■ .........1.6 Complexity of tariffs, index 1–7 (best).................................................24 .....■ .........6.7 Tariff dispersion, standard deviation ....................................................76 .....■ .........9.5 Tariff peaks, %.......................................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Specific tariffs, % ..................................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Distinct tariffs, number ........................................................................16 .....■ ............5 Share of duty-free imports, % ...........................................................124 .....■ .........2.7 Tariffs faced, %....................................................................................17 .....■ .........5.0 Margin of preference in destination markets, index 0–100 (best) ......48 .....■ .......38.4 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Uganda ...............................................0.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR .............................100.0 Chile ...................................................3.7 Nepal ................................................97.5 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:40 PM Page 83 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration 2.01 2.02 Burden of customs procedures, 1–7 (best) .......................................124 .....■ .........2.3 Customs services index, 0–12 (best)..................................................n/a ..................n/a Singapore ...........................................6.4 Multiple economies.............................12 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 Efficiency of the clearance process, 1–5 (best)...................................90 .....■ .........2.3 Time to import, days..........................................................................125 .....■ ........100 Documents to import, number ..........................................................104 .....■ ..........10 Cost to import, US$ per container.....................................................125 .....■ .....6,150 Time to export, days ..........................................................................123 .....■ ..........75 Documents to export, number ............................................................47 .....■ ............6 Cost to export, US$ per container.....................................................125 .....■ .....5,497 Luxembourg .......................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies...............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration 4.01 4.02 Irregular payments in exports and imports, 1–7 (best)......................124 .....■ .........2.1 Corruption Perceptions Index, 0–10 (best) ........................................125 .....■ .........1.6 New Zealand ......................................6.7 New Zealand ......................................9.4 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 Airport density, number per million population..................................120 .....■ .........0.1 Transshipment connectivity index, 0–100 (best).................................n/a ..................n/a Paved roads, % of total .....................................................................124 .....■ .........0.8 Quality of air transport infrastructure, 1–7 (best)...............................122 .....■ .........2.5 Quality of railroad infrastructure, 1–7 (best) ........................................87 .....■ .........1.9 Quality of roads, 1–7 (best) ...............................................................121 .....■ .........2.0 Quality of port infrastructure, 1–7 (best) ...........................................118 .....■ .........2.7 Iceland ..............................................29.7 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies........................100.0 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 Liner Shipping Connectivity Index, 0–132.5 (best) .............................n/a ..................n/a Ease and affordability of shipment, 1–5 (best) ....................................84 .....■ .........2.8 Logistics competence, 1–5 (best)......................................................122 .....■ .........2.0 Tracking and tracing ability, 1–5 (best) .................................................89 .....■ .........2.6 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination, 1–5 (best) ..............88 .....■ .........3.1 Postal services efficiency, 1–7 (best) ................................................106 .....■ .........3.4 GATS commitments in the transport sector, index 0–1 (best) ............69 .....■ .........0.0 China ..............................................132.5 Singapore ...........................................3.9 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Luxembourg .......................................4.6 Japan ..................................................6.8 Armenia ..............................................0.6 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 Extent of business Internet use, 1–7 (best) ......................................124 .....■ .........3.0 Mobile telephone subscriptions per 100 population .........................119 .....■ .......16.6 Broadband Internet subscribers per 100 population .........................124 .....■ .........0.0 Internet users per 100 population .....................................................120 .....■ .........1.2 Fixed telephone lines per 100 population..........................................125 .....■ .........0.1 Government Online Service Index, 0–1 (best)...................................122 .....■ .........0.0 Sweden ..............................................6.4 United Arab Emirates .....................208.6 Sweden ............................................41.2 Iceland ..............................................90.6 Switzerland.......................................64.1 Korea, Rep..........................................1.0 8th pillar: Regulatory environment 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 Property rights, 1–7 (best) .................................................................122 .....■ .........2.4 Ethics and corruption, 1–7 (best) .......................................................120 .....■ .........1.9 Undue influence, 1–7 (best)...............................................................117 .....■ .........2.3 Government efficiency, 1–7 (best).....................................................114 .....■ .........2.8 Domestic competition, 1–7 (best) .....................................................124 .....■ .........2.9 Efficiency of the financial market, 1–7 (best) ....................................125 .....■ .........2.5 Openness to foreign participation, index 1–7 (best)..........................122 .....■ .........3.4 Ease of hiring foreign labor, 1–7 (best) ................................................76 .....■ .........4.2 Prevalence of foreign ownership, 1–7 (best).....................................120 .....■ .........3.3 Business impact of rules on FDI, 1–7 (best) .....................................121 .....■ .........3.3 Restriction on international capital flows, 1–7 (best).........................122 .....■ .........2.9 Openness to multilateral trade rules, index 0–100 (best)..................120 .....■ .......34.9 Switzerland.........................................6.4 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Sweden ..............................................6.2 Singapore ...........................................6.0 Singapore ...........................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.2 United Arab Emirates .........................6.2 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.5 Slovenia ............................................93.1 9th pillar: Physical security 9.01 9.02 9.03 Reliability of police services, 1–7 (best).............................................120 .....■ .........2.4 Business costs of crime and violence, 1–7 (best) .............................106 .....■ .........3.5 Business costs of terrorism, 1–7 (best).............................................108 .....■ .........4.8 Finland ................................................6.6 Qatar ..................................................6.7 Austria ................................................6.8 The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 83 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:40 PM Page 84 Chile Key indicators Population (millions), 2009 ...............................................17.0 Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)..........................756.6 GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ................................................150.4 Real GDP growth (percent), 2009 ....................................–1.7 GDP per capita (current prices, US$), 2009 ................8,853.0 GDP per capita (rank out of 124), 2009...............................48 Total exports (rank out of 120), 2007 ..................................38 Total imports (rank out of 120), 2007 ..................................46 Source: IMF; UNFPA; World Bank; UNCTAD; WTO Country World Trade 100 80 ■ FDI inflows 415 80 60 12 3 60 40 40 9 2 6 2020 13 00 0 1996 1996 1998 1998 2000 2000 2002 2002 2004 2004 2006 2006 2008 2008 Selected trade indicators Current account balance (share of GDP), 2009 ..................0.7 Main trading partners, 2008 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions), 2008 .....66,455.5 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Services exports (US$ millions), 2008.......................10,645.4 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions), 2008 ......61,903.0 Exports Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ......................11,143.3 EU27 China United States Japan Brazil Others WTO accession year .......................................................1995 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ......................18 84 MFN tariffs, simple avg., 2008: bound; applied ........25.1; 6.0 Imports 24.6 14.3 11.3 10.5 6.0 33.3 United States EU27 China Brazil Argentina Others 19.9 12.4 12.0 9.1 8.6 38.0 Tariff escalation (rate diff. raw to finished), 2008 ...............0.0 Exports and imports by sector, 2008 Tariff rate for agricultural products, 2008 ...........................5.2 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Tariff rate for non-agricultural products, 2008 ....................4.6 ■ ■ Agriculture Agriculture Agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 .............................1.1 ■ ■ Fuels Fuels and and mining mining ■ ■ Manufactures Manufactures Non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ......................0.0 Exports Exports 7.3 7.3 23.5 19.5 19.5 Imports Imports Source: IMF; ITC; World Bank; WTO Enabling Trade Index 17.9 7.4 17.9 16.9 28.8 16.9 0 2020 00 Rank (out of 125) 71.7 63.9 71.7 12.2 65.1 65.1 55.0 20 40 60 4040 80 6060 100 8080 100 100 Score (1–7 scale) 2010 Index..............................................................................18 5.1 2009 Index....................................................................................................................19 5.0 Market access .....................................................................................................2 5.7 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access ..............................................2 5.7 Border administration.......................................................................................23 5.3 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration............................................21 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures ........................................47 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration .........................................20 5.4 5.0 5.5 Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................42 4.1 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure......................44 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services ...............................64 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs..............................................................46 4.8 3.8 3.8 Business environment ......................................................................................26 5.1 8th pillar: Regulatory environment ...................................................................32 9th pillar: Physical security................................................................................25 4.6 5.7 1 2 3 4 5 6 Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performing economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.” The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 7 Chile The Enabling Trade Index 2010 in detail INDICATOR, UNITS ■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/125 SCORE BEST PERFORMER SCORE 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 Tariff rate, % ........................................................................................61 .....■ .........4.7 Non-tariff measures, index 0–100 (best) .............................................38 .....■ .......24.8 Complexity of tariffs, index 1–7 (best)...................................................2 .....■ .........7.0 Tariff dispersion, standard deviation ......................................................2 .....■ .........0.5 Tariff peaks, %.....................................................................................27 .....■ .........0.2 Specific tariffs, % ..................................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Distinct tariffs, number ..........................................................................2 .....■ ............3 Share of duty-free imports, % .............................................................16 .....■ .......80.1 Tariffs faced, %......................................................................................1 .....■ .........3.7 Margin of preference in destination markets, index 0–100 (best) ......43 .....■ .......45.3 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Uganda ...............................................0.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR .............................100.0 Chile ...................................................3.7 Nepal ................................................97.5 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:40 PM Page 85 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration 2.01 2.02 Burden of customs procedures, 1–7 (best) ...........................................5 .....■ .........5.8 Customs services index, 0–12 (best) ..................................................40 .....■ .........8.3 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Multiple economies.............................12 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 Efficiency of the clearance process, 1–5 (best)...................................40 .....■ .........2.9 Time to import, days............................................................................69 .....■ ..........21 Documents to import, number ............................................................50 .....■ ............7 Cost to import, US$ per container.......................................................22 .....■ ........795 Time to export, days ............................................................................79 .....■ ..........21 Documents to export, number ............................................................47 .....■ ............6 Cost to export, US$ per container.......................................................29 .....■ ........745 Luxembourg .......................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies...............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration 4.01 4.02 Irregular payments in exports and imports, 1–7 (best)........................16 .....■ .........6.0 Corruption Perceptions Index, 0–10 (best) ..........................................23 .....■ .........6.7 New Zealand ......................................6.7 New Zealand ......................................9.4 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 Airport density, number per million population....................................33 .....■ .........1.1 Transshipment connectivity index, 0–100 (best) .................................51 .....■ .......70.9 Paved roads, % of total .......................................................................91 .....■ .......20.2 Quality of air transport infrastructure, 1–7 (best).................................17 .....■ .........6.0 Quality of railroad infrastructure, 1–7 (best) ........................................76 .....■ .........2.1 Quality of roads, 1–7 (best) .................................................................15 .....■ .........5.8 Quality of port infrastructure, 1–7 (best) .............................................24 .....■ .........5.4 Iceland ..............................................29.7 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies........................100.0 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 Liner Shipping Connectivity Index, 0–132.5 (best) ..............................52 .....■ .......18.8 Ease and affordability of shipment, 1–5 (best) ....................................88 .....■ .........2.7 Logistics competence, 1–5 (best)........................................................47 .....■ .........2.9 Tracking and tracing ability, 1–5 (best) .................................................39 .....■ .........3.3 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination, 1–5 (best) ..............42 .....■ .........3.8 Postal services efficiency, 1–7 (best) ..................................................48 .....■ .........5.2 GATS commitments in the transport sector, index 0–1 (best) ............64 .....■ .........0.1 China ..............................................132.5 Singapore ...........................................3.9 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Luxembourg .......................................4.6 Japan ..................................................6.8 Armenia ..............................................0.6 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 Extent of business Internet use, 1–7 (best) ........................................28 .....■ .........5.3 Mobile telephone subscriptions per 100 population ...........................66 .....■ .......88.1 Broadband Internet subscribers per 100 population ...........................45 .....■ .........8.5 Internet users per 100 population .......................................................55 .....■ .......32.5 Fixed telephone lines per 100 population............................................58 .....■ .......21.0 Government Online Service Index, 0–1 (best).....................................18 .....■ .........0.6 Sweden ..............................................6.4 United Arab Emirates .....................208.6 Sweden ............................................41.2 Iceland ..............................................90.6 Switzerland.......................................64.1 Korea, Rep..........................................1.0 8th pillar: Regulatory environment 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 Property rights, 1–7 (best) ...................................................................38 .....■ .........4.9 Ethics and corruption, 1–7 (best) .........................................................45 .....■ .........3.6 Undue influence, 1–7 (best).................................................................38 .....■ .........4.1 Government efficiency, 1–7 (best).......................................................26 .....■ .........4.4 Domestic competition, 1–7 (best) .......................................................30 .....■ .........4.9 Efficiency of the financial market, 1–7 (best) ......................................18 .....■ .........4.6 Openness to foreign participation, index 1–7 (best)............................17 .....■ .........5.3 Ease of hiring foreign labor, 1–7 (best) ................................................36 .....■ .........4.8 Prevalence of foreign ownership, 1–7 (best).........................................7 .....■ .........6.1 Business impact of rules on FDI, 1–7 (best) .......................................14 .....■ .........5.7 Restriction on international capital flows, 1–7 (best)...........................22 .....■ .........5.3 Openness to multilateral trade rules, index 0–100 (best)....................61 .....■ .......62.5 Switzerland.........................................6.4 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Sweden ..............................................6.2 Singapore ...........................................6.0 Singapore ...........................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.2 United Arab Emirates .........................6.2 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.5 Slovenia ............................................93.1 9th pillar: Physical security 9.01 9.02 9.03 Reliability of police services, 1–7 (best)...............................................10 .....■ .........6.2 Business costs of crime and violence, 1–7 (best) ...............................77 .....■ .........4.5 Business costs of terrorism, 1–7 (best)...............................................22 .....■ .........6.5 Finland ................................................6.6 Qatar ..................................................6.7 Austria ................................................6.8 The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 85 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:40 PM Page 86 China Key indicators Population (millions), 2009 ..........................................1,345.8 Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP Surface area (1,000 square kilometers).......................9,598.1 GDP (US$ billions), 2009 .............................................4,757.7 Real GDP growth (percent), 2009 ......................................8.5 GDP per capita (current prices, US$), 2009 ................3,565.7 Country World Trade 80 ■ FDI inflows 84 60 63 Total exports (rank out of 120), 2007 ....................................3 40 42 Total imports (rank out of 120), 2007 ....................................3 20 21 GDP per capita (rank out of 124), 2009...............................78 Source: IMF; UNFPA; World Bank; UNCTAD; WTO 0 00 1996 1998 2000 2002 2002 2004 2004 2006 2006 2008 2008 Selected trade indicators Current account balance (share of GDP), 2009 ..................7.8 Main trading partners, 2008 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ billions), 2008 ........1,428.3 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Services exports (US$ millions), 2008.....................146,445.8 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ billions), 2008..........1,132.4 Exports Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ....................158,003.9 EU27 United States Hong Kong SAR Japan Korea, Rep. Others WTO accession year .......................................................2001 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................9 86 MFN tariffs, simple avg., 2008: bound; applied ........10.0; 9.6 Imports 20.5 17.7 13.3 8.1 5.2 35.2 Japan EU27 Korea, Rep. Taiwan, China China Others 13.3 11.7 9.9 9.1 8.2 47.8 Tariff escalation (rate diff. raw to finished), 2009 ...............2.2 Exports and imports by sector, 2008 Tariff rate for agricultural products, 2008 .........................20.2 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Tariff rate for non-agricultural products, 2008 ..................11.2 ■ ■ Agriculture Agriculture Agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 .............................7.8 ■ ■ Fuels Fuels and and mining mining ■ ■ Manufactures Manufactures 3.0 3.8 Non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ......................1.3 Exports Exports 7.3 7.3 Imports Imports Source: IMF; ITC; World Bank; WTO Enabling Trade Index 17.9 7.7 17.9 16.9 27.1 16.9 0 2020 00 Rank (out of 125) 19.5 19.5 71.7 71.7 93.1 65.1 65.1 64.8 20 40 60 4040 80 6060 100 8080 100 100 Score (1–7 scale) 2010 Index..............................................................................48 4.3 2009 Index....................................................................................................................49 4.2 Market access ...................................................................................................79 3.9 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access ............................................79 3.9 Border administration.......................................................................................48 4.5 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration............................................40 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures ........................................33 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration .........................................56 4.6 5.3 3.7 Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................43 4.1 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure......................57 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services ...............................18 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs..............................................................70 4.3 5.0 3.1 Business environment ......................................................................................41 4.7 8th pillar: Regulatory environment ...................................................................43 9th pillar: Physical security................................................................................44 4.2 5.3 1 2 3 4 5 6 Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performing economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.” The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 7 China The Enabling Trade Index 2010 in detail INDICATOR, UNITS ■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/125 SCORE BEST PERFORMER SCORE 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 Tariff rate, % ......................................................................................108 .....■ .......11.7 Non-tariff measures, index 0–100 (best) .............................................34 .....■ .......23.8 Complexity of tariffs, index 1–7 (best).................................................55 .....■ .........6.2 Tariff dispersion, standard deviation ....................................................80 .....■ .......10.1 Tariff peaks, %.....................................................................................57 .....■ .........2.2 Specific tariffs, % ................................................................................67 .....■ .........0.7 Distinct tariffs, number ........................................................................67 .....■ ........110 Share of duty-free imports, % .............................................................81 .....■ .......46.0 Tariffs faced, %....................................................................................42 .....■ .........5.4 Margin of preference in destination markets, index 0–100 (best) ....122 .....■ .........4.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Uganda ...............................................0.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR .............................100.0 Chile ...................................................3.7 Nepal ................................................97.5 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:40 PM Page 87 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration 2.01 2.02 Burden of customs procedures, 1–7 (best) .........................................38 .....■ .........4.6 Customs services index, 0–12 (best) ..................................................51 .....■ .........7.8 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Multiple economies.............................12 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 Efficiency of the clearance process, 1–5 (best)...................................31 .....■ .........3.2 Time to import, days............................................................................81 .....■ ..........24 Documents to import, number ............................................................18 .....■ ............5 Cost to import, US$ per container.........................................................3 .....■ ........545 Time to export, days ............................................................................79 .....■ ..........21 Documents to export, number ............................................................73 .....■ ............7 Cost to export, US$ per container.........................................................3 .....■ ........500 Luxembourg .......................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies...............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration 4.01 4.02 Irregular payments in exports and imports, 1–7 (best)........................51 .....■ .........4.3 Corruption Perceptions Index, 0–10 (best) ..........................................65 .....■ .........3.6 New Zealand ......................................6.7 New Zealand ......................................9.4 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 Airport density, number per million population..................................117 .....■ .........0.1 Transshipment connectivity index, 0–100 (best) .................................10 .....■ .......91.9 Paved roads, % of total .......................................................................45 .....■ .......70.7 Quality of air transport infrastructure, 1–7 (best).................................75 .....■ .........4.3 Quality of railroad infrastructure, 1–7 (best) ........................................27 .....■ .........4.1 Quality of roads, 1–7 (best) .................................................................47 .....■ .........4.2 Quality of port infrastructure, 1–7 (best) .............................................57 .....■ .........4.3 Iceland ..............................................29.7 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies........................100.0 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 Liner Shipping Connectivity Index, 0–132.5 (best) ................................1 .....■ .....132.5 Ease and affordability of shipment, 1–5 (best) ....................................26 .....■ .........3.3 Logistics competence, 1–5 (best)........................................................28 .....■ .........3.5 Tracking and tracing ability, 1–5 (best) .................................................29 .....■ .........3.6 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination, 1–5 (best) ..............34 .....■ .........3.9 Postal services efficiency, 1–7 (best) ..................................................36 .....■ .........5.6 GATS commitments in the transport sector, index 0–1 (best) ............55 .....■ .........0.2 China ..............................................132.5 Singapore ...........................................3.9 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Luxembourg .......................................4.6 Japan ..................................................6.8 Armenia ..............................................0.6 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 Extent of business Internet use, 1–7 (best) ........................................48 .....■ .........4.7 Mobile telephone subscriptions per 100 population .........................100 .....■ .......47.9 Broadband Internet subscribers per 100 population ...........................53 .....■ .........6.2 Internet users per 100 population .......................................................73 .....■ .......22.3 Fixed telephone lines per 100 population............................................48 .....■ .......25.5 Government Online Service Index, 0–1 (best).....................................52 .....■ .........0.4 Sweden ..............................................6.4 United Arab Emirates .....................208.6 Sweden ............................................41.2 Iceland ..............................................90.6 Switzerland.......................................64.1 Korea, Rep..........................................1.0 8th pillar: Regulatory environment 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 Property rights, 1–7 (best) ...................................................................40 .....■ .........4.8 Ethics and corruption, 1–7 (best) .........................................................40 .....■ .........3.9 Undue influence, 1–7 (best).................................................................46 .....■ .........3.9 Government efficiency, 1–7 (best).......................................................35 .....■ .........4.1 Domestic competition, 1–7 (best) .......................................................44 .....■ .........4.5 Efficiency of the financial market, 1–7 (best) ......................................73 .....■ .........3.5 Openness to foreign participation, index 1–7 (best)............................50 .....■ .........4.9 Ease of hiring foreign labor, 1–7 (best) ................................................21 .....■ .........5.0 Prevalence of foreign ownership, 1–7 (best).......................................94 .....■ .........4.4 Business impact of rules on FDI, 1–7 (best) .......................................22 .....■ .........5.6 Restriction on international capital flows, 1–7 (best).........................117 .....■ .........3.1 Openness to multilateral trade rules, index 0–100 (best)......................4 .....■ .......88.0 Switzerland.........................................6.4 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Sweden ..............................................6.2 Singapore ...........................................6.0 Singapore ...........................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.2 United Arab Emirates .........................6.2 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.5 Slovenia ............................................93.1 9th pillar: Physical security 9.01 9.02 9.03 Reliability of police services, 1–7 (best)...............................................45 .....■ .........4.7 Business costs of crime and violence, 1–7 (best) ...............................40 .....■ .........5.4 Business costs of terrorism, 1–7 (best)...............................................60 .....■ .........5.7 Finland ................................................6.6 Qatar ..................................................6.7 Austria ................................................6.8 The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 87 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:40 PM Page 88 Colombia Key indicators Population (millions), 2009 ...............................................45.7 Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP Surface area (1,000 square kilometers).......................1,141.8 GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ................................................228.6 Real GDP growth (percent), 2009 ....................................–0.3 GDP per capita (current prices, US$), 2009 ................4,661.5 Country World Trade 80 ■ FDI inflows 84 60 63 Total exports (rank out of 120), 2007 ..................................56 40 42 Total imports (rank out of 120), 2007 ..................................54 20 21 GDP per capita (rank out of 124), 2009...............................65 Source: IMF; UNFPA; World Bank; UNCTAD; WTO 0 00 1996 1998 2000 2002 2002 2004 2004 2006 2006 2008 2008 Selected trade indicators Current account balance (share of GDP), 2009 ................–2.9 Main trading partners, 2008 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions), 2008 .....37,625.9 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Services exports (US$ millions), 2008.........................3,967.4 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions), 2008 ......39,668.8 Exports Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ........................7,108.2 United States Venezuela EU27 Ecuador Switzerland Others WTO accession year .......................................................1995 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................4 88 MFN tariffs, simple avg., 2008: bound; applied ......42.9; 12.5 Imports 38.0 16.2 12.8 4.0 2.5 26.5 United States EU27 China Mexico Brazil Others 29.2 13.5 11.5 7.9 5.9 32.1 Tariff escalation (rate diff. raw to finished), 2009 ...............2.4 Exports and imports by sector, 2008 Tariff rate for agricultural products, 2008 .........................18.3 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Tariff rate for non-agricultural products, 2008 ..................10.5 ■ ■ Agriculture Agriculture Agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 .............................3.0 ■ ■ Fuels Fuels and and mining mining ■ ■ Manufactures Manufactures Non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ......................0.0 Exports Exports 7.3 7.3 17.8 Imports Imports Source: IMF; ITC; World Bank; WTO Enabling Trade Index 17.9 11.517.9 7.1 0 00 Rank (out of 125) 19.5 19.5 71.7 71.7 48.0 16.9 16.9 65.1 65.1 80.2 20 40 2020 31.5 60 4040 80 6060 100 8080 100 100 Score (1–7 scale) 2010 Index..............................................................................91 3.7 2009 Index....................................................................................................................84 3.6 Market access ...................................................................................................57 4.2 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access ............................................57 4.2 Border administration.......................................................................................78 3.7 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration............................................91 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures ........................................84 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration .........................................66 3.4 4.3 3.5 Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................67 3.6 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure......................74 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services ...............................88 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs..............................................................47 3.9 3.3 3.7 Business environment ....................................................................................118 3.3 8th pillar: Regulatory environment ...................................................................86 9th pillar: Physical security..............................................................................122 3.5 3.1 1 2 3 4 5 6 Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performing economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.” The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 7 Colombia The Enabling Trade Index 2010 in detail INDICATOR, UNITS ■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/125 SCORE BEST PERFORMER SCORE 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 Tariff rate, % ......................................................................................103 .....■ .......11.0 Non-tariff measures, index 0–100 (best) .............................................81 .....■ .......53.9 Complexity of tariffs, index 1–7 (best).................................................19 .....■ .........6.7 Tariff dispersion, standard deviation ....................................................31 .....■ .........7.2 Tariff peaks, %.....................................................................................32 .....■ .........0.4 Specific tariffs, % ..................................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Distinct tariffs, number ........................................................................30 .....■ ..........11 Share of duty-free imports, % .............................................................98 .....■ .......27.7 Tariffs faced, %....................................................................................19 .....■ .........5.0 Margin of preference in destination markets, index 0–100 (best) ......15 .....■ .......67.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Uganda ...............................................0.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR .............................100.0 Chile ...................................................3.7 Nepal ................................................97.5 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:40 PM Page 89 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration 2.01 2.02 Burden of customs procedures, 1–7 (best) .........................................73 .....■ .........3.8 Customs services index, 0–12 (best) ..................................................88 .....■ .........4.8 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Multiple economies.............................12 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 Efficiency of the clearance process, 1–5 (best)...................................61 .....■ .........2.5 Time to import, days............................................................................37 .....■ ..........14 Documents to import, number ............................................................73 .....■ ............8 Cost to import, US$ per container.......................................................97 .....■ .....1,750 Time to export, days ............................................................................40 .....■ ..........14 Documents to export, number ............................................................47 .....■ ............6 Cost to export, US$ per container.....................................................107 .....■ .....1,770 Luxembourg .......................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies...............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration 4.01 4.02 Irregular payments in exports and imports, 1–7 (best)........................66 .....■ .........3.7 Corruption Perceptions Index, 0–10 (best) ..........................................62 .....■ .........3.7 New Zealand ......................................6.7 New Zealand ......................................9.4 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 Airport density, number per million population....................................34 .....■ .........1.1 Transshipment connectivity index, 0–100 (best) .................................37 .....■ .......74.6 Paved roads, % of total .....................................................................103 .....■ .......14.4 Quality of air transport infrastructure, 1–7 (best).................................76 .....■ .........4.3 Quality of railroad infrastructure, 1–7 (best) ......................................107 .....■ .........1.5 Quality of roads, 1–7 (best) .................................................................94 .....■ .........2.8 Quality of port infrastructure, 1–7 (best) ...........................................100 .....■ .........3.2 Iceland ..............................................29.7 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies........................100.0 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 Liner Shipping Connectivity Index, 0–132.5 (best) ..............................41 .....■ .......23.2 Ease and affordability of shipment, 1–5 (best) ..................................102 .....■ .........2.5 Logistics competence, 1–5 (best)........................................................58 .....■ .........2.8 Tracking and tracing ability, 1–5 (best) .................................................76 .....■ .........2.8 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination, 1–5 (best) ..............57 .....■ .........3.5 Postal services efficiency, 1–7 (best) ..................................................81 .....■ .........4.1 GATS commitments in the transport sector, index 0–1 (best) ............69 .....■ .........0.0 China ..............................................132.5 Singapore ...........................................3.9 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Luxembourg .......................................4.6 Japan ..................................................6.8 Armenia ..............................................0.6 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 Extent of business Internet use, 1–7 (best) ........................................49 .....■ .........4.7 Mobile telephone subscriptions per 100 population ...........................63 .....■ .......91.9 Broadband Internet subscribers per 100 population ...........................61 .....■ .........4.2 Internet users per 100 population .......................................................46 .....■ .......38.5 Fixed telephone lines per 100 population............................................64 .....■ .......17.9 Government Online Service Index, 0–1 (best).......................................9 .....■ .........0.7 Sweden ..............................................6.4 United Arab Emirates .....................208.6 Sweden ............................................41.2 Iceland ..............................................90.6 Switzerland.......................................64.1 Korea, Rep..........................................1.0 8th pillar: Regulatory environment 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 Property rights, 1–7 (best) ...................................................................83 .....■ .........3.6 Ethics and corruption, 1–7 (best) .........................................................88 .....■ .........2.6 Undue influence, 1–7 (best).................................................................80 .....■ .........3.0 Government efficiency, 1–7 (best).......................................................74 .....■ .........3.4 Domestic competition, 1–7 (best) .....................................................104 .....■ .........3.8 Efficiency of the financial market, 1–7 (best) ......................................67 .....■ .........3.7 Openness to foreign participation, index 1–7 (best)............................94 .....■ .........4.3 Ease of hiring foreign labor, 1–7 (best) ................................................67 .....■ .........4.3 Prevalence of foreign ownership, 1–7 (best).......................................85 .....■ .........4.6 Business impact of rules on FDI, 1–7 (best) .......................................88 .....■ .........4.5 Restriction on international capital flows, 1–7 (best).........................108 .....■ .........3.5 Openness to multilateral trade rules, index 0–100 (best)....................49 .....■ .......65.8 Switzerland.........................................6.4 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Sweden ..............................................6.2 Singapore ...........................................6.0 Singapore ...........................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.2 United Arab Emirates .........................6.2 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.5 Slovenia ............................................93.1 9th pillar: Physical security 9.01 9.02 9.03 Reliability of police services, 1–7 (best)...............................................64 .....■ .........4.1 Business costs of crime and violence, 1–7 (best) .............................119 .....■ .........2.6 Business costs of terrorism, 1–7 (best).............................................125 .....■ .........2.6 Finland ................................................6.6 Qatar ..................................................6.7 Austria ................................................6.8 The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 89 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:40 PM Page 90 Costa Rica Key indicators Population (millions), 2009 .................................................4.6 Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)............................51.1 GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ..................................................29.3 Real GDP growth (percent), 2009 ....................................–1.5 GDP per capita (current prices, US$), 2009 ................6,361.3 Country World Trade 120 80 ■ FDI inflows 48 6090 36 Total exports (rank out of 120), 2007 ..................................71 4060 24 Total imports (rank out of 120), 2007 ..................................74 2030 12 GDP per capita (rank out of 124), 2009...............................58 Source: IMF; UNFPA; World Bank; UNCTAD; WTO 00 0 1996 1996 1998 1998 2000 2000 2002 2002 2004 2004 2006 2006 2008 2008 Selected trade indicators Current account balance (share of GDP), 2009 ................–3.6 Main trading partners, 2008 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions), 2008 .......9,503.8 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Services exports (US$ millions), 2008.........................4,164.0 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions), 2008 ......15,371.6 Exports Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ........................1,965.7 United States EU27 China Nicaragua Hong Kong SAR Others WTO accession year .......................................................1995 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................6 90 MFN tariffs, simple avg., 2008: bound; applied ........42.8; 6.4 Imports 38.2 17.4 6.3 4.1 4.0 30.0 United States EU27 Mexico China Japan Others 38.2 11.2 6.2 5.7 5.4 33.4 Tariff escalation (rate diff. raw to finished), 2009 ...............1.2 Exports and imports by sector, 2008 Tariff rate for agricultural products, 2008 .........................12.3 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Tariff rate for non-agricultural products, 2008 ....................2.8 ■ ■ Agriculture Agriculture Agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 .............................9.1 ■ ■ Fuels Fuels and and mining mining ■ ■ Manufactures Manufactures 2.3 Non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ......................0.0 Exports Exports 7.3 7.3 Imports Imports 17.9 9.6 17.9 16.4 Source: IMF; ITC; World Bank; WTO Enabling Trade Index 0 00 Rank (out of 125) 19.5 19.5 34.7 71.7 71.7 63.0 16.9 16.9 65.1 73.3 65.1 20 40 2020 60 4040 80 6060 100 8080 100 100 Score (1–7 scale) 2010 Index..............................................................................44 4.5 2009 Index....................................................................................................................43 4.4 Market access .....................................................................................................7 5.4 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access ..............................................7 5.4 Border administration.......................................................................................46 4.6 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration............................................34 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures ........................................51 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration .........................................47 4.8 4.8 4.1 Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................78 3.4 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure......................75 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services ...............................87 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs..............................................................71 3.8 3.3 3.1 Business environment ......................................................................................59 4.5 8th pillar: Regulatory environment ...................................................................46 9th pillar: Physical security................................................................................72 4.2 4.8 1 2 3 4 5 6 Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performing economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.” The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 7 Costa Rica The Enabling Trade Index 2010 in detail INDICATOR, UNITS ■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/125 SCORE BEST PERFORMER SCORE 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 Tariff rate, % ........................................................................................43 .....■ .........3.4 Non-tariff measures, index 0–100 (best) .............................................21 .....■ .......10.1 Complexity of tariffs, index 1–7 (best).................................................35 .....■ .........6.6 Tariff dispersion, standard deviation ....................................................34 .....■ .........7.6 Tariff peaks, %.....................................................................................53 .....■ .........1.4 Specific tariffs, % ..................................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Distinct tariffs, number ........................................................................39 .....■ ..........16 Share of duty-free imports, % .............................................................17 .....■ .......79.5 Tariffs faced, %....................................................................................37 .....■ .........5.4 Margin of preference in destination markets, index 0–100 (best) ......36 .....■ .......47.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Uganda ...............................................0.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR .............................100.0 Chile ...................................................3.7 Nepal ................................................97.5 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:40 PM Page 91 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration 2.01 2.02 Burden of customs procedures, 1–7 (best) .........................................67 .....■ .........3.9 Customs services index, 0–12 (best) ..................................................21 .....■ .........9.5 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Multiple economies.............................12 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 Efficiency of the clearance process, 1–5 (best)...................................56 .....■ .........2.6 Time to import, days............................................................................44 .....■ ..........15 Documents to import, number ............................................................50 .....■ ............7 Cost to import, US$ per container.......................................................57 .....■ .....1,190 Time to export, days ............................................................................36 .....■ ..........13 Documents to export, number ............................................................47 .....■ ............6 Cost to export, US$ per container.......................................................68 .....■ .....1,190 Luxembourg .......................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies...............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration 4.01 4.02 Irregular payments in exports and imports, 1–7 (best)........................60 .....■ .........3.9 Corruption Perceptions Index, 0–10 (best) ..........................................37 .....■ .........5.3 New Zealand ......................................6.7 New Zealand ......................................9.4 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 Airport density, number per million population....................................11 .....■ .........3.8 Transshipment connectivity index, 0–100 (best) .................................56 .....■ .......69.6 Paved roads, % of total .......................................................................84 .....■ .......25.2 Quality of air transport infrastructure, 1–7 (best).................................66 .....■ .........4.6 Quality of railroad infrastructure, 1–7 (best) ......................................116 .....■ .........1.3 Quality of roads, 1–7 (best) ...............................................................100 .....■ .........2.7 Quality of port infrastructure, 1–7 (best) ...........................................121 .....■ .........2.6 Iceland ..............................................29.7 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies........................100.0 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 Liner Shipping Connectivity Index, 0–132.5 (best) ..............................60 .....■ .......14.6 Ease and affordability of shipment, 1–5 (best) ....................................95 .....■ .........2.6 Logistics competence, 1–5 (best)........................................................56 .....■ .........2.8 Tracking and tracing ability, 1–5 (best) .................................................52 .....■ .........3.1 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination, 1–5 (best) ..............48 .....■ .........3.7 Postal services efficiency, 1–7 (best) ..................................................94 .....■ .........3.8 GATS commitments in the transport sector, index 0–1 (best) ............69 .....■ .........0.0 China ..............................................132.5 Singapore ...........................................3.9 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Luxembourg .......................................4.6 Japan ..................................................6.8 Armenia ..............................................0.6 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 Extent of business Internet use, 1–7 (best) ........................................56 .....■ .........4.6 Mobile telephone subscriptions per 100 population .........................103 .....■ .......41.7 Broadband Internet subscribers per 100 population ...........................66 .....■ .........2.4 Internet users per 100 population .......................................................56 .....■ .......32.3 Fixed telephone lines per 100 population............................................35 .....■ .......31.8 Government Online Service Index, 0–1 (best).....................................74 .....■ .........0.3 Sweden ..............................................6.4 United Arab Emirates .....................208.6 Sweden ............................................41.2 Iceland ..............................................90.6 Switzerland.......................................64.1 Korea, Rep..........................................1.0 8th pillar: Regulatory environment 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 Property rights, 1–7 (best) ...................................................................61 .....■ .........4.2 Ethics and corruption, 1–7 (best) .........................................................36 .....■ .........4.0 Undue influence, 1–7 (best).................................................................31 .....■ .........4.6 Government efficiency, 1–7 (best).......................................................45 .....■ .........3.9 Domestic competition, 1–7 (best) .......................................................60 .....■ .........4.3 Efficiency of the financial market, 1–7 (best) ......................................85 .....■ .........3.4 Openness to foreign participation, index 1–7 (best)............................58 .....■ .........4.8 Ease of hiring foreign labor, 1–7 (best) ................................................80 .....■ .........4.1 Prevalence of foreign ownership, 1–7 (best).......................................16 .....■ .........5.8 Business impact of rules on FDI, 1–7 (best) .......................................19 .....■ .........5.6 Restriction on international capital flows, 1–7 (best)...........................73 .....■ .........4.3 Openness to multilateral trade rules, index 0–100 (best)..................101 .....■ .......49.9 Switzerland.........................................6.4 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Sweden ..............................................6.2 Singapore ...........................................6.0 Singapore ...........................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.2 United Arab Emirates .........................6.2 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.5 Slovenia ............................................93.1 9th pillar: Physical security 9.01 9.02 9.03 Reliability of police services, 1–7 (best)...............................................53 .....■ .........4.3 Business costs of crime and violence, 1–7 (best) ...............................98 .....■ .........3.9 Business costs of terrorism, 1–7 (best)...............................................47 .....■ .........6.1 Finland ................................................6.6 Qatar ..................................................6.7 Austria ................................................6.8 The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 91 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:40 PM Page 92 Côte d’Ivoire Key indicators Population (millions), 2009 ...............................................21.1 Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)..........................322.5 GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ..................................................22.9 Real GDP growth (percent), 2009 ......................................3.7 GDP per capita (current prices, US$), 2009 ................1,071.3 Country World Trade 120 80 ■ FDI inflows 4 6090 3 Total exports (rank out of 120), 2007 ..................................77 4060 2 Total imports (rank out of 120), 2007 ..................................87 2030 1 GDP per capita (rank out of 124), 2009...............................96 Source: IMF; UNFPA; World Bank; UNCTAD; WTO 00 0 1996 1996 1998 1998 2000 2000 2002 2002 2004 2004 2006 2006 2008 2008 Selected trade indicators Current account balance (share of GDP), 2009 ................24.6 Main trading partners, 2008 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions), 2008 .....10,100.0 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Services exports (US$ millions), 2008............................845.0 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions), 2008 ........7,150.0 Exports Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ........................2,444.3 EU27 United States Nigeria Ghana Burkina Faso Others WTO accession year .......................................................1995 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................3 92 MFN tariffs, simple avg., 2008: bound; applied ......11.1; 11.9 Imports 48.0 9.7 6.4 4.6 4.2 27.1 Nigeria EU27 China Thailand Venezuela Others 29.3 27.5 6.9 4.5 3.6 28.1 Tariff escalation (rate diff. raw to finished), 2009 ...............3.4 Exports and imports by sector, 2008 Tariff rate for agricultural products, 2008 .........................11.6 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Tariff rate for non-agricultural products, 2008 ..................10.1 ■ ■ Agriculture Agriculture Agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 .............................0.0 ■ ■ Fuels Fuels and and mining mining ■ ■ Manufactures Manufactures Non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ......................0.0 Exports Exports 7.3 7.3 Imports Imports Source: IMF; ITC; World Bank; WTO Enabling Trade Index 17.9 17.9 22.3 0 00 Rank (out of 125) 19.5 19.547.4 71.7 71.7 36.5 16.9 16.9 65.1 65.1 31.2 20 40 2020 60 4040 11.5 46.5 80 6060 100 8080 100 100 Score (1–7 scale) 2010 Index............................................................................123 2.9 2009 Index..................................................................................................................120 2.8 Market access .................................................................................................122 2.9 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access ..........................................122 2.9 Border administration.....................................................................................119 2.7 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration..........................................116 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures ......................................109 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration .......................................118 2.7 2.9 2.4 Transport and communications infrastructure ..........................................104 2.8 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure....................104 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services .............................102 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs............................................................100 3.2 3.1 2.2 Business environment ....................................................................................120 3.2 8th pillar: Regulatory environment .................................................................116 9th pillar: Physical security..............................................................................116 3.0 3.5 1 2 3 4 5 6 Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performing economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.” The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 7 Côte d’Ivoire The Enabling Trade Index 2010 in detail INDICATOR, UNITS ■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/125 SCORE BEST PERFORMER SCORE 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 Tariff rate, % ........................................................................................96 .....■ .......10.3 Non-tariff measures, index 0–100 (best) .............................................91 .....■ .......88.7 Complexity of tariffs, index 1–7 (best)...................................................9 .....■ .........6.8 Tariff dispersion, standard deviation ....................................................22 .....■ .........6.8 Tariff peaks, %.......................................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Specific tariffs, % ..................................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Distinct tariffs, number ..........................................................................4 .....■ ............4 Share of duty-free imports, % ...........................................................118 .....■ .........8.3 Tariffs faced, %..................................................................................122 .....■ .........6.2 Margin of preference in destination markets, index 0–100 (best) ......46 .....■ .......39.3 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Uganda ...............................................0.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR .............................100.0 Chile ...................................................3.7 Nepal ................................................97.5 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:40 PM Page 93 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration 2.01 2.02 Burden of customs procedures, 1–7 (best) .........................................98 .....■ .........3.3 Customs services index, 0–12 (best) ................................................108 .....■ .........3.3 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Multiple economies.............................12 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 Efficiency of the clearance process, 1–5 (best).................................103 .....■ .........2.2 Time to import, days..........................................................................105 .....■ ..........36 Documents to import, number ............................................................91 .....■ ............9 Cost to import, US$ per container.....................................................111 .....■ .....2,577 Time to export, days ............................................................................96 .....■ ..........25 Documents to export, number ..........................................................113 .....■ ..........10 Cost to export, US$ per container.....................................................110 .....■ .....1,969 Luxembourg .......................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies...............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration 4.01 4.02 Irregular payments in exports and imports, 1–7 (best)......................118 .....■ .........2.5 Corruption Perceptions Index, 0–10 (best) ........................................118 .....■ .........2.1 New Zealand ......................................6.7 New Zealand ......................................9.4 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 Airport density, number per million population..................................124 .....■ .........0.1 Transshipment connectivity index, 0–100 (best) .................................30 .....■ .......75.8 Paved roads, % of total .....................................................................117 .....■ .........8.1 Quality of air transport infrastructure, 1–7 (best).................................70 .....■ .........4.5 Quality of railroad infrastructure, 1–7 (best) ........................................81 .....■ .........2.0 Quality of roads, 1–7 (best) .................................................................67 .....■ .........3.6 Quality of port infrastructure, 1–7 (best) .............................................36 .....■ .........5.0 Iceland ..............................................29.7 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies........................100.0 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 Liner Shipping Connectivity Index, 0–132.5 (best) ..............................50 .....■ .......19.4 Ease and affordability of shipment, 1–5 (best) ..................................110 .....■ .........2.4 Logistics competence, 1–5 (best)........................................................75 .....■ .........2.6 Tracking and tracing ability, 1–5 (best) .................................................60 .....■ .........3.0 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination, 1–5 (best) ............117 .....■ .........2.7 Postal services efficiency, 1–7 (best) ................................................114 .....■ .........3.2 GATS commitments in the transport sector, index 0–1 (best) ............65 .....■ .........0.1 China ..............................................132.5 Singapore ...........................................3.9 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Luxembourg .......................................4.6 Japan ..................................................6.8 Armenia ..............................................0.6 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 Extent of business Internet use, 1–7 (best) ........................................95 .....■ .........3.9 Mobile telephone subscriptions per 100 population ...........................94 .....■ .......50.7 Broadband Internet subscribers per 100 population .........................104 .....■ .........0.0 Internet users per 100 population .....................................................111 .....■ .........3.2 Fixed telephone lines per 100 population..........................................108 .....■ .........1.7 Government Online Service Index, 0–1 (best).....................................64 .....■ .........0.3 Sweden ..............................................6.4 United Arab Emirates .....................208.6 Sweden ............................................41.2 Iceland ..............................................90.6 Switzerland.......................................64.1 Korea, Rep..........................................1.0 8th pillar: Regulatory environment 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 Property rights, 1–7 (best) .................................................................114 .....■ .........3.0 Ethics and corruption, 1–7 (best) .......................................................122 .....■ .........1.8 Undue influence, 1–7 (best)...............................................................122 .....■ .........2.1 Government efficiency, 1–7 (best).....................................................107 .....■ .........2.9 Domestic competition, 1–7 (best) .....................................................103 .....■ .........3.8 Efficiency of the financial market, 1–7 (best) ....................................115 .....■ .........2.8 Openness to foreign participation, index 1–7 (best)............................86 .....■ .........4.4 Ease of hiring foreign labor, 1–7 (best) ................................................73 .....■ .........4.2 Prevalence of foreign ownership, 1–7 (best).......................................30 .....■ .........5.5 Business impact of rules on FDI, 1–7 (best) .......................................56 .....■ .........5.0 Restriction on international capital flows, 1–7 (best).........................104 .....■ .........3.6 Openness to multilateral trade rules, index 0–100 (best)..................112 .....■ .......44.5 Switzerland.........................................6.4 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Sweden ..............................................6.2 Singapore ...........................................6.0 Singapore ...........................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.2 United Arab Emirates .........................6.2 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.5 Slovenia ............................................93.1 9th pillar: Physical security 9.01 9.02 9.03 Reliability of police services, 1–7 (best).............................................119 .....■ .........2.5 Business costs of crime and violence, 1–7 (best) .............................118 .....■ .........2.7 Business costs of terrorism, 1–7 (best)...............................................83 .....■ .........5.3 Finland ................................................6.6 Qatar ..................................................6.7 Austria ................................................6.8 The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 93 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:40 PM Page 94 Croatia Key indicators Population (millions), 2009 .................................................4.4 Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)............................56.5 GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ..................................................61.7 Real GDP growth (percent), 2009 ....................................–5.2 GDP per capita (current prices, US$), 2009 ..............13,913.1 GDP per capita (rank out of 124), 2009...............................39 Total exports (rank out of 120), 2007 ..................................61 Total imports (rank out of 120), 2007 ..................................60 Source: IMF; UNFPA; World Bank; UNCTAD; WTO Country World Trade 100 80 ■ FDI inflows 410 80 60 8 3 60 40 40 6 2 4 2020 12 00 0 1996 1996 1998 1998 2000 2000 2002 2002 2004 2004 2006 2006 2008 2008 Selected trade indicators Current account balance (share of GDP), 2009 ................–6.1 Main trading partners, 2008 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions), 2008 .....14,111.7 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Services exports (US$ millions), 2008.......................15,163.8 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions), 2008 ......30,728.4 Exports Imports Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ........................4,512.6 EU27 60.9 Bosnia & Herzegovina 15.4 Serbia 5.5 United States 2.5 Marshall Islands 1.4 Others 14.3 EU27 64.1 Russian Federation 10.4 China 6.1 Bosnia & Herzegovina 2.7 United States 2.1 Others 14.6 WTO accession year .......................................................2000 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................4 94 MFN tariffs, simple avg., 2008: bound; applied ..........6.2; 4.8 Tariff escalation (rate diff. raw to finished), 2009 ...............1.4 Exports and imports by sector, 2008 Tariff rate for agricultural products, 2008 .........................11.5 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Tariff rate for non-agricultural products, 2008 ....................2.4 ■ ■ Agriculture Agriculture Agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...........................45.0 ■ ■ Fuels Fuels and and mining mining ■ ■ Manufactures Manufactures Non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ......................1.4 Exports Exports 7.3 7.3 13.1 Imports Imports 17.9 9.2 17.9 Source: IMF; ITC; World Bank; WTO Enabling Trade Index 0 00 Rank (out of 125) 19.5 19.5 17.2 20.3 71.7 71.7 69.7 16.9 16.9 65.1 70.465.1 20 40 2020 60 4040 80 6060 100 8080 100 100 Score (1–7 scale) 2010 Index..............................................................................45 4.4 2009 Index....................................................................................................................39 4.4 Market access ...................................................................................................28 4.8 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access ............................................28 4.8 Border administration.......................................................................................60 4.1 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration............................................54 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures ........................................74 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration .........................................59 4.3 4.5 3.6 Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................38 4.5 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure......................34 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services ...............................48 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs..............................................................34 5.1 4.1 4.4 Business environment ......................................................................................63 4.4 8th pillar: Regulatory environment ...................................................................90 9th pillar: Physical security................................................................................42 3.4 5.3 1 2 3 4 5 6 Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performing economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.” The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 7 Croatia The Enabling Trade Index 2010 in detail INDICATOR, UNITS ■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/125 SCORE BEST PERFORMER SCORE 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 Tariff rate, % ........................................................................................39 .....■ .........3.0 Non-tariff measures, index 0–100 (best) ............................................n/a ..................n/a Complexity of tariffs, index 1–7 (best).................................................91 .....■ .........4.0 Tariff dispersion, standard deviation ....................................................15 .....■ .........6.1 Tariff peaks, %...................................................................................119 .....■ .......11.7 Specific tariffs, % ................................................................................87 .....■ .........6.1 Distinct tariffs, number ........................................................................89 .....■ ........676 Share of duty-free imports, % .............................................................10 .....■ .......86.8 Tariffs faced, %..................................................................................111 .....■ .........5.8 Margin of preference in destination markets, index 0–100 (best) ......20 .....■ .......59.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Uganda ...............................................0.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR .............................100.0 Chile ...................................................3.7 Nepal ................................................97.5 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:40 PM Page 95 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration 2.01 2.02 Burden of customs procedures, 1–7 (best) .........................................71 .....■ .........3.8 Customs services index, 0–12 (best) ..................................................50 .....■ .........7.8 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Multiple economies.............................12 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 Efficiency of the clearance process, 1–5 (best)...................................55 .....■ .........2.6 Time to import, days............................................................................49 .....■ ..........16 Documents to import, number ............................................................73 .....■ ............8 Cost to import, US$ per container.......................................................52 .....■ .....1,141 Time to export, days ............................................................................71 .....■ ..........20 Documents to export, number ............................................................73 .....■ ............7 Cost to export, US$ per container.......................................................82 .....■ .....1,281 Luxembourg .......................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies...............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration 4.01 4.02 Irregular payments in exports and imports, 1–7 (best)........................68 .....■ .........3.7 Corruption Perceptions Index, 0–10 (best) ..........................................53 .....■ .........4.1 New Zealand ......................................6.7 New Zealand ......................................9.4 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 Airport density, number per million population....................................21 .....■ .........1.7 Transshipment connectivity index, 0–100 (best) .................................82 .....■ .......60.7 Paved roads, % of total .......................................................................29 .....■ .......89.1 Quality of air transport infrastructure, 1–7 (best).................................74 .....■ .........4.3 Quality of railroad infrastructure, 1–7 (best) ........................................43 .....■ .........3.4 Quality of roads, 1–7 (best) .................................................................31 .....■ .........5.1 Quality of port infrastructure, 1–7 (best) .............................................72 .....■ .........3.8 Iceland ..............................................29.7 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies........................100.0 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 Liner Shipping Connectivity Index, 0–132.5 (best) ..............................76 .....■ .........8.5 Ease and affordability of shipment, 1–5 (best) ....................................61 .....■ .........3.0 Logistics competence, 1–5 (best)........................................................81 .....■ .........2.5 Tracking and tracing ability, 1–5 (best) .................................................70 .....■ .........2.8 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination, 1–5 (best) ..............79 .....■ .........3.2 Postal services efficiency, 1–7 (best) ..................................................41 .....■ .........5.4 GATS commitments in the transport sector, index 0–1 (best) ..............7 .....■ .........0.5 China ..............................................132.5 Singapore ...........................................3.9 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Luxembourg .......................................4.6 Japan ..................................................6.8 Armenia ..............................................0.6 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 Extent of business Internet use, 1–7 (best) ........................................50 .....■ .........4.7 Mobile telephone subscriptions per 100 population ...........................14 .....■ .....133.0 Broadband Internet subscribers per 100 population ...........................38 .....■ .......11.9 Internet users per 100 population .......................................................36 .....■ .......50.6 Fixed telephone lines per 100 population............................................23 .....■ .......42.5 Government Online Service Index, 0–1 (best).....................................39 .....■ .........0.4 Sweden ..............................................6.4 United Arab Emirates .....................208.6 Sweden ............................................41.2 Iceland ..............................................90.6 Switzerland.......................................64.1 Korea, Rep..........................................1.0 8th pillar: Regulatory environment 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 Property rights, 1–7 (best) ...................................................................76 .....■ .........3.8 Ethics and corruption, 1–7 (best) .........................................................79 .....■ .........2.7 Undue influence, 1–7 (best).................................................................85 .....■ .........2.9 Government efficiency, 1–7 (best).....................................................106 .....■ .........2.9 Domestic competition, 1–7 (best) .......................................................95 .....■ .........3.9 Efficiency of the financial market, 1–7 (best) ......................................82 .....■ .........3.4 Openness to foreign participation, index 1–7 (best)............................81 .....■ .........4.4 Ease of hiring foreign labor, 1–7 (best) ..............................................115 .....■ .........3.5 Prevalence of foreign ownership, 1–7 (best).......................................93 .....■ .........4.4 Business impact of rules on FDI, 1–7 (best) .....................................113 .....■ .........3.9 Restriction on international capital flows, 1–7 (best)...........................78 .....■ .........4.1 Openness to multilateral trade rules, index 0–100 (best)......................2 .....■ .......89.7 Switzerland.........................................6.4 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Sweden ..............................................6.2 Singapore ...........................................6.0 Singapore ...........................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.2 United Arab Emirates .........................6.2 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.5 Slovenia ............................................93.1 9th pillar: Physical security 9.01 9.02 9.03 Reliability of police services, 1–7 (best)...............................................52 .....■ .........4.4 Business costs of crime and violence, 1–7 (best) ...............................41 .....■ .........5.3 Business costs of terrorism, 1–7 (best)...............................................36 .....■ .........6.3 Finland ................................................6.6 Qatar ..................................................6.7 Austria ................................................6.8 The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 95 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:40 PM Page 96 Cyprus Key indicators Population (millions), 2009 .................................................0.9 Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)..............................9.3 GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ..................................................23.2 Real GDP growth (percent), 2009 ....................................–0.5 GDP per capita (current prices, US$), 2009 ..............30,238.6 Country World Trade 120 80 ■ FDI inflows 412 GDP per capita (rank out of 124), 2009...............................26 100 60 80 10 3 8 Total exports (rank out of 120), 2007 ..................................75 4060 26 Total imports (rank out of 120), 2007 ..................................77 40 20 20 4 1 2 Source: IMF; UNFPA; World Bank; UNCTAD; WTO 00 0 1996 1996 1998 1998 2000 2000 2002 2002 2004 2004 2006 2006 2008 2008 Selected trade indicators Current account balance (share of GDP), 2009 ..............–10.0 Main trading partners, 2008 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions), 2008 .......1,599.2 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Services exports (US$ millions), 2008.......................10,218.3 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions), 2008 ......10,616.4 Exports Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ........................4,572.2 EU27 Lebanon Russian Federation UAE Japan Others WTO accession year .......................................................1995 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ......................29 96 MFN tariffs, simple avg., 2008: bound; applied ..........5.5; 5.6 Imports 49.6 2.7 2.1 1.7 1.7 42.1 EU27 Israel China Japan United States Others 66.9 8.0 5.3 2.6 1.7 15.5 Tariff escalation (rate diff. raw to finished), 2008 ...............1.0 Exports and imports by sector, 2008 Tariff rate for agricultural products, 2008 ...........................6.2 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Tariff rate for non-agricultural products, 2008 ....................0.5 ■ ■ Agriculture Agriculture Agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...........................43.0 ■ ■ Fuels Fuels and and mining mining ■ ■ Manufactures Manufactures Non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ......................1.7 Exports Exports 7.3 7.3 20.8 Imports Imports 17.9 17.9 13.9 Source: IMF; ITC; World Bank; WTO Enabling Trade Index 0 00 Rank (out of 125) 19.5 19.5 71.7 71.7 29.3 16.9 16.9 21.4 48.7 65.1 65.1 64.1 20 40 2020 60 4040 80 6060 100 8080 100 100 Score (1–7 scale) 2010 Index..............................................................................31 4.7 2009 Index....................................................................................................................32 4.6 Market access ...................................................................................................86 3.8 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access ............................................86 3.8 Border administration.......................................................................................29 5.1 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration............................................43 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures ........................................22 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration .........................................27 4.5 5.5 5.2 Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................37 4.5 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure......................36 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services ...............................35 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs..............................................................35 5.0 4.3 4.3 Business environment ......................................................................................20 5.4 8th pillar: Regulatory environment ...................................................................20 9th pillar: Physical security................................................................................15 4.8 6.0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performing economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.” The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 7 Cyprus The Enabling Trade Index 2010 in detail INDICATOR, UNITS ■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/125 SCORE BEST PERFORMER SCORE 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 Tariff rate, % ..........................................................................................4 .....■ .........0.8 Non-tariff measures, index 0–100 (best) .............................................60 .....■ .......40.1 Complexity of tariffs, index 1–7 (best).................................................96 .....■ .........3.2 Tariff dispersion, standard deviation ....................................................45 .....■ .........9.0 Tariff peaks, %.....................................................................................89 .....■ .......10.3 Specific tariffs, % ................................................................................95 .....■ .........9.2 Distinct tariffs, number ........................................................................97 .....■ .....1,382 Share of duty-free imports, % .............................................................39 .....■ .......63.9 Tariffs faced, %....................................................................................76 .....■ .........5.7 Margin of preference in destination markets, index 0–100 (best) ......84 .....■ .......12.2 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Uganda ...............................................0.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR .............................100.0 Chile ...................................................3.7 Nepal ................................................97.5 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:40 PM Page 97 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration 2.01 2.02 Burden of customs procedures, 1–7 (best) .........................................18 .....■ .........5.1 Customs services index, 0–12 (best) ..................................................71 .....■ .........6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Multiple economies.............................12 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 Efficiency of the clearance process, 1–5 (best)...................................41 .....■ .........2.9 Time to import, days..............................................................................2 .....■ ............5 Documents to import, number ............................................................37 .....■ ............6 Cost to import, US$ per container.......................................................44 .....■ .....1,030 Time to export, days ..............................................................................8 .....■ ............7 Documents to export, number ............................................................28 .....■ ............5 Cost to export, US$ per container.......................................................34 .....■ ........820 Luxembourg .......................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies...............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration 4.01 4.02 Irregular payments in exports and imports, 1–7 (best)........................28 .....■ .........5.4 Corruption Perceptions Index, 0–10 (best) ..........................................25 .....■ .........6.6 New Zealand ......................................6.7 New Zealand ......................................9.4 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 Airport density, number per million population......................................8 .....■ .........4.6 Transshipment connectivity index, 0–100 (best) .................................68 .....■ .......64.4 Paved roads, % of total .......................................................................53 .....■ .......65.1 Quality of air transport infrastructure, 1–7 (best).................................40 .....■ .........5.4 Quality of railroad infrastructure, 1–7 (best) ......................................119 .....■ .........1.2 Quality of roads, 1–7 (best) .................................................................13 .....■ .........5.8 Quality of port infrastructure, 1–7 (best) .............................................26 .....■ .........5.3 Iceland ..............................................29.7 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies........................100.0 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 Liner Shipping Connectivity Index, 0–132.5 (best) ..............................63 .....■ .......13.3 Ease and affordability of shipment, 1–5 (best) ....................................44 .....■ .........3.1 Logistics competence, 1–5 (best)........................................................55 .....■ .........2.8 Tracking and tracing ability, 1–5 (best) .................................................32 .....■ .........3.5 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination, 1–5 (best) ..............69 .....■ .........3.4 Postal services efficiency, 1–7 (best) ..................................................25 .....■ .........6.2 GATS commitments in the transport sector, index 0–1 (best) ............20 .....■ .........0.4 China ..............................................132.5 Singapore ...........................................3.9 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Luxembourg .......................................4.6 Japan ..................................................6.8 Armenia ..............................................0.6 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 Extent of business Internet use, 1–7 (best) ........................................36 .....■ .........5.0 Mobile telephone subscriptions per 100 population ...........................31 .....■ .....117.9 Broadband Internet subscribers per 100 population ...........................32 .....■ .......16.4 Internet users per 100 population .......................................................45 .....■ .......38.8 Fixed telephone lines per 100 population............................................19 .....■ .......45.1 Government Online Service Index, 0–1 (best).....................................51 .....■ .........0.4 Sweden ..............................................6.4 United Arab Emirates .....................208.6 Sweden ............................................41.2 Iceland ..............................................90.6 Switzerland.......................................64.1 Korea, Rep..........................................1.0 8th pillar: Regulatory environment 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 Property rights, 1–7 (best) ...................................................................30 .....■ .........5.3 Ethics and corruption, 1–7 (best) .........................................................22 .....■ .........4.7 Undue influence, 1–7 (best).................................................................26 .....■ .........4.7 Government efficiency, 1–7 (best).......................................................18 .....■ .........4.6 Domestic competition, 1–7 (best) .......................................................31 .....■ .........4.8 Efficiency of the financial market, 1–7 (best) ......................................27 .....■ .........4.5 Openness to foreign participation, index 1–7 (best)............................30 .....■ .........5.1 Ease of hiring foreign labor, 1–7 (best) ................................................68 .....■ .........4.3 Prevalence of foreign ownership, 1–7 (best).......................................68 .....■ .........4.9 Business impact of rules on FDI, 1–7 (best) .......................................33 .....■ .........5.4 Restriction on international capital flows, 1–7 (best)...........................26 .....■ .........5.3 Openness to multilateral trade rules, index 0–100 (best)....................18 .....■ .......78.2 Switzerland.........................................6.4 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Sweden ..............................................6.2 Singapore ...........................................6.0 Singapore ...........................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.2 United Arab Emirates .........................6.2 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.5 Slovenia ............................................93.1 9th pillar: Physical security 9.01 9.02 9.03 Reliability of police services, 1–7 (best)...............................................30 .....■ .........5.4 Business costs of crime and violence, 1–7 (best) ...............................12 .....■ .........6.2 Business costs of terrorism, 1–7 (best)...............................................27 .....■ .........6.4 Finland ................................................6.6 Qatar ..................................................6.7 Austria ................................................6.8 The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 97 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:40 PM Page 98 Czech Republic Key indicators Population (millions), 2009 ...............................................10.4 Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)............................78.9 GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ................................................189.7 Real GDP growth (percent), 2009 ....................................–4.3 GDP per capita (current prices, US$), 2009 ..............18,193.7 Country World Trade 180 80 ■ FDI inflows 412 GDP per capita (rank out of 124), 2009...............................34 150 60 120 10 3 8 Total exports (rank out of 120), 2007 ..................................32 4090 26 Total imports (rank out of 120), 2007 ..................................31 60 20 30 4 1 2 Source: IMF; UNFPA; World Bank; UNCTAD; WTO 00 0 1996 1996 1998 1998 2000 2000 2002 2002 2004 2004 2006 2006 2008 2008 Selected trade indicators Current account balance (share of GDP), 2009 ................–2.1 Main trading partners, 2008 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions), 2008 ...146,320.7 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Services exports (US$ millions), 2008.......................22,179.3 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions), 2008 ....141,493.2 Exports Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ......................17,255.9 EU27 Russian Federation United States Switzerland Ukraine Others WTO accession year .......................................................1995 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ......................29 98 MFN tariffs, simple avg., 2008: bound; applied ..........5.5; 5.6 Imports 85.2 2.7 1.7 1.4 1.0 7.9 EU27 China Russian Federation Japan United States Others 67.0 8.8 6.4 3.3 2.1 12.4 Tariff escalation (rate diff. raw to finished), 2008 ...............1.0 Exports and imports by sector, 2008 Tariff rate for agricultural products, 2008 ...........................6.2 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Tariff rate for non-agricultural products, 2008 ....................0.5 ■ ■ Agriculture Agriculture Agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...........................43.0 ■ ■ Fuels Fuels and and mining mining ■ ■ Manufactures Manufactures Non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ......................1.7 Exports Exports 7.3 5.57.35.4 Imports Imports 17.9 6.5 17.914.2 Source: IMF; ITC; World Bank; WTO Enabling Trade Index 0 00 Rank (out of 125) 19.5 19.5 71.7 71.7 89.0 16.9 16.9 79.2 20 40 2020 65.1 65.1 60 4040 80 6060 100 8080 100 100 Score (1–7 scale) 2010 Index..............................................................................42 4.5 2009 Index....................................................................................................................36 4.4 Market access .................................................................................................105 3.7 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access ..........................................105 3.7 Border administration.......................................................................................32 4.9 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration............................................23 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures ........................................41 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration .........................................45 5.4 5.1 4.2 Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................36 4.6 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure......................48 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services ...............................27 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs..............................................................31 4.7 4.6 4.5 Business environment ......................................................................................43 4.7 8th pillar: Regulatory environment ...................................................................52 9th pillar: Physical security................................................................................39 4.0 5.4 1 2 3 4 5 6 Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performing economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.” The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 7 Czech Republic The Enabling Trade Index 2010 in detail INDICATOR, UNITS ■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/125 SCORE BEST PERFORMER SCORE 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 Tariff rate, % ..........................................................................................4 .....■ .........0.8 Non-tariff measures, index 0–100 (best) .............................................76 .....■ .......45.3 Complexity of tariffs, index 1–7 (best).................................................96 .....■ .........3.2 Tariff dispersion, standard deviation ....................................................45 .....■ .........9.0 Tariff peaks, %.....................................................................................89 .....■ .......10.3 Specific tariffs, % ................................................................................95 .....■ .........9.2 Distinct tariffs, number ........................................................................97 .....■ .....1,382 Share of duty-free imports, % .............................................................39 .....■ .......63.9 Tariffs faced, %....................................................................................76 .....■ .........5.7 Margin of preference in destination markets, index 0–100 (best) ......84 .....■ .......12.2 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Uganda ...............................................0.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR .............................100.0 Chile ...................................................3.7 Nepal ................................................97.5 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:40 PM Page 99 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration 2.01 2.02 Burden of customs procedures, 1–7 (best) .........................................40 .....■ .........4.6 Customs services index, 0–12 (best) ..................................................12 .....■ .......10.5 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Multiple economies.............................12 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 Efficiency of the clearance process, 1–5 (best)...................................27 .....■ .........3.3 Time to import, days............................................................................64 .....■ ..........20 Documents to import, number ............................................................50 .....■ ............7 Cost to import, US$ per container.......................................................55 .....■ .....1,165 Time to export, days ............................................................................55 .....■ ..........17 Documents to export, number ..............................................................6 .....■ ............4 Cost to export, US$ per container.......................................................54 .....■ .....1,060 Luxembourg .......................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies...............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration 4.01 4.02 Irregular payments in exports and imports, 1–7 (best)........................48 .....■ .........4.4 Corruption Perceptions Index, 0–10 (best) ..........................................42 .....■ .........4.9 New Zealand ......................................6.7 New Zealand ......................................9.4 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 Airport density, number per million population....................................78 .....■ .........0.5 Transshipment connectivity index, 0–100 (best) .................................94 .....■ .......53.2 Paved roads, % of total .........................................................................1 .....■ .....100.0 Quality of air transport infrastructure, 1–7 (best).................................22 .....■ .........5.9 Quality of railroad infrastructure, 1–7 (best) ........................................24 .....■ .........4.3 Quality of roads, 1–7 (best) .................................................................75 .....■ .........3.3 Quality of port infrastructure, 1–7 (best) .............................................61 .....■ .........4.2 Iceland ..............................................29.7 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies........................100.0 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 Liner Shipping Connectivity Index, 0–132.5 (best) ..............................97 .....■ .........0.4 Ease and affordability of shipment, 1–5 (best) ....................................17 .....■ .........3.4 Logistics competence, 1–5 (best)........................................................34 .....■ .........3.3 Tracking and tracing ability, 1–5 (best) .................................................27 .....■ .........3.6 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination, 1–5 (best) ..............18 .....■ .........4.2 Postal services efficiency, 1–7 (best) ..................................................32 .....■ .........5.7 GATS commitments in the transport sector, index 0–1 (best) ............11 .....■ .........0.5 China ..............................................132.5 Singapore ...........................................3.9 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Luxembourg .......................................4.6 Japan ..................................................6.8 Armenia ..............................................0.6 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 Extent of business Internet use, 1–7 (best) ........................................19 .....■ .........5.7 Mobile telephone subscriptions per 100 population ...........................13 .....■ .....133.5 Broadband Internet subscribers per 100 population ...........................31 .....■ .......17.1 Internet users per 100 population .......................................................29 .....■ .......58.4 Fixed telephone lines per 100 population............................................56 .....■ .......21.9 Government Online Service Index, 0–1 (best).....................................35 .....■ .........0.5 Sweden ..............................................6.4 United Arab Emirates .....................208.6 Sweden ............................................41.2 Iceland ..............................................90.6 Switzerland.......................................64.1 Korea, Rep..........................................1.0 8th pillar: Regulatory environment 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 Property rights, 1–7 (best) ...................................................................49 .....■ .........4.5 Ethics and corruption, 1–7 (best) .........................................................97 .....■ .........2.4 Undue influence, 1–7 (best).................................................................64 .....■ .........3.3 Government efficiency, 1–7 (best).......................................................83 .....■ .........3.2 Domestic competition, 1–7 (best) .......................................................28 .....■ .........4.9 Efficiency of the financial market, 1–7 (best) ......................................43 .....■ .........4.2 Openness to foreign participation, index 1–7 (best)............................13 .....■ .........5.4 Ease of hiring foreign labor, 1–7 (best) ................................................34 .....■ .........4.9 Prevalence of foreign ownership, 1–7 (best).......................................32 .....■ .........5.5 Business impact of rules on FDI, 1–7 (best) .......................................11 .....■ .........5.8 Restriction on international capital flows, 1–7 (best)...........................23 .....■ .........5.3 Openness to multilateral trade rules, index 0–100 (best)....................26 .....■ .......75.4 Switzerland.........................................6.4 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Sweden ..............................................6.2 Singapore ...........................................6.0 Singapore ...........................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.2 United Arab Emirates .........................6.2 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.5 Slovenia ............................................93.1 9th pillar: Physical security 9.01 9.02 9.03 Reliability of police services, 1–7 (best)...............................................76 .....■ .........3.9 Business costs of crime and violence, 1–7 (best) ...............................25 .....■ .........5.7 Business costs of terrorism, 1–7 (best)...............................................15 .....■ .........6.5 Finland ................................................6.6 Qatar ..................................................6.7 Austria ................................................6.8 The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 99 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:40 PM Page 100 Denmark Key indicators Population (millions), 2009 .................................................5.5 Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)............................43.1 GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ................................................308.3 Real GDP growth (percent), 2009 ....................................–2.4 GDP per capita (current prices, US$), 2009 ..............55,942.2 GDP per capita (rank out of 124), 2009.................................5 Total exports (rank out of 120), 2007 ..................................31 Total imports (rank out of 120), 2007 ..................................30 Source: IMF; UNFPA; World Bank; UNCTAD; WTO Country World Trade 140 80 120 60 100 ■ FDI inflows 412 10 38 80 40 60 6 2 4 2040 20 21 0 00 0–2 1996 1996 1998 1998 2000 2000 2002 2002 2004 2004 2006 2006 2008 2008 Selected trade indicators Current account balance (share of GDP), 2009 ..................1.1 Main trading partners, 2008 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions), 2008 ...116,759.2 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Services exports (US$ millions), 2008.......................71,960.3 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions), 2008 ....110,827.1 Exports Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ......................62,268.6 EU27 Norway United States Japan China Others WTO accession year .......................................................1995 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ......................29 100 MFN tariffs, simple avg., 2008: bound; applied ..........5.5; 5.6 Imports 68.1 6.1 5.6 2.0 1.9 16.3 EU27 China Norway United States Russian Federation Others 72.0 5.9 4.8 3.2 2.0 12.1 Tariff escalation (rate diff. raw to finished), 2008 ...............1.0 Exports and imports by sector, 2008 Tariff rate for agricultural products, 2008 ...........................6.2 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Tariff rate for non-agricultural products, 2008 ....................0.5 ■ ■ Agriculture Agriculture Agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...........................43.0 ■ ■ Fuels Fuels and and mining mining ■ ■ Manufactures Manufactures Non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ......................1.7 Exports Exports 7.3 7.320.2 Imports Imports 17.9 17.9 14.6 Source: IMF; ITC; World Bank; WTO Enabling Trade Index 0 00 Rank (out of 125) 19.5 19.5 13.3 9.3 71.7 71.7 63.9 16.9 16.9 65.1 74.7 65.1 20 40 2020 60 4040 80 6060 100 8080 100 100 Score (1–7 scale) 2010 Index................................................................................3 5.4 2009 Index......................................................................................................................4 5.4 Market access ...................................................................................................95 3.8 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access ............................................95 3.8 Border administration.........................................................................................3 6.2 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration..............................................4 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures ..........................................4 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration ...........................................4 6.0 6.2 6.5 Transport and communications infrastructure ..............................................8 5.7 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure........................3 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services ...............................15 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs................................................................3 6.2 5.0 5.9 Business environment ........................................................................................3 6.0 8th pillar: Regulatory environment .....................................................................4 9th pillar: Physical security..................................................................................8 5.6 6.3 1 2 3 4 5 6 Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performing economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.” The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 7 Denmark The Enabling Trade Index 2010 in detail INDICATOR, UNITS ■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/125 SCORE BEST PERFORMER SCORE 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 Tariff rate, % ..........................................................................................4 .....■ .........0.8 Non-tariff measures, index 0–100 (best) .............................................68 .....■ .......41.9 Complexity of tariffs, index 1–7 (best).................................................96 .....■ .........3.2 Tariff dispersion, standard deviation ....................................................45 .....■ .........9.0 Tariff peaks, %.....................................................................................89 .....■ .......10.3 Specific tariffs, % ................................................................................95 .....■ .........9.2 Distinct tariffs, number ........................................................................97 .....■ .....1,382 Share of duty-free imports, % .............................................................39 .....■ .......63.9 Tariffs faced, %....................................................................................76 .....■ .........5.7 Margin of preference in destination markets, index 0–100 (best) ......84 .....■ .......12.2 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Uganda ...............................................0.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR .............................100.0 Chile ...................................................3.7 Nepal ................................................97.5 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:40 PM Page 101 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration 2.01 2.02 Burden of customs procedures, 1–7 (best) ...........................................7 .....■ .........5.8 Customs services index, 0–12 (best) ..................................................12 .....■ .......10.5 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Multiple economies.............................12 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 Efficiency of the clearance process, 1–5 (best)...................................19 .....■ .........3.6 Time to import, days..............................................................................2 .....■ ............5 Documents to import, number ..............................................................2 .....■ ............3 Cost to import, US$ per container.......................................................20 .....■ ........744 Time to export, days ..............................................................................1 .....■ ............5 Documents to export, number ..............................................................6 .....■ ............4 Cost to export, US$ per container.......................................................28 .....■ ........744 Luxembourg .......................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies...............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration 4.01 4.02 Irregular payments in exports and imports, 1–7 (best)..........................5 .....■ .........6.5 Corruption Perceptions Index, 0–10 (best) ............................................2 .....■ .........9.3 New Zealand ......................................6.7 New Zealand ......................................9.4 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 Airport density, number per million population....................................22 .....■ .........1.6 Transshipment connectivity index, 0–100 (best) .................................54 .....■ .......70.3 Paved roads, % of total .........................................................................1 .....■ .....100.0 Quality of air transport infrastructure, 1–7 (best)...................................6 .....■ .........6.4 Quality of railroad infrastructure, 1–7 (best) ........................................14 .....■ .........5.4 Quality of roads, 1–7 (best) ...................................................................8 .....■ .........6.1 Quality of port infrastructure, 1–7 (best) ...............................................9 .....■ .........6.2 Iceland ..............................................29.7 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies........................100.0 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 Liner Shipping Connectivity Index, 0–132.5 (best) ..............................34 .....■ .......27.7 Ease and affordability of shipment, 1–5 (best) ....................................16 .....■ .........3.5 Logistics competence, 1–5 (best)........................................................14 .....■ .........3.8 Tracking and tracing ability, 1–5 (best) .................................................17 .....■ .........3.9 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination, 1–5 (best) ................7 .....■ .........4.4 Postal services efficiency, 1–7 (best) ..................................................16 .....■ .........6.4 GATS commitments in the transport sector, index 0–1 (best) ............20 .....■ .........0.4 China ..............................................132.5 Singapore ...........................................3.9 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Luxembourg .......................................4.6 Japan ..................................................6.8 Armenia ..............................................0.6 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 Extent of business Internet use, 1–7 (best) ..........................................7 .....■ .........6.0 Mobile telephone subscriptions per 100 population ...........................21 .....■ .....125.7 Broadband Internet subscribers per 100 population .............................2 .....■ .......37.1 Internet users per 100 population .........................................................4 .....■ .......83.9 Fixed telephone lines per 100 population............................................17 .....■ .......45.6 Government Online Service Index, 0–1 (best).....................................13 .....■ .........0.7 Sweden ..............................................6.4 United Arab Emirates .....................208.6 Sweden ............................................41.2 Iceland ..............................................90.6 Switzerland.......................................64.1 Korea, Rep..........................................1.0 8th pillar: Regulatory environment 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 Property rights, 1–7 (best) .....................................................................4 .....■ .........6.3 Ethics and corruption, 1–7 (best) ...........................................................2 .....■ .........6.3 Undue influence, 1–7 (best)...................................................................3 .....■ .........6.1 Government efficiency, 1–7 (best).........................................................6 .....■ .........5.1 Domestic competition, 1–7 (best) .........................................................8 .....■ .........5.2 Efficiency of the financial market, 1–7 (best) ......................................13 .....■ .........4.7 Openness to foreign participation, index 1–7 (best)............................15 .....■ .........5.4 Ease of hiring foreign labor, 1–7 (best) ................................................39 .....■ .........4.8 Prevalence of foreign ownership, 1–7 (best).......................................21 .....■ .........5.7 Business impact of rules on FDI, 1–7 (best) .......................................54 .....■ .........5.0 Restriction on international capital flows, 1–7 (best)...........................18 .....■ .........5.4 Openness to multilateral trade rules, index 0–100 (best)....................13 .....■ .......80.8 Switzerland.........................................6.4 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Sweden ..............................................6.2 Singapore ...........................................6.0 Singapore ...........................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.2 United Arab Emirates .........................6.2 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.5 Slovenia ............................................93.1 9th pillar: Physical security 9.01 9.02 9.03 Reliability of police services, 1–7 (best).................................................2 .....■ .........6.5 Business costs of crime and violence, 1–7 (best) ...............................11 .....■ .........6.3 Business costs of terrorism, 1–7 (best)...............................................37 .....■ .........6.2 Finland ................................................6.6 Qatar ..................................................6.7 Austria ................................................6.8 The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 101 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:41 PM Page 102 Dominican Republic Key indicators Population (millions), 2009 ...............................................10.1 Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)............................48.7 GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ..................................................44.7 Real GDP growth (percent), 2009 ......................................0.5 GDP per capita (current prices, US$), 2009 ................4,951.6 GDP per capita (rank out of 124), 2009...............................63 Total exports (rank out of 120), 2007 ..................................74 Total imports (rank out of 120), 2007 ..................................73 Source: IMF; UNFPA; World Bank; UNCTAD; WTO Country World Trade 140 80 120 60 100 ■ FDI inflows 47 6 35 80 40 60 4 2 3 2040 20 21 1 00 0 1996 1996 1998 1998 2000 2000 2002 2002 2004 2004 2006 2006 2008 2008 Selected trade indicators Current account balance (share of GDP), 2009 ................–6.1 Main trading partners, 2008 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions), 2008 .......6,948.9 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Services exports (US$ millions), 2008.........................4,883.4 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions), 2008 ......16,095.4 Exports Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ........................1,774.9 United States EU27 Haiti China Jamaica Others WTO accession year .......................................................1995 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................2 102 MFN tariffs, simple avg., 2008: bound; applied ........34.9; 7.1 Imports 61.0 13.7 10.2 2.1 1.1 11.9 United States EU27 Venezuela China Mexico Others 40.3 9.3 8.6 8.0 5.3 28.5 Tariff escalation (rate diff. raw to finished), 2008 ...............1.9 Exports and imports by sector, 2008 Tariff rate for agricultural products, 2008 .........................13.8 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Tariff rate for non-agricultural products, 2008 ....................6.6 ■ ■ Agriculture Agriculture Agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 .............................2.9 ■ ■ Fuels Fuels and and mining mining ■ ■ Manufactures Manufactures Non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ......................0.0 Exports Exports 7.3 7.3 10.1 Imports Imports Source: IMF; ITC; World Bank; WTO Enabling Trade Index 17.9 17.9 12.7 0 00 Rank (out of 125) 19.5 7.5 19.5 71.7 71.7 81.4 16.9 16.9 27.7 65.1 65.159.5 20 40 2020 60 4040 80 6060 100 8080 100 100 Score (1–7 scale) 2010 Index..............................................................................73 3.9 2009 Index....................................................................................................................81 3.6 Market access ...................................................................................................46 4.4 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access ............................................46 4.4 Border administration.......................................................................................63 4.1 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration............................................73 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures ........................................42 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration .........................................76 3.9 5.1 3.2 Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................63 3.7 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure......................63 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services ...............................50 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs..............................................................78 4.2 4.0 2.9 Business environment ....................................................................................105 3.6 8th pillar: Regulatory environment .................................................................100 9th pillar: Physical security..............................................................................106 3.3 3.8 1 2 3 4 5 6 Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performing economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.” The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 7 Dominican Republic The Enabling Trade Index 2010 in detail INDICATOR, UNITS ■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/125 SCORE BEST PERFORMER SCORE 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 Tariff rate, % ........................................................................................78 .....■ .........7.1 Non-tariff measures, index 0–100 (best) ............................................n/a ..................n/a Complexity of tariffs, index 1–7 (best).................................................21 .....■ .........6.7 Tariff dispersion, standard deviation ....................................................37 .....■ .........7.9 Tariff peaks, %.....................................................................................33 .....■ .........0.4 Specific tariffs, % ..................................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Distinct tariffs, number ........................................................................25 .....■ ............7 Share of duty-free imports, % .............................................................77 .....■ .......50.9 Tariffs faced, %..................................................................................119 .....■ .........6.1 Margin of preference in destination markets, index 0–100 (best) ......22 .....■ .......56.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Uganda ...............................................0.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR .............................100.0 Chile ...................................................3.7 Nepal ................................................97.5 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:41 PM Page 103 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration 2.01 2.02 Burden of customs procedures, 1–7 (best) .........................................42 .....■ .........4.5 Customs services index, 0–12 (best) ..................................................82 .....■ .........5.5 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Multiple economies.............................12 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 Efficiency of the clearance process, 1–5 (best)...................................60 .....■ .........2.5 Time to import, days............................................................................22 .....■ ..........10 Documents to import, number ............................................................50 .....■ ............7 Cost to import, US$ per container.......................................................53 .....■ .....1,150 Time to export, days ............................................................................20 .....■ ............9 Documents to export, number ............................................................47 .....■ ............6 Cost to export, US$ per container.......................................................45 .....■ ........916 Luxembourg .......................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies...............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration 4.01 4.02 Irregular payments in exports and imports, 1–7 (best)........................69 .....■ .........3.6 Corruption Perceptions Index, 0–10 (best) ..........................................79 .....■ .........3.0 New Zealand ......................................6.7 New Zealand ......................................9.4 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 Airport density, number per million population....................................64 .....■ .........0.6 Transshipment connectivity index, 0–100 (best) .................................35 .....■ .......74.8 Paved roads, % of total .......................................................................64 .....■ .......49.4 Quality of air transport infrastructure, 1–7 (best).................................33 .....■ .........5.5 Quality of railroad infrastructure, 1–7 (best) ......................................106 .....■ .........1.5 Quality of roads, 1–7 (best) .................................................................66 .....■ .........3.6 Quality of port infrastructure, 1–7 (best) .............................................54 .....■ .........4.3 Iceland ..............................................29.7 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies........................100.0 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 Liner Shipping Connectivity Index, 0–132.5 (best) ..............................44 .....■ .......21.6 Ease and affordability of shipment, 1–5 (best) ....................................99 .....■ .........2.6 Logistics competence, 1–5 (best)........................................................92 .....■ .........2.4 Tracking and tracing ability, 1–5 (best) .................................................47 .....■ .........3.2 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination, 1–5 (best) ..............36 .....■ .........3.9 Postal services efficiency, 1–7 (best) ................................................121 .....■ .........2.7 GATS commitments in the transport sector, index 0–1 (best) ..............2 .....■ .........0.6 China ..............................................132.5 Singapore ...........................................3.9 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Luxembourg .......................................4.6 Japan ..................................................6.8 Armenia ..............................................0.6 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 Extent of business Internet use, 1–7 (best) ........................................65 .....■ .........4.5 Mobile telephone subscriptions per 100 population ...........................81 .....■ .......72.4 Broadband Internet subscribers per 100 population ...........................68 .....■ .........2.3 Internet users per 100 population .......................................................76 .....■ .......21.6 Fixed telephone lines per 100 population............................................84 .....■ .........9.9 Government Online Service Index, 0–1 (best).....................................56 .....■ .........0.4 Sweden ..............................................6.4 United Arab Emirates .....................208.6 Sweden ............................................41.2 Iceland ..............................................90.6 Switzerland.......................................64.1 Korea, Rep..........................................1.0 8th pillar: Regulatory environment 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 Property rights, 1–7 (best) ...................................................................79 .....■ .........3.7 Ethics and corruption, 1–7 (best) .......................................................119 .....■ .........1.9 Undue influence, 1–7 (best)...............................................................111 .....■ .........2.6 Government efficiency, 1–7 (best).......................................................99 .....■ .........3.0 Domestic competition, 1–7 (best) .......................................................91 .....■ .........4.0 Efficiency of the financial market, 1–7 (best) ......................................96 .....■ .........3.2 Openness to foreign participation, index 1–7 (best)............................47 .....■ .........4.9 Ease of hiring foreign labor, 1–7 (best) ................................................18 .....■ .........5.1 Prevalence of foreign ownership, 1–7 (best).......................................29 .....■ .........5.6 Business impact of rules on FDI, 1–7 (best) .......................................58 .....■ .........5.0 Restriction on international capital flows, 1–7 (best)...........................61 .....■ .........4.5 Openness to multilateral trade rules, index 0–100 (best)....................88 .....■ .......54.4 Switzerland.........................................6.4 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Sweden ..............................................6.2 Singapore ...........................................6.0 Singapore ...........................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.2 United Arab Emirates .........................6.2 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.5 Slovenia ............................................93.1 9th pillar: Physical security 9.01 9.02 9.03 Reliability of police services, 1–7 (best).............................................122 .....■ .........2.3 Business costs of crime and violence, 1–7 (best) .............................113 .....■ .........3.2 Business costs of terrorism, 1–7 (best)...............................................50 .....■ .........6.0 Finland ................................................6.6 Qatar ..................................................6.7 Austria ................................................6.8 The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 103 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:41 PM Page 104 Ecuador Key indicators Population (millions), 2009 ...............................................13.6 Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)..........................283.6 GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ..................................................55.6 Real GDP growth (percent), 2009 ....................................–1.0 GDP per capita (current prices, US$), 2009 ................3,939.5 Country World Trade 80 ■ FDI inflows 84 60 63 Total exports (rank out of 120), 2007 ..................................67 40 42 Total imports (rank out of 120), 2007 ..................................71 20 21 GDP per capita (rank out of 124), 2009...............................72 Source: IMF; UNFPA; World Bank; UNCTAD; WTO 0 00 1996 1998 2000 2002 2002 2004 2004 2006 2006 2008 2008 Selected trade indicators Current account balance (share of GDP), 2009 ................–3.1 Main trading partners, 2008 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions), 2008 .....18,510.6 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Services exports (US$ millions), 2008.........................1,288.2 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions), 2008 ......18,685.5 Exports Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ........................2,887.9 United States EU27 Peru Chile Panama Others WTO accession year .......................................................1996 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................3 104 MFN tariffs, simple avg., 2008: bound; applied ......21.7; 11.3 Imports 45.3 11.3 9.2 8.1 4.8 21.3 United States China Colombia EU27 Japan Others 14.9 12.4 9.2 8.5 5.0 49.9 Tariff escalation (rate diff. raw to finished), 2009 ...............3.5 Exports and imports by sector, 2008 Tariff rate for agricultural products, 2008 .........................17.7 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Tariff rate for non-agricultural products, 2008 ....................6.6 ■ ■ Agriculture Agriculture Agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 .............................3.2 ■ ■ Fuels Fuels and and mining mining ■ ■ Manufactures Manufactures Non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ......................0.3 Exports Exports 7.3 7.3 Imports Imports 17.9 9.0 17.9 Source: IMF; ITC; World Bank; WTO Enabling Trade Index 0 00 Rank (out of 125) 19.5 28.3 19.5 18.5 71.7 71.7 63.7 16.9 16.9 7.6 65.1 65.7 65.1 20 40 2020 60 4040 80 6060 100 8080 100 100 Score (1–7 scale) 2010 Index..............................................................................89 3.7 2009 Index..................................................................................................................103 3.4 Market access ...................................................................................................27 4.8 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access ............................................27 4.8 Border administration.......................................................................................92 3.4 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration............................................83 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures ........................................92 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration .......................................116 3.7 4.1 2.5 Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................80 3.4 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure......................77 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services ...............................78 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs..............................................................79 3.8 3.5 2.9 Business environment ....................................................................................115 3.4 8th pillar: Regulatory environment .................................................................119 9th pillar: Physical security..............................................................................100 2.8 4.0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performing economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.” The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 7 Ecuador The Enabling Trade Index 2010 in detail INDICATOR, UNITS ■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/125 SCORE BEST PERFORMER SCORE 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 Tariff rate, % ........................................................................................81 .....■ .........7.4 Non-tariff measures, index 0–100 (best) .............................................53 .....■ .......35.4 Complexity of tariffs, index 1–7 (best).................................................41 .....■ .........6.5 Tariff dispersion, standard deviation ..................................................101 .....■ .......12.0 Tariff peaks, %.....................................................................................39 .....■ .........0.7 Specific tariffs, % ..................................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Distinct tariffs, number ........................................................................39 .....■ ..........16 Share of duty-free imports, % .............................................................33 .....■ .......67.8 Tariffs faced, %....................................................................................26 .....■ .........5.2 Margin of preference in destination markets, index 0–100 (best) ......37 .....■ .......46.8 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Uganda ...............................................0.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR .............................100.0 Chile ...................................................3.7 Nepal ................................................97.5 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:41 PM Page 105 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration 2.01 2.02 Burden of customs procedures, 1–7 (best) .......................................107 .....■ .........3.1 Customs services index, 0–12 (best) ..................................................66 .....■ .........7.0 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Multiple economies.............................12 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 Efficiency of the clearance process, 1–5 (best)...................................87 .....■ .........2.3 Time to import, days............................................................................93 .....■ ..........29 Documents to import, number ............................................................50 .....■ ............7 Cost to import, US$ per container.......................................................72 .....■ .....1,332 Time to export, days ............................................................................71 .....■ ..........20 Documents to export, number ..........................................................106 .....■ ............9 Cost to export, US$ per container.......................................................84 .....■ .....1,345 Luxembourg .......................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies...............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration 4.01 4.02 Irregular payments in exports and imports, 1–7 (best)......................111 .....■ .........2.7 Corruption Perceptions Index, 0–10 (best) ........................................112 .....■ .........2.2 New Zealand ......................................6.7 New Zealand ......................................9.4 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 Airport density, number per million population....................................35 .....■ .........1.1 Transshipment connectivity index, 0–100 (best) .................................51 .....■ .......70.9 Paved roads, % of total .....................................................................102 .....■ .......14.8 Quality of air transport infrastructure, 1–7 (best).................................68 .....■ .........4.6 Quality of railroad infrastructure, 1–7 (best) ......................................124 .....■ .........1.0 Quality of roads, 1–7 (best) .................................................................96 .....■ .........2.8 Quality of port infrastructure, 1–7 (best) .............................................91 .....■ .........3.3 Iceland ..............................................29.7 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies........................100.0 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 Liner Shipping Connectivity Index, 0–132.5 (best) ..............................54 .....■ .......17.1 Ease and affordability of shipment, 1–5 (best) ....................................68 .....■ .........2.9 Logistics competence, 1–5 (best)........................................................67 .....■ .........2.6 Tracking and tracing ability, 1–5 (best) .................................................67 .....■ .........2.8 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination, 1–5 (best) ..............56 .....■ .........3.6 Postal services efficiency, 1–7 (best) ................................................108 .....■ .........3.4 GATS commitments in the transport sector, index 0–1 (best) ............51 .....■ .........0.2 China ..............................................132.5 Singapore ...........................................3.9 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Luxembourg .......................................4.6 Japan ..................................................6.8 Armenia ..............................................0.6 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 Extent of business Internet use, 1–7 (best) ......................................109 .....■ .........3.6 Mobile telephone subscriptions per 100 population ...........................70 .....■ .......85.6 Broadband Internet subscribers per 100 population ...........................93 .....■ .........0.3 Internet users per 100 population .......................................................60 .....■ .......28.8 Fixed telephone lines per 100 population............................................75 .....■ .......14.1 Government Online Service Index, 0–1 (best).....................................67 .....■ .........0.3 Sweden ..............................................6.4 United Arab Emirates .....................208.6 Sweden ............................................41.2 Iceland ..............................................90.6 Switzerland.......................................64.1 Korea, Rep..........................................1.0 8th pillar: Regulatory environment 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 Property rights, 1–7 (best) .................................................................111 .....■ .........3.0 Ethics and corruption, 1–7 (best) .......................................................116 .....■ .........1.9 Undue influence, 1–7 (best)...............................................................118 .....■ .........2.2 Government efficiency, 1–7 (best).....................................................118 .....■ .........2.7 Domestic competition, 1–7 (best) .....................................................118 .....■ .........3.4 Efficiency of the financial market, 1–7 (best) ....................................111 .....■ .........2.9 Openness to foreign participation, index 1–7 (best)..........................117 .....■ .........3.7 Ease of hiring foreign labor, 1–7 (best) ..............................................112 .....■ .........3.6 Prevalence of foreign ownership, 1–7 (best).....................................111 .....■ .........3.8 Business impact of rules on FDI, 1–7 (best) .....................................122 .....■ .........2.6 Restriction on international capital flows, 1–7 (best).........................115 .....■ .........3.2 Openness to multilateral trade rules, index 0–100 (best)....................40 .....■ .......71.1 Switzerland.........................................6.4 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Sweden ..............................................6.2 Singapore ...........................................6.0 Singapore ...........................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.2 United Arab Emirates .........................6.2 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.5 Slovenia ............................................93.1 9th pillar: Physical security 9.01 9.02 9.03 Reliability of police services, 1–7 (best).............................................112 .....■ .........2.8 Business costs of crime and violence, 1–7 (best) .............................104 .....■ .........3.6 Business costs of terrorism, 1–7 (best)...............................................69 .....■ .........5.5 Finland ................................................6.6 Qatar ..................................................6.7 Austria ................................................6.8 The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 105 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:41 PM Page 106 Egypt Key indicators Population (millions), 2009 ...............................................83.0 Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP Surface area (1,000 square kilometers).......................1,001.5 GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ................................................188.0 Real GDP growth (percent), 2009 ......................................4.7 GDP per capita (current prices, US$), 2009 ................2,450.4 GDP per capita (rank out of 124), 2009...............................85 Total exports (rank out of 120), 2007 ..................................53 Total imports (rank out of 120), 2007 ..................................49 Source: IMF; UNFPA; World Bank; UNCTAD; WTO Country World Trade 100 80 ■ FDI inflows 410 80 60 8 3 60 40 40 6 2 4 2020 12 00 0 1996 1996 1998 1998 2000 2000 2002 2002 2004 2004 2006 2006 2008 2008 Selected trade indicators Current account balance (share of GDP), 2009 ................–2.4 Main trading partners, 2008 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions), 2008 .....23,994.7 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Services exports (US$ millions), 2008.......................24,674.1 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions), 2008 ......47,539.8 Exports Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ......................16,321.8 EU27 India United States Saudi Arabia Japan Others WTO accession year .......................................................1995 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................6 106 MFN tariffs, simple avg., 2008: bound; applied ......36.8; 16.7 Imports 35.4 6.3 4.9 4.8 3.3 45.3 EU27 United States China Saudi Arabia Russian Federation Others 27.1 10.8 8.4 5.9 4.3 43.6 Tariff escalation (rate diff. raw to finished), 2009 .............22.8 Exports and imports by sector, 2008 Tariff rate for agricultural products, 2008 .........................34.0 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Tariff rate for non-agricultural products, 2008 ..................10.6 ■ ■ Agriculture Agriculture Agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 .............................3.0 ■ ■ Fuels Fuels and and mining mining ■ ■ Manufactures Manufactures Non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ......................0.1 Exports Exports 7.3 7.3 11.5 Imports Imports Source: IMF; ITC; World Bank; WTO Enabling Trade Index 17.9 17.9 19.7 0 00 Rank (out of 125) 19.5 19.5 71.7 71.7 47.7 16.9 16.9 19.6 34.3 65.1 65.1 57.2 20 40 2020 60 4040 80 6060 100 8080 100 100 Score (1–7 scale) 2010 Index..............................................................................76 3.9 2009 Index....................................................................................................................75 3.7 Market access .................................................................................................114 3.4 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access ..........................................114 3.4 Border administration.......................................................................................66 4.0 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration............................................80 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures ........................................40 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration .........................................80 3.8 5.1 3.0 Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................62 3.7 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure......................58 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services ...............................61 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs..............................................................74 4.3 3.8 2.9 Business environment ......................................................................................61 4.4 8th pillar: Regulatory environment ...................................................................55 9th pillar: Physical security................................................................................65 4.0 4.9 1 2 3 4 5 6 Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performing economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.” The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 7 Egypt The Enabling Trade Index 2010 in detail INDICATOR, UNITS ■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/125 SCORE BEST PERFORMER SCORE 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 Tariff rate, % ......................................................................................117 .....■ .......13.5 Non-tariff measures, index 0–100 (best) .............................................88 .....■ .......86.1 Complexity of tariffs, index 1–7 (best).................................................70 .....■ .........5.4 Tariff dispersion, standard deviation ..................................................125 .....■ .....143.0 Tariff peaks, %.....................................................................................38 .....■ .........0.5 Specific tariffs, % ................................................................................50 .....■ .........0.2 Distinct tariffs, number ........................................................................52 .....■ ..........23 Share of duty-free imports, % .............................................................83 .....■ .......44.0 Tariffs faced, %....................................................................................36 .....■ .........5.3 Margin of preference in destination markets, index 0–100 (best) ......34 .....■ .......48.9 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Uganda ...............................................0.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR .............................100.0 Chile ...................................................3.7 Nepal ................................................97.5 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:41 PM Page 107 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration 2.01 2.02 Burden of customs procedures, 1–7 (best) .........................................65 .....■ .........4.0 Customs services index, 0–12 (best) ..................................................78 .....■ .........6.0 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Multiple economies.............................12 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 Efficiency of the clearance process, 1–5 (best).................................107 .....■ .........2.1 Time to import, days............................................................................44 .....■ ..........15 Documents to import, number ............................................................37 .....■ ............6 Cost to import, US$ per container.......................................................27 .....■ ........823 Time to export, days ............................................................................40 .....■ ..........14 Documents to export, number ............................................................47 .....■ ............6 Cost to export, US$ per container.......................................................25 .....■ ........737 Luxembourg .......................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies...............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration 4.01 4.02 Irregular payments in exports and imports, 1–7 (best)........................80 .....■ .........3.4 Corruption Perceptions Index, 0–10 (best) ..........................................88 .....■ .........2.8 New Zealand ......................................6.7 New Zealand ......................................9.4 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 Airport density, number per million population..................................110 .....■ .........0.2 Transshipment connectivity index, 0–100 (best) .................................17 .....■ .......82.4 Paved roads, % of total .......................................................................36 .....■ .......81.0 Quality of air transport infrastructure, 1–7 (best).................................41 .....■ .........5.3 Quality of railroad infrastructure, 1–7 (best) ........................................48 .....■ .........3.3 Quality of roads, 1–7 (best) .................................................................69 .....■ .........3.5 Quality of port infrastructure, 1–7 (best) .............................................53 .....■ .........4.3 Iceland ..............................................29.7 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies........................100.0 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 Liner Shipping Connectivity Index, 0–132.5 (best) ..............................17 .....■ .......52.0 Ease and affordability of shipment, 1–5 (best) ..................................100 .....■ .........2.6 Logistics competence, 1–5 (best)........................................................50 .....■ .........2.9 Tracking and tracing ability, 1–5 (best) .................................................94 .....■ .........2.6 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination, 1–5 (best) ..............75 .....■ .........3.3 Postal services efficiency, 1–7 (best) ..................................................47 .....■ .........5.2 GATS commitments in the transport sector, index 0–1 (best) ............61 .....■ .........0.1 China ..............................................132.5 Singapore ...........................................3.9 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Luxembourg .......................................4.6 Japan ..................................................6.8 Armenia ..............................................0.6 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 Extent of business Internet use, 1–7 (best) ........................................42 .....■ .........4.9 Mobile telephone subscriptions per 100 population ...........................95 .....■ .......50.6 Broadband Internet subscribers per 100 population ...........................82 .....■ .........0.9 Internet users per 100 population .......................................................79 .....■ .......16.6 Fixed telephone lines per 100 population............................................73 .....■ .......14.6 Government Online Service Index, 0–1 (best).....................................23 .....■ .........0.5 Sweden ..............................................6.4 United Arab Emirates .....................208.6 Sweden ............................................41.2 Iceland ..............................................90.6 Switzerland.......................................64.1 Korea, Rep..........................................1.0 8th pillar: Regulatory environment 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 Property rights, 1–7 (best) ...................................................................60 .....■ .........4.2 Ethics and corruption, 1–7 (best) .........................................................54 .....■ .........3.3 Undue influence, 1–7 (best).................................................................60 .....■ .........3.4 Government efficiency, 1–7 (best).......................................................52 .....■ .........3.8 Domestic competition, 1–7 (best) .......................................................77 .....■ .........4.2 Efficiency of the financial market, 1–7 (best) ......................................51 .....■ .........4.0 Openness to foreign participation, index 1–7 (best)............................49 .....■ .........4.9 Ease of hiring foreign labor, 1–7 (best) ................................................53 .....■ .........4.5 Prevalence of foreign ownership, 1–7 (best).......................................62 .....■ .........5.0 Business impact of rules on FDI, 1–7 (best) .......................................59 .....■ .........5.0 Restriction on international capital flows, 1–7 (best)...........................62 .....■ .........4.5 Openness to multilateral trade rules, index 0–100 (best)....................37 .....■ .......72.3 Switzerland.........................................6.4 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Sweden ..............................................6.2 Singapore ...........................................6.0 Singapore ...........................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.2 United Arab Emirates .........................6.2 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.5 Slovenia ............................................93.1 9th pillar: Physical security 9.01 9.02 9.03 Reliability of police services, 1–7 (best)...............................................49 .....■ .........4.5 Business costs of crime and violence, 1–7 (best) ...............................50 .....■ .........5.2 Business costs of terrorism, 1–7 (best)...............................................99 .....■ .........4.9 Finland ................................................6.6 Qatar ..................................................6.7 Austria ................................................6.8 The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 107 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:41 PM Page 108 El Salvador Key indicators Population (millions), 2009 .................................................6.2 Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)............................21.0 GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ..................................................22.2 Real GDP growth (percent), 2009 ....................................–2.5 GDP per capita (current prices, US$), 2009 ................3,806.2 Country World Trade 90 80 ■ FDI inflows 104 GDP per capita (rank out of 124), 2009...............................74 75 60 60 8 3 6 Total exports (rank out of 120), 2007 ..................................89 45 40 42 Total imports (rank out of 120), 2007 ..................................79 30 20 15 2 1 0 Source: IMF; UNFPA; World Bank; UNCTAD; WTO 0 -20 1996 1998 2000 2002 2002 2004 2004 2006 2006 2008 2008 Selected trade indicators Current account balance (share of GDP), 2009 ................–1.8 Main trading partners, 2008 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions), 2008 .......4,549.0 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Services exports (US$ millions), 2008.........................1,481.6 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions), 2008 ........9,754.5 Exports Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ........................1,958.0 United States Guatemala Honduras EU27 Nicaragua Others WTO accession year .......................................................1995 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................5 108 MFN tariffs, simple avg., 2008: bound; applied ........36.5; 5.9 Imports 48.1 13.6 13.0 7.0 5.5 12.8 United States Mexico Guatemala EU27 China Others 34.4 9.0 8.5 6.9 4.9 36.3 Tariff escalation (rate diff. raw to finished), 2009 ...............1.4 Exports and imports by sector, 2008 Tariff rate for agricultural products, 2008 .........................12.0 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Tariff rate for non-agricultural products, 2008 ....................3.5 ■ ■ Agriculture Agriculture Agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...........................14.6 ■ ■ Fuels Fuels and and mining mining ■ ■ Manufactures Manufactures Non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ......................1.1 Exports Exports 7.3 7.3 20.3 Imports Imports 17.9 17.9 16.4 Source: IMF; ITC; World Bank; WTO Enabling Trade Index 0 00 Rank (out of 125) 19.5 19.55.2 71.7 71.7 73.9 16.9 16.9 20.1 65.1 65.163.2 20 40 2020 60 4040 80 6060 100 8080 100 100 Score (1–7 scale) 2010 Index..............................................................................57 4.2 2009 Index....................................................................................................................56 4.0 Market access .....................................................................................................3 5.5 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access ..............................................3 5.5 Border administration.......................................................................................56 4.2 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration............................................61 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures ........................................50 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration .........................................65 4.2 4.9 3.5 Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................88 3.2 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure......................93 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services .............................101 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs..............................................................66 3.5 3.1 3.2 Business environment ......................................................................................98 3.7 8th pillar: Regulatory environment ...................................................................65 9th pillar: Physical security..............................................................................111 3.8 3.6 1 2 3 4 5 6 Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performing economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.” The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 7 El Salvador The Enabling Trade Index 2010 in detail INDICATOR, UNITS ■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/12 SCORE BEST PERFORMER SCORE 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 Tariff rate, % ........................................................................................49 .....■ .........4.1 Non-tariff measures, index 0–100 (best) ............................................n/a ..................n/a Complexity of tariffs, index 1–7 (best).................................................47 .....■ .........6.4 Tariff dispersion, standard deviation ....................................................35 .....■ .........7.7 Tariff peaks, %.....................................................................................61 .....■ .........3.1 Specific tariffs, % ..................................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Distinct tariffs, number ........................................................................30 .....■ ..........11 Share of duty-free imports, % .............................................................27 .....■ .......72.5 Tariffs faced, %....................................................................................50 .....■ .........5.5 Margin of preference in destination markets, index 0–100 (best) ........2 .....■ .......88.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Uganda ...............................................0.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR .............................100.0 Chile ...................................................3.7 Nepal ................................................97.5 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:41 PM Page 109 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration 2.01 2.02 Burden of customs procedures, 1–7 (best) .........................................55 .....■ .........4.1 Customs services index, 0–12 (best) ..................................................62 .....■ .........7.2 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Multiple economies.............................12 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 Efficiency of the clearance process, 1–5 (best)...................................64 .....■ .........2.5 Time to import, days............................................................................22 .....■ ..........10 Documents to import, number ............................................................73 .....■ ............8 Cost to import, US$ per container.......................................................26 .....■ ........820 Time to export, days ............................................................................40 .....■ ..........14 Documents to export, number ............................................................91 .....■ ............8 Cost to export, US$ per container.......................................................42 .....■ ........880 Luxembourg .......................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies...............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration 4.01 4.02 Irregular payments in exports and imports, 1–7 (best)........................62 .....■ .........3.9 Corruption Perceptions Index, 0–10 (best) ..........................................68 .....■ .........3.4 New Zealand ......................................6.7 New Zealand ......................................9.4 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 Airport density, number per million population..................................112 .....■ .........0.1 Transshipment connectivity index, 0–100 (best) .................................81 .....■ .......61.0 Paved roads, % of total .......................................................................92 .....■ .......19.8 Quality of air transport infrastructure, 1–7 (best).................................27 .....■ .........5.8 Quality of railroad infrastructure, 1–7 (best) ......................................118 .....■ .........1.2 Quality of roads, 1–7 (best) .................................................................27 .....■ .........5.3 Quality of port infrastructure, 1–7 (best) .............................................60 .....■ .........4.2 Iceland ..............................................29.7 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies........................100.0 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 Liner Shipping Connectivity Index, 0–132.5 (best) ..............................70 .....■ .......10.3 Ease and affordability of shipment, 1–5 (best) ..................................121 .....■ .........2.2 Logistics competence, 1–5 (best)........................................................64 .....■ .........2.7 Tracking and tracing ability, 1–5 (best) .................................................80 .....■ .........2.7 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination, 1–5 (best) ..............52 .....■ .........3.6 Postal services efficiency, 1–7 (best) ..................................................83 .....■ .........4.1 GATS commitments in the transport sector, index 0–1 (best) ............69 .....■ .........0.0 China ..............................................132.5 Singapore ...........................................3.9 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Luxembourg .......................................4.6 Japan ..................................................6.8 Armenia ..............................................0.6 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 Extent of business Internet use, 1–7 (best) ........................................69 .....■ .........4.4 Mobile telephone subscriptions per 100 population ...........................37 .....■ .....113.3 Broadband Internet subscribers per 100 population ...........................73 .....■ .........2.0 Internet users per 100 population .......................................................91 .....■ .......10.6 Fixed telephone lines per 100 population............................................65 .....■ .......17.6 Government Online Service Index, 0–1 (best).....................................38 .....■ .........0.4 Sweden ..............................................6.4 United Arab Emirates .....................208.6 Sweden ............................................41.2 Iceland ..............................................90.6 Switzerland.......................................64.1 Korea, Rep..........................................1.0 8th pillar: Regulatory environment 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 Property rights, 1–7 (best) ...................................................................77 .....■ .........3.8 Ethics and corruption, 1–7 (best) .........................................................74 .....■ .........2.8 Undue influence, 1–7 (best).................................................................96 .....■ .........2.8 Government efficiency, 1–7 (best).......................................................58 .....■ .........3.6 Domestic competition, 1–7 (best) .......................................................53 .....■ .........4.4 Efficiency of the financial market, 1–7 (best) ......................................62 .....■ .........3.7 Openness to foreign participation, index 1–7 (best)............................25 .....■ .........5.2 Ease of hiring foreign labor, 1–7 (best) ................................................23 .....■ .........5.0 Prevalence of foreign ownership, 1–7 (best).......................................34 .....■ .........5.4 Business impact of rules on FDI, 1–7 (best) .......................................37 .....■ .........5.4 Restriction on international capital flows, 1–7 (best)...........................39 .....■ .........5.1 Openness to multilateral trade rules, index 0–100 (best)....................46 .....■ .......67.5 Switzerland.........................................6.4 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Sweden ..............................................6.2 Singapore ...........................................6.0 Singapore ...........................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.2 United Arab Emirates .........................6.2 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.5 Slovenia ............................................93.1 9th pillar: Physical security 9.01 9.02 9.03 Reliability of police services, 1–7 (best)...............................................72 .....■ .........4.0 Business costs of crime and violence, 1–7 (best) .............................123 .....■ .........1.9 Business costs of terrorism, 1–7 (best)...............................................93 .....■ .........4.9 Finland ................................................6.6 Qatar ..................................................6.7 Austria ................................................6.8 The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 109 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:41 PM Page 110 Estonia Key indicators Population (millions), 2009 .................................................1.3 Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)............................45.2 GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ..................................................18.0 Real GDP growth (percent), 2009 ..................................–14.0 GDP per capita (current prices, US$), 2009 ..............13,509.1 GDP per capita (rank out of 124), 2009...............................40 Total exports (rank out of 120), 2007 ..................................68 Total imports (rank out of 120), 2007 ..................................67 Source: IMF; UNFPA; World Bank; UNCTAD; WTO Country World Trade 250 80 ■ FDI inflows 425 200 60 20 3 150 40 100 15 2 10 2050 15 00 0 1996 1996 1998 1998 2000 2000 2002 2002 2004 2004 2006 2006 2008 2008 Selected trade indicators Current account balance (share of GDP), 2009 ..................1.9 Main trading partners, 2008 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions), 2008 .....12,451.0 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Services exports (US$ millions), 2008.........................5,048.5 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions), 2008 ......16,028.2 Exports Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ........................3,351.8 EU27 Russian Federation United States Norway Ukraine Others WTO accession year .......................................................1999 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ......................29 110 MFN tariffs, simple avg., 2008: bound; applied ..........5.5; 5.6 Imports 63.4 15.1 5.7 3.0 1.9 10.9 EU27 Russian Federation China Belarus Japan Others 59.7 10.1 5.7 3.8 3.1 17.6 Tariff escalation (rate diff. raw to finished), 2008 ...............1.0 Exports and imports by sector, 2008 Tariff rate for agricultural products, 2008 ...........................6.2 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Tariff rate for non-agricultural products, 2008 ....................0.5 ■ ■ Agriculture Agriculture Agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...........................43.0 ■ ■ Fuels Fuels and and mining mining ■ ■ Manufactures Manufactures Non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ......................1.7 Exports Exports 7.3 7.3 14.7 Imports Imports 17.9 17.9 12.7 Source: IMF; ITC; World Bank; WTO Enabling Trade Index 0 00 Rank (out of 125) 19.5 19.516.3 71.7 71.7 68.7 16.9 17.4 16.9 65.1 65.1 69.4 20 40 2020 60 4040 80 6060 100 8080 100 100 Score (1–7 scale) 2010 Index..............................................................................23 4.9 2009 Index....................................................................................................................22 4.8 Market access ...................................................................................................83 3.8 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access ............................................83 3.8 Border administration.......................................................................................11 5.7 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration..............................................9 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures ..........................................7 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration .........................................24 5.8 6.1 5.3 Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................31 4.7 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure......................51 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services ...............................37 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs..............................................................19 4.6 4.3 5.2 Business environment ......................................................................................23 5.3 8th pillar: Regulatory environment ...................................................................27 9th pillar: Physical security................................................................................19 4.7 6.0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performing economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.” The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 7 Estonia The Enabling Trade Index 2010 in detail INDICATOR, UNITS ■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/125 SCORE BEST PERFORMER SCORE 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 Tariff rate, % ..........................................................................................4 .....■ .........0.8 Non-tariff measures, index 0–100 (best) .............................................56 .....■ .......37.1 Complexity of tariffs, index 1–7 (best).................................................96 .....■ .........3.2 Tariff dispersion, standard deviation ....................................................45 .....■ .........9.0 Tariff peaks, %.....................................................................................89 .....■ .......10.3 Specific tariffs, % ................................................................................95 .....■ .........9.2 Distinct tariffs, number ........................................................................97 .....■ .....1,382 Share of duty-free imports, % .............................................................39 .....■ .......63.9 Tariffs faced, %....................................................................................76 .....■ .........5.7 Margin of preference in destination markets, index 0–100 (best) ......84 .....■ .......12.2 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Uganda ...............................................0.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR .............................100.0 Chile ...................................................3.7 Nepal ................................................97.5 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:41 PM Page 111 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration 2.01 2.02 Burden of customs procedures, 1–7 (best) .........................................10 .....■ .........5.5 Customs services index, 0–12 (best) ..................................................12 .....■ .......10.5 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Multiple economies.............................12 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 Efficiency of the clearance process, 1–5 (best)...................................32 .....■ .........3.1 Time to import, days..............................................................................2 .....■ ............5 Documents to import, number ..............................................................6 .....■ ............4 Cost to import, US$ per container.......................................................18 .....■ ........740 Time to export, days ..............................................................................1 .....■ ............5 Documents to export, number ..............................................................2 .....■ ............3 Cost to export, US$ per container.......................................................20 .....■ ........730 Luxembourg .......................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies...............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration 4.01 4.02 Irregular payments in exports and imports, 1–7 (best)........................23 .....■ .........5.6 Corruption Perceptions Index, 0–10 (best) ..........................................25 .....■ .........6.6 New Zealand ......................................6.7 New Zealand ......................................9.4 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 Airport density, number per million population....................................15 .....■ .........3.1 Transshipment connectivity index, 0–100 (best) .................................80 .....■ .......61.2 Paved roads, % of total .......................................................................86 .....■ .......22.7 Quality of air transport infrastructure, 1–7 (best).................................54 .....■ .........4.9 Quality of railroad infrastructure, 1–7 (best) ........................................39 .....■ .........3.6 Quality of roads, 1–7 (best) .................................................................46 .....■ .........4.2 Quality of port infrastructure, 1–7 (best) .............................................15 .....■ .........5.6 Iceland ..............................................29.7 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies........................100.0 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 Liner Shipping Connectivity Index, 0–132.5 (best) ..............................88 .....■ .........5.7 Ease and affordability of shipment, 1–5 (best) ....................................40 .....■ .........3.2 Logistics competence, 1–5 (best)........................................................37 .....■ .........3.2 Tracking and tracing ability, 1–5 (best) .................................................60 .....■ .........3.0 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination, 1–5 (best) ..............50 .....■ .........3.7 Postal services efficiency, 1–7 (best) ..................................................22 .....■ .........6.3 GATS commitments in the transport sector, index 0–1 (best) ............20 .....■ .........0.4 China ..............................................132.5 Singapore ...........................................3.9 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Luxembourg .......................................4.6 Japan ..................................................6.8 Armenia ..............................................0.6 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 Extent of business Internet use, 1–7 (best) ..........................................4 .....■ .........6.2 Mobile telephone subscriptions per 100 population .............................2 .....■ .....188.2 Broadband Internet subscribers per 100 population ...........................18 .....■ .......23.7 Internet users per 100 population .......................................................22 .....■ .......66.2 Fixed telephone lines per 100 population............................................31 .....■ .......37.1 Government Online Service Index, 0–1 (best).....................................27 .....■ .........0.5 Sweden ..............................................6.4 United Arab Emirates .....................208.6 Sweden ............................................41.2 Iceland ..............................................90.6 Switzerland.......................................64.1 Korea, Rep..........................................1.0 8th pillar: Regulatory environment 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 Property rights, 1–7 (best) ...................................................................31 .....■ .........5.3 Ethics and corruption, 1–7 (best) .........................................................41 .....■ .........3.8 Undue influence, 1–7 (best).................................................................32 .....■ .........4.6 Government efficiency, 1–7 (best).......................................................29 .....■ .........4.3 Domestic competition, 1–7 (best) .......................................................24 .....■ .........4.9 Efficiency of the financial market, 1–7 (best) ......................................25 .....■ .........4.5 Openness to foreign participation, index 1–7 (best)............................23 .....■ .........5.2 Ease of hiring foreign labor, 1–7 (best) ..............................................109 .....■ .........3.6 Prevalence of foreign ownership, 1–7 (best).......................................49 .....■ .........5.3 Business impact of rules on FDI, 1–7 (best) .......................................15 .....■ .........5.7 Restriction on international capital flows, 1–7 (best).............................7 .....■ .........6.0 Openness to multilateral trade rules, index 0–100 (best)....................19 .....■ .......78.1 Switzerland.........................................6.4 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Sweden ..............................................6.2 Singapore ...........................................6.0 Singapore ...........................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.2 United Arab Emirates .........................6.2 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.5 Slovenia ............................................93.1 9th pillar: Physical security 9.01 9.02 9.03 Reliability of police services, 1–7 (best)...............................................28 .....■ .........5.5 Business costs of crime and violence, 1–7 (best) ...............................23 .....■ .........5.8 Business costs of terrorism, 1–7 (best)...............................................10 .....■ .........6.6 Finland ................................................6.6 Qatar ..................................................6.7 Austria ................................................6.8 The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 111 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:41 PM Page 112 Ethiopia Key indicators Population (millions), 2009 ...............................................82.8 Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP Surface area (1,000 square kilometers).......................1,104.3 GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ..................................................33.9 Real GDP growth (percent), 2009 ......................................7.5 GDP per capita (current prices, US$), 2009 ...................417.5 Country World Trade 80 ■ FDI inflows 84 60 63 Total exports (rank out of 120), 2007 ................................103 40 42 Total imports (rank out of 120), 2007 ..................................89 20 21 GDP per capita (rank out of 124), 2009.............................121 Source: IMF; UNFPA; World Bank; UNCTAD; WTO 0 00 1996 1998 2000 2002 2002 2004 2004 2006 2006 2008 2008 Selected trade indicators Current account balance (share of GDP), 2009 ................–5.6 Main trading partners, 2008 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions), 2008 .......1,601.8 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Services exports (US$ millions), 2008.........................1,770.4 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions), 2008 ........7,700.0 Exports Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ........................2,370.7 EU27 Saudi Arabia United States Switzerland China Others WTO accession year.................................................Observer Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................1 112 MFN tariffs, simple avg., 2008: bound; applied ........— ; 17.3 Imports 35.0 7.7 7.2 6.2 5.3 38.6 China EU27 Saudi Arabia UAE India Others 20.2 18.7 14.2 8.4 7.3 31.2 Tariff escalation (rate diff. raw to finished), 2009 ...............5.3 Exports and imports by sector, 2008 Tariff rate for agricultural products, 2008 .........................18.1 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Tariff rate for non-agricultural products, 2008 ..................11.4 ■ ■ Agriculture Agriculture Agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 .............................0.0 ■ ■ Fuels Fuels and and mining mining ■ ■ Manufactures Manufactures 0.5 Non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ......................0.0 Exports Exports 7.3 7.3 Imports Imports 17.9 17.9 13.9 Source: IMF; ITC; World Bank; WTO Enabling Trade Index 0 00 Rank (out of 125) 19.5 19.516.3 12.8 71.7 71.7 85.5 16.9 16.9 9.0 65.1 73.2 65.1 20 40 2020 60 4040 80 6060 100 8080 100 100 Score (1–7 scale) 2010 Index............................................................................107 3.5 2009 Index....................................................................................................................95 3.5 Market access ...................................................................................................68 4.0 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access ............................................68 4.0 Border administration.....................................................................................102 3.2 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration............................................59 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures ......................................114 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration .........................................83 4.2 2.4 3.0 Transport and communications infrastructure ..........................................112 2.6 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure....................119 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services ...............................75 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs............................................................123 2.6 3.6 1.6 Business environment ......................................................................................81 4.0 8th pillar: Regulatory environment ...................................................................94 9th pillar: Physical security................................................................................81 3.4 4.7 1 2 3 4 5 6 Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performing economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.” The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 7 Ethiopia The Enabling Trade Index 2010 in detail INDICATOR, UNITS ■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/125 SCORE BEST PERFORMER SCORE 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 Tariff rate, % ......................................................................................111 .....■ .......12.0 Non-tariff measures, index 0–100 (best) ............................................n/a ..................n/a Complexity of tariffs, index 1–7 (best).................................................33 .....■ .........6.6 Tariff dispersion, standard deviation ....................................................93 .....■ .......11.6 Tariff peaks, %.......................................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Specific tariffs, % ..................................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Distinct tariffs, number ........................................................................21 .....■ ............6 Share of duty-free imports, % ...........................................................116 .....■ .........8.6 Tariffs faced, %....................................................................................11 .....■ .........4.8 Margin of preference in destination markets, index 0–100 (best) ......45 .....■ .......41.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Uganda ...............................................0.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR .............................100.0 Chile ...................................................3.7 Nepal ................................................97.5 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:41 PM Page 113 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration 2.01 2.02 Burden of customs procedures, 1–7 (best) .......................................100 .....■ .........3.3 Customs services index, 0–12 (best) ..................................................36 .....■ .........8.7 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Multiple economies.............................12 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 Efficiency of the clearance process, 1–5 (best).................................106 .....■ .........2.1 Time to import, days..........................................................................112 .....■ ..........45 Documents to import, number ............................................................73 .....■ ............8 Cost to import, US$ per container.....................................................114 .....■ .....2,993 Time to export, days ..........................................................................118 .....■ ..........49 Documents to export, number ............................................................91 .....■ ............8 Cost to export, US$ per container.....................................................109 .....■ .....1,940 Luxembourg .......................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies...............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration 4.01 4.02 Irregular payments in exports and imports, 1–7 (best)........................83 .....■ .........3.3 Corruption Perceptions Index, 0–10 (best) ..........................................92 .....■ .........2.7 New Zealand ......................................6.7 New Zealand ......................................9.4 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 Airport density, number per million population..................................105 .....■ .........0.2 Transshipment connectivity index, 0–100 (best).................................n/a ..................n/a Paved roads, % of total .....................................................................107 .....■ .......12.8 Quality of air transport infrastructure, 1–7 (best).................................62 .....■ .........4.7 Quality of railroad infrastructure, 1–7 (best) ......................................102 .....■ .........1.6 Quality of roads, 1–7 (best) .................................................................76 .....■ .........3.3 Quality of port infrastructure, 1–7 (best) .............................................70 .....■ .........3.8 Iceland ..............................................29.7 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies........................100.0 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 Liner Shipping Connectivity Index, 0–132.5 (best) .............................n/a ..................n/a Ease and affordability of shipment, 1–5 (best) ....................................83 .....■ .........2.8 Logistics competence, 1–5 (best)......................................................117 .....■ .........2.1 Tracking and tracing ability, 1–5 (best) .................................................63 .....■ .........2.9 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination, 1–5 (best) ............120 .....■ .........2.7 Postal services efficiency, 1–7 (best) ..................................................82 .....■ .........4.1 GATS commitments in the transport sector, index 0–1 (best) ...........n/a ..................n/a China ..............................................132.5 Singapore ...........................................3.9 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Luxembourg .......................................4.6 Japan ..................................................6.8 Armenia ..............................................0.6 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 Extent of business Internet use, 1–7 (best) ......................................122 .....■ .........3.2 Mobile telephone subscriptions per 100 population .........................124 .....■ .........2.4 Broadband Internet subscribers per 100 population .........................123 .....■ .........0.0 Internet users per 100 population .....................................................124 .....■ .........0.4 Fixed telephone lines per 100 population..........................................110 .....■ .........1.1 Government Online Service Index, 0–1 (best).....................................96 .....■ .........0.2 Sweden ..............................................6.4 United Arab Emirates .....................208.6 Sweden ............................................41.2 Iceland ..............................................90.6 Switzerland.......................................64.1 Korea, Rep..........................................1.0 8th pillar: Regulatory environment 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 Property rights, 1–7 (best) ...................................................................69 .....■ .........3.9 Ethics and corruption, 1–7 (best) .........................................................59 .....■ .........3.2 Undue influence, 1–7 (best).................................................................79 .....■ .........3.1 Government efficiency, 1–7 (best).......................................................59 .....■ .........3.6 Domestic competition, 1–7 (best) .......................................................86 .....■ .........4.1 Efficiency of the financial market, 1–7 (best) ....................................122 .....■ .........2.6 Openness to foreign participation, index 1–7 (best)..........................119 .....■ .........3.6 Ease of hiring foreign labor, 1–7 (best) ..............................................100 .....■ .........3.9 Prevalence of foreign ownership, 1–7 (best).....................................114 .....■ .........3.7 Business impact of rules on FDI, 1–7 (best) .......................................90 .....■ .........4.5 Restriction on international capital flows, 1–7 (best).........................118 .....■ .........3.1 Openness to multilateral trade rules, index 0–100 (best)..................123 .....■ .......28.3 Switzerland.........................................6.4 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Sweden ..............................................6.2 Singapore ...........................................6.0 Singapore ...........................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.2 United Arab Emirates .........................6.2 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.5 Slovenia ............................................93.1 9th pillar: Physical security 9.01 9.02 9.03 Reliability of police services, 1–7 (best)...............................................77 .....■ .........3.9 Business costs of crime and violence, 1–7 (best) ...............................55 .....■ .........5.0 Business costs of terrorism, 1–7 (best)...............................................88 .....■ .........5.1 Finland ................................................6.6 Qatar ..................................................6.7 Austria ................................................6.8 The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 113 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:41 PM Page 114 Finland Key indicators Population (millions), 2009 .................................................5.3 Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)..........................338.2 GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ................................................242.3 Real GDP growth (percent), 2009 ....................................–6.4 GDP per capita (current prices, US$), 2009 ..............45,876.4 Country World Trade 90 80 ■ FDI inflows 104 GDP per capita (rank out of 124), 2009...............................10 75 60 60 8 3 6 Total exports (rank out of 120), 2007 ..................................34 45 40 42 Total imports (rank out of 120), 2007 ..................................36 30 20 15 2 1 0 Source: IMF; UNFPA; World Bank; UNCTAD; WTO 0 –2 0 1996 1998 2000 2002 2002 2004 2004 2006 2006 2008 2008 Selected trade indicators Current account balance (share of GDP), 2009 ..................0.5 Main trading partners, 2008 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions), 2008 .....96,455.4 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Services exports (US$ millions), 2008.......................24,228.6 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions), 2008 ......91,781.4 Exports Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ......................23,119.2 EU27 Russian Federation United States China Norway Others WTO accession year .......................................................1995 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ......................29 114 MFN tariffs, simple avg., 2008: bound; applied ..........5.5; 5.6 Imports 55.9 11.6 6.3 3.1 3.0 20.0 EU27 Russian Federation China United States Norway Others 54.3 16.3 7.0 3.0 2.6 16.8 Tariff escalation (rate diff. raw to finished), 2008 ...............1.0 Exports and imports by sector, 2008 Tariff rate for agricultural products, 2008 ...........................6.2 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Tariff rate for non-agricultural products, 2008 ....................0.5 ■ ■ Agriculture Agriculture Agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...........................43.0 ■ ■ Fuels Fuels and and mining mining ■ ■ Manufactures Manufactures Non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ......................1.7 Exports Exports 7.3 19.5 6.27.3 10.6 19.5 Imports Imports 17.9 8.4 17.9 Source: IMF; ITC; World Bank; WTO Enabling Trade Index 0 00 Rank (out of 125) 71.7 71.7 78.0 16.9 24.8 16.9 65.1 65.1 65.5 20 40 2020 60 4040 80 6060 100 8080 100 100 Score (1–7 scale) 2010 Index..............................................................................12 5.3 2009 Index......................................................................................................................8 5.3 Market access ...................................................................................................90 3.8 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access ............................................90 3.8 Border administration.........................................................................................8 5.8 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration............................................30 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures ..........................................5 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration ...........................................5 5.0 6.1 6.4 Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................18 5.3 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure......................14 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services ...............................22 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs..............................................................18 5.8 4.9 5.3 Business environment ........................................................................................1 6.1 8th pillar: Regulatory environment .....................................................................7 9th pillar: Physical security..................................................................................1 5.5 6.6 1 2 3 4 5 6 Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performing economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.” The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 7 Finland The Enabling Trade Index 2010 in detail INDICATOR, UNITS ■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/125 SCORE BEST PERFORMER SCORE 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 Tariff rate, % ..........................................................................................4 .....■ .........0.8 Non-tariff measures, index 0–100 (best) .............................................62 .....■ .......40.8 Complexity of tariffs, index 1–7 (best).................................................96 .....■ .........3.2 Tariff dispersion, standard deviation ....................................................45 .....■ .........9.0 Tariff peaks, %.....................................................................................89 .....■ .......10.3 Specific tariffs, % ................................................................................95 .....■ .........9.2 Distinct tariffs, number ........................................................................97 .....■ .....1,382 Share of duty-free imports, % .............................................................39 .....■ .......63.9 Tariffs faced, %....................................................................................76 .....■ .........5.7 Margin of preference in destination markets, index 0–100 (best) ......84 .....■ .......12.2 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Uganda ...............................................0.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR .............................100.0 Chile ...................................................3.7 Nepal ................................................97.5 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:41 PM Page 115 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration 2.01 2.02 Burden of customs procedures, 1–7 (best) ...........................................9 .....■ .........5.7 Customs services index, 0–12 (best) ..................................................64 .....■ .........7.1 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Multiple economies.............................12 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 Efficiency of the clearance process, 1–5 (best).....................................6 .....■ .........3.9 Time to import, days............................................................................12 .....■ ............8 Documents to import, number ............................................................18 .....■ ............5 Cost to import, US$ per container.........................................................7 .....■ ........620 Time to export, days ............................................................................14 .....■ ............8 Documents to export, number ..............................................................6 .....■ ............4 Cost to export, US$ per container.........................................................4 .....■ ........540 Luxembourg .......................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies...............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration 4.01 4.02 Irregular payments in exports and imports, 1–7 (best)..........................6 .....■ .........6.5 Corruption Perceptions Index, 0–10 (best) ............................................6 .....■ .........8.9 New Zealand ......................................6.7 New Zealand ......................................9.4 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 Airport density, number per million population....................................10 .....■ .........4.3 Transshipment connectivity index, 0–100 (best) .................................71 .....■ .......62.4 Paved roads, % of total .......................................................................52 .....■ .......65.3 Quality of air transport infrastructure, 1–7 (best)...................................8 .....■ .........6.3 Quality of railroad infrastructure, 1–7 (best) ..........................................6 .....■ .........5.9 Quality of roads, 1–7 (best) .................................................................12 .....■ .........5.9 Quality of port infrastructure, 1–7 (best) ...............................................4 .....■ .........6.5 Iceland ..............................................29.7 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies........................100.0 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 Liner Shipping Connectivity Index, 0–132.5 (best) ..............................71 .....■ .......10.2 Ease and affordability of shipment, 1–5 (best) ....................................18 .....■ .........3.4 Logistics competence, 1–5 (best)..........................................................9 .....■ .........3.9 Tracking and tracing ability, 1–5 (best) .................................................11 .....■ .........4.1 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination, 1–5 (best) ..............23 .....■ .........4.1 Postal services efficiency, 1–7 (best) ....................................................3 .....■ .........6.7 GATS commitments in the transport sector, index 0–1 (best) ............20 .....■ .........0.4 China ..............................................132.5 Singapore ...........................................3.9 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Luxembourg .......................................4.6 Japan ..................................................6.8 Armenia ..............................................0.6 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 Extent of business Internet use, 1–7 (best) ........................................15 .....■ .........5.8 Mobile telephone subscriptions per 100 population ...........................17 .....■ .....128.8 Broadband Internet subscribers per 100 population .............................8 .....■ .......30.5 Internet users per 100 population .........................................................5 .....■ .......82.6 Fixed telephone lines per 100 population............................................38 .....■ .......31.1 Government Online Service Index, 0–1 (best).....................................31 .....■ .........0.5 Sweden ..............................................6.4 United Arab Emirates .....................208.6 Sweden ............................................41.2 Iceland ..............................................90.6 Switzerland.......................................64.1 Korea, Rep..........................................1.0 8th pillar: Regulatory environment 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 Property rights, 1–7 (best) .....................................................................3 .....■ .........6.3 Ethics and corruption, 1–7 (best) ...........................................................7 .....■ .........6.0 Undue influence, 1–7 (best)...................................................................4 .....■ .........5.9 Government efficiency, 1–7 (best).........................................................9 .....■ .........5.0 Domestic competition, 1–7 (best) .......................................................23 .....■ .........5.0 Efficiency of the financial market, 1–7 (best) ........................................6 .....■ .........5.0 Openness to foreign participation, index 1–7 (best)..............................8 .....■ .........5.6 Ease of hiring foreign labor, 1–7 (best) ................................................27 .....■ .........4.9 Prevalence of foreign ownership, 1–7 (best).........................................9 .....■ .........6.0 Business impact of rules on FDI, 1–7 (best) .......................................30 .....■ .........5.5 Restriction on international capital flows, 1–7 (best).............................4 .....■ .........6.0 Openness to multilateral trade rules, index 0–100 (best)....................28 .....■ .......74.8 Switzerland.........................................6.4 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Sweden ..............................................6.2 Singapore ...........................................6.0 Singapore ...........................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.2 United Arab Emirates .........................6.2 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.5 Slovenia ............................................93.1 9th pillar: Physical security 9.01 9.02 9.03 Reliability of police services, 1–7 (best).................................................1 .....■ .........6.6 Business costs of crime and violence, 1–7 (best) .................................3 .....■ .........6.5 Business costs of terrorism, 1–7 (best).................................................4 .....■ .........6.7 Finland ................................................6.6 Qatar ..................................................6.7 Austria ................................................6.8 The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 115 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:41 PM Page 116 France Key indicators Population (millions), 2009 ...............................................62.3 Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)..........................551.5 GDP (US$ billions), 2009 .............................................2,634.8 Real GDP growth (percent), 2009 ....................................–2.4 GDP per capita (current prices, US$), 2009 ..............42,091.3 GDP per capita (rank out of 124), 2009...............................14 Total exports (rank out of 120), 2007 ....................................6 Total imports (rank out of 120), 2007 ....................................6 Source: IMF; UNFPA; World Bank; UNCTAD; WTO Country World Trade 70 80 60 60 50 ■ FDI inflows 74 6 53 40 40 30 4 2 3 20 20 10 21 1 0 00 1996 1998 2000 2002 2002 2004 2004 2006 2006 2008 2008 Selected trade indicators Current account balance (share of GDP), 2009 ................–1.2 Main trading partners, 2008 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions), 2008 ...605,402.9 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Services exports (US$ millions), 2008.....................160,464.2 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions), 2008 ....705,577.2 Exports Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ....................139,359.3 EU27 United States Switzerland China Russian Federation Others WTO accession year .......................................................1995 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ......................29 116 MFN tariffs, simple avg., 2008: bound; applied ..........5.5; 5.6 Imports 63.6 5.9 3.0 2.2 1.7 23.6 EU27 China United States Russian Federation Switzerland Others 60.3 6.5 5.5 2.9 2.3 22.5 Tariff escalation (rate diff. raw to finished), 2008 ...............1.0 Exports and imports by sector, 2008 Tariff rate for agricultural products, 2008 ...........................6.2 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Tariff rate for non-agricultural products, 2008 ....................0.5 ■ ■ Agriculture Agriculture Agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...........................43.0 ■ ■ Fuels Fuels and and mining mining ■ ■ Manufactures Manufactures Non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ......................1.7 Exports Exports 7.3 7.3 12.6 Imports Imports 17.9 9.3 17.9 Source: IMF; ITC; World Bank; WTO Enabling Trade Index 0 00 Rank (out of 125) 19.5 19.5 7.5 19.5 71.7 77.771.7 16.9 16.9 65.1 70.465.1 20 40 2020 60 4040 80 6060 100 8080 100 100 Score (1–7 scale) 2010 Index..............................................................................20 5.0 2009 Index....................................................................................................................17 5.0 Market access ...................................................................................................97 3.7 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access ............................................97 3.7 Border administration.......................................................................................21 5.4 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration............................................24 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures ........................................10 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration .........................................28 5.2 6.0 5.1 Transport and communications infrastructure ..............................................4 5.8 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure........................1 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services ...............................10 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs..............................................................15 6.6 5.4 5.4 Business environment ......................................................................................27 5.1 8th pillar: Regulatory environment ...................................................................24 9th pillar: Physical security................................................................................35 4.7 5.5 1 2 3 4 5 6 Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performing economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.” The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 7 France The Enabling Trade Index 2010 in detail INDICATOR, UNITS ■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/125 SCORE BEST PERFORMER SCORE 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 Tariff rate, % ..........................................................................................4 .....■ .........0.8 Non-tariff measures, index 0–100 (best) .............................................70 .....■ .......42.8 Complexity of tariffs, index 1–7 (best).................................................96 .....■ .........3.2 Tariff dispersion, standard deviation ....................................................45 .....■ .........9.0 Tariff peaks, %.....................................................................................89 .....■ .......10.3 Specific tariffs, % ................................................................................95 .....■ .........9.2 Distinct tariffs, number ........................................................................97 .....■ .....1,382 Share of duty-free imports, % .............................................................39 .....■ .......63.9 Tariffs faced, %....................................................................................76 .....■ .........5.7 Margin of preference in destination markets, index 0–100 (best) ......84 .....■ .......12.2 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Uganda ...............................................0.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR .............................100.0 Chile ...................................................3.7 Nepal ................................................97.5 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:41 PM Page 117 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration 2.01 2.02 Burden of customs procedures, 1–7 (best) .........................................28 .....■ .........4.8 Customs services index, 0–12 (best) ..................................................21 .....■ .........9.5 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Multiple economies.............................12 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 Efficiency of the clearance process, 1–5 (best)...................................17 .....■ .........3.6 Time to import, days............................................................................25 .....■ ..........11 Documents to import, number ..............................................................1 .....■ ............2 Cost to import, US$ per container.......................................................65 .....■ .....1,248 Time to export, days ............................................................................20 .....■ ............9 Documents to export, number ..............................................................1 .....■ ............2 Cost to export, US$ per container.......................................................58 .....■ .....1,078 Luxembourg .......................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies...............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration 4.01 4.02 Irregular payments in exports and imports, 1–7 (best)........................33 .....■ .........5.1 Corruption Perceptions Index, 0–10 (best) ..........................................22 .....■ .........6.9 New Zealand ......................................6.7 New Zealand ......................................9.4 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 Airport density, number per million population....................................41 .....■ .........1.0 Transshipment connectivity index, 0–100 (best) ...................................4 .....■ .......96.2 Paved roads, % of total .........................................................................1 .....■ .....100.0 Quality of air transport infrastructure, 1–7 (best)...................................9 .....■ .........6.3 Quality of railroad infrastructure, 1–7 (best) ..........................................4 .....■ .........6.5 Quality of roads, 1–7 (best) ...................................................................2 .....■ .........6.6 Quality of port infrastructure, 1–7 (best) .............................................10 .....■ .........5.9 Iceland ..............................................29.7 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies........................100.0 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 Liner Shipping Connectivity Index, 0–132.5 (best) ..............................13 .....■ .......67.0 Ease and affordability of shipment, 1–5 (best) ....................................28 .....■ .........3.3 Logistics competence, 1–5 (best)........................................................12 .....■ .........3.9 Tracking and tracing ability, 1–5 (best) .................................................14 .....■ .........4.0 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination, 1–5 (best) ................8 .....■ .........4.4 Postal services efficiency, 1–7 (best) ..................................................26 .....■ .........6.1 GATS commitments in the transport sector, index 0–1 (best) ............20 .....■ .........0.4 China ..............................................132.5 Singapore ...........................................3.9 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Luxembourg .......................................4.6 Japan ..................................................6.8 Armenia ..............................................0.6 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 Extent of business Internet use, 1–7 (best) ........................................20 .....■ .........5.6 Mobile telephone subscriptions per 100 population ...........................60 .....■ .......93.4 Broadband Internet subscribers per 100 population ...........................11 .....■ .......28.5 Internet users per 100 population .......................................................20 .....■ .......68.2 Fixed telephone lines per 100 population..............................................8 .....■ .......56.4 Government Online Service Index, 0–1 (best).....................................11 .....■ .........0.7 Sweden ..............................................6.4 United Arab Emirates .....................208.6 Sweden ............................................41.2 Iceland ..............................................90.6 Switzerland.......................................64.1 Korea, Rep..........................................1.0 8th pillar: Regulatory environment 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 Property rights, 1–7 (best) ...................................................................17 .....■ .........5.8 Ethics and corruption, 1–7 (best) .........................................................27 .....■ .........4.4 Undue influence, 1–7 (best).................................................................35 .....■ .........4.4 Government efficiency, 1–7 (best).......................................................37 .....■ .........4.1 Domestic competition, 1–7 (best) .......................................................27 .....■ .........4.9 Efficiency of the financial market, 1–7 (best) ......................................28 .....■ .........4.5 Openness to foreign participation, index 1–7 (best)............................36 .....■ .........5.0 Ease of hiring foreign labor, 1–7 (best) ................................................90 .....■ .........4.0 Prevalence of foreign ownership, 1–7 (best).......................................27 .....■ .........5.6 Business impact of rules on FDI, 1–7 (best) .......................................62 .....■ .........4.9 Restriction on international capital flows, 1–7 (best)...........................49 .....■ .........4.8 Openness to multilateral trade rules, index 0–100 (best)....................14 .....■ .......80.3 Switzerland.........................................6.4 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Sweden ..............................................6.2 Singapore ...........................................6.0 Singapore ...........................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.2 United Arab Emirates .........................6.2 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.5 Slovenia ............................................93.1 9th pillar: Physical security 9.01 9.02 9.03 Reliability of police services, 1–7 (best)...............................................24 .....■ .........5.7 Business costs of crime and violence, 1–7 (best) ...............................46 .....■ .........5.3 Business costs of terrorism, 1–7 (best)...............................................70 .....■ .........5.5 Finland ................................................6.6 Qatar ..................................................6.7 Austria ................................................6.8 The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 117 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:41 PM Page 118 Gambia, The Key indicators Population (millions), 2009 .................................................1.7 Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)............................11.3 GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ....................................................0.7 Real GDP growth (percent), 2009 ......................................3.6 GDP per capita (current prices, US$), 2009 ...................434.3 Country World Trade 120 80 ■ FDI inflows 416 6090 312 Total exports (rank out of 120), 2007 ................................119 4060 28 Total imports (rank out of 120), 2007 ................................120 2030 14 GDP per capita (rank out of 124), 2009.............................119 Source: IMF; UNFPA; World Bank; UNCTAD; WTO 00 0 1996 1996 1998 1998 2000 2000 2002 2002 2004 2004 2006 2006 2008 2008 Selected trade indicators Current account balance (share of GDP), 2009 ..............–17.1 Main trading partners, 2008 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions), 2008 ............13.9 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Services exports (US$ millions), 2007............................114.4 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions), 2008 ...........329.4 Exports Services imports (US$ millions), 2007 .............................76.8 EU27 India Senegal Singapore UAE Others WTO accession year .......................................................1996 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................1 118 MFN tariffs, simple avg., 2008: bound; applied ....102.0; 19.0 Imports 42.8 17.4 17.4 4.8 4.1 13.4 EU27 United States China Côte d’Ivoire Brazil Others 42.1 10.9 10.8 8.9 4.3 23.0 Tariff escalation (rate diff. raw to finished), 2009 ...............2.5 Exports and imports by sector, 2008 Tariff rate for agricultural products, 2008 .........................12.6 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Tariff rate for non-agricultural products, 2008 ..................18.5 ■ ■ Agriculture Agriculture Agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 .............................0.0 ■ ■ Fuels Fuels and and mining mining ■ ■ Manufactures Manufactures Non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ......................0.0 Exports Exports 7.3 7.3 Imports Imports Source: IMF; ITC; World Bank; WTO Enabling Trade Index 17.9 17.9 31.9 0 00 Rank (out of 125) 19.5 19.5 71.7 71.7 15.4 63.7 16.9 16.9 65.1 65.1 20.7 20 40 2020 60 4040 20.9 47.4 80 6060 100 8080 100 100 Score (1–7 scale) 2010 Index..............................................................................82 3.8 2009 Index....................................................................................................................67 3.8 Market access .................................................................................................119 3.3 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access ..........................................119 3.3 Border administration.......................................................................................69 4.0 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration............................................78 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures ........................................66 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration .........................................69 3.8 4.7 3.4 Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................99 3.0 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure......................79 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services .............................115 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs..............................................................98 3.8 2.9 2.2 Business environment ......................................................................................28 5.1 8th pillar: Regulatory environment ...................................................................36 9th pillar: Physical security................................................................................29 4.5 5.6 1 2 3 4 5 6 Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performing economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.” The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 7 Gambia, The The Enabling Trade Index 2010 in detail INDICATOR, UNITS ■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/125 SCORE BEST PERFORMER SCORE 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 Tariff rate, % ......................................................................................124 .....■ .......17.5 Non-tariff measures, index 0–100 (best) ............................................n/a ..................n/a Complexity of tariffs, index 1–7 (best)...................................................5 .....■ .........6.9 Tariff dispersion, standard deviation ......................................................6 .....■ .........4.0 Tariff peaks, %.......................................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Specific tariffs, % ..................................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Distinct tariffs, number ..........................................................................4 .....■ ............4 Share of duty-free imports, % ...........................................................115 .....■ .......11.7 Tariffs faced, %....................................................................................30 .....■ .........5.2 Margin of preference in destination markets, index 0–100 (best) ......76 .....■ .......19.9 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Uganda ...............................................0.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR .............................100.0 Chile ...................................................3.7 Nepal ................................................97.5 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:41 PM Page 119 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration 2.01 2.02 Burden of customs procedures, 1–7 (best) .........................................20 .....■ .........5.1 Customs services index, 0–12 (best) ................................................100 .....■ .........4.0 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Multiple economies.............................12 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 Efficiency of the clearance process, 1–5 (best)...................................74 .....■ .........2.4 Time to import, days............................................................................77 .....■ ..........23 Documents to import, number ............................................................73 .....■ ............8 Cost to import, US$ per container.......................................................35 .....■ ........922 Time to export, days ............................................................................94 .....■ ..........24 Documents to export, number ............................................................47 .....■ ............6 Cost to export, US$ per container.......................................................37 .....■ ........831 Luxembourg .......................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies...............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration 4.01 4.02 Irregular payments in exports and imports, 1–7 (best)........................54 .....■ .........4.1 Corruption Perceptions Index, 0–10 (best) ..........................................85 .....■ .........2.9 New Zealand ......................................6.7 New Zealand ......................................9.4 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 Airport density, number per million population....................................70 .....■ .........0.6 Transshipment connectivity index, 0–100 (best) .................................78 .....■ .......61.5 Paved roads, % of total .......................................................................93 .....■ .......19.3 Quality of air transport infrastructure, 1–7 (best).................................56 .....■ .........4.8 Quality of railroad infrastructure, 1–7 (best) ........................................83 .....■ .........1.9 Quality of roads, 1–7 (best) .................................................................51 .....■ .........4.0 Quality of port infrastructure, 1–7 (best) .............................................44 .....■ .........4.7 Iceland ..............................................29.7 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies........................100.0 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 Liner Shipping Connectivity Index, 0–132.5 (best) ..............................83 .....■ .........7.5 Ease and affordability of shipment, 1–5 (best) ..................................102 .....■ .........2.5 Logistics competence, 1–5 (best)........................................................98 .....■ .........2.4 Tracking and tracing ability, 1–5 (best) ...............................................114 .....■ .........2.3 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination, 1–5 (best) ..............86 .....■ .........3.2 Postal services efficiency, 1–7 (best) ..................................................69 .....■ .........4.5 GATS commitments in the transport sector, index 0–1 (best) ............69 .....■ .........0.0 China ..............................................132.5 Singapore ...........................................3.9 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Luxembourg .......................................4.6 Japan ..................................................6.8 Armenia ..............................................0.6 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 Extent of business Internet use, 1–7 (best) ........................................76 .....■ .........4.3 Mobile telephone subscriptions per 100 population ...........................83 .....■ .......70.2 Broadband Internet subscribers per 100 population .........................115 .....■ .........0.0 Internet users per 100 population .......................................................99 .....■ .........6.9 Fixed telephone lines per 100 population..........................................101 .....■ .........2.9 Government Online Service Index, 0–1 (best)...................................118 .....■ .........0.1 Sweden ..............................................6.4 United Arab Emirates .....................208.6 Sweden ............................................41.2 Iceland ..............................................90.6 Switzerland.......................................64.1 Korea, Rep..........................................1.0 8th pillar: Regulatory environment 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 Property rights, 1–7 (best) ...................................................................35 .....■ .........4.9 Ethics and corruption, 1–7 (best) .........................................................29 .....■ .........4.4 Undue influence, 1–7 (best).................................................................27 .....■ .........4.6 Government efficiency, 1–7 (best).......................................................14 .....■ .........4.8 Domestic competition, 1–7 (best) .......................................................54 .....■ .........4.4 Efficiency of the financial market, 1–7 (best) ......................................92 .....■ .........3.3 Openness to foreign participation, index 1–7 (best)............................42 .....■ .........5.0 Ease of hiring foreign labor, 1–7 (best) ................................................38 .....■ .........4.8 Prevalence of foreign ownership, 1–7 (best).......................................11 .....■ .........5.9 Business impact of rules on FDI, 1–7 (best) .........................................9 .....■ .........5.8 Restriction on international capital flows, 1–7 (best)...........................51 .....■ .........4.8 Openness to multilateral trade rules, index 0–100 (best)..................115 .....■ .......42.8 Switzerland.........................................6.4 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Sweden ..............................................6.2 Singapore ...........................................6.0 Singapore ...........................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.2 United Arab Emirates .........................6.2 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.5 Slovenia ............................................93.1 9th pillar: Physical security 9.01 9.02 9.03 Reliability of police services, 1–7 (best)...............................................33 .....■ .........5.2 Business costs of crime and violence, 1–7 (best) ...............................34 .....■ .........5.5 Business costs of terrorism, 1–7 (best)...............................................41 .....■ .........6.2 Finland ................................................6.6 Qatar ..................................................6.7 Austria ................................................6.8 The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 119 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:41 PM Page 120 Georgia Key indicators Population (millions), 2009 .................................................4.3 Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)............................69.7 GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ..................................................11.0 Real GDP growth (percent), 2009 ....................................–4.0 GDP per capita (current prices, US$), 2009 ................2,495.6 GDP per capita (rank out of 124), 2009...............................84 Total exports (rank out of 120), 2007 ................................105 Total imports (rank out of 120), 2007 ..................................93 Source: IMF; UNFPA; World Bank; UNCTAD; WTO Country World Trade 100 80 ■ FDI inflows 420 80 60 16 3 60 40 40 12 2 8 2020 14 00 0 1996 1996 1998 1998 2000 2000 2002 2002 2004 2004 2006 2006 2008 2008 Selected trade indicators Current account balance (share of GDP), 2009 ..............–16.3 Main trading partners, 2008 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions), 2008 .......1,497.7 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Services exports (US$ millions), 2008.........................1,159.4 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions), 2008 ........6,058.1 Exports Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ........................1,152.3 EU27 Turkey Azerbaijan Ukraine Canada Others WTO accession year .......................................................2000 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................8 120 MFN tariffs, simple avg., 2008: bound; applied ..........7.4; 1.4 Imports 22.3 17.6 13.7 9.0 8.8 28.7 EU27 Turkey Ukraine Azerbaijan Russian Federation Others 27.4 15.1 10.8 10.0 7.0 29.6 Tariff escalation (rate diff. raw to finished), 2009 .............–1.7 Exports and imports by sector, 2008 Tariff rate for agricultural products, 2008 ...........................9.3 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Tariff rate for non-agricultural products, 2008 ....................0.1 ■ ■ Agriculture Agriculture Agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...........................62.0 ■ ■ Fuels Fuels and and mining mining ■ ■ Manufactures Manufactures Non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ......................1.9 Exports Exports 7.3 7.318.3 Imports Imports Source: IMF; ITC; World Bank; WTO Enabling Trade Index 17.9 17.9 15.9 0 00 Rank (out of 125) 2010 Index..............................................................................37 19.5 19.5 71.7 71.751.7 23.2 16.9 16.9 20.0 65.1 65.1 63.5 20 40 2020 60 4040 80 6060 100 8080 100 100 Score (1–7 scale) 4.6 2009 Index ..................................................................................................................n/a n/a Market access .....................................................................................................5 5.4 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access ..............................................5 5.4 Border administration.......................................................................................37 4.8 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration............................................31 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures ........................................38 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration .........................................42 4.9 5.2 4.2 Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................74 3.5 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure......................71 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services ...............................65 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs..............................................................84 4.0 3.8 2.7 Business environment ......................................................................................45 4.6 8th pillar: Regulatory environment ...................................................................66 9th pillar: Physical security................................................................................34 3.8 5.5 1 2 3 4 5 6 Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performing economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.” The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 7 Georgia The Enabling Trade Index 2010 in detail INDICATOR, UNITS ■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/125 SCORE BEST PERFORMER SCORE 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 Tariff rate, % ..........................................................................................3 .....■ .........0.7 Non-tariff measures, index 0–100 (best) ............................................n/a ..................n/a Complexity of tariffs, index 1–7 (best).................................................79 .....■ .........4.8 Tariff dispersion, standard deviation ....................................................98 .....■ .......11.7 Tariff peaks, %...................................................................................122 .....■ .......14.0 Specific tariffs, % ................................................................................73 .....■ .........1.7 Distinct tariffs, number ........................................................................71 .....■ ........185 Share of duty-free imports, % ...............................................................4 .....■ .......95.7 Tariffs faced, %....................................................................................40 .....■ .........5.4 Margin of preference in destination markets, index 0–100 (best) ......26 .....■ .......52.8 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Uganda ...............................................0.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR .............................100.0 Chile ...................................................3.7 Nepal ................................................97.5 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:41 PM Page 121 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration 2.01 2.02 Burden of customs procedures, 1–7 (best) .........................................37 .....■ .........4.6 Customs services index, 0–12 (best) ..................................................32 .....■ .........9.0 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Multiple economies.............................12 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 Efficiency of the clearance process, 1–5 (best)...................................77 .....■ .........2.4 Time to import, days............................................................................34 .....■ ..........13 Documents to import, number ..............................................................6 .....■ ............4 Cost to import, US$ per container.......................................................66 .....■ .....1,250 Time to export, days ............................................................................26 .....■ ..........10 Documents to export, number ..............................................................6 .....■ ............4 Cost to export, US$ per container.......................................................79 .....■ .....1,270 Luxembourg .......................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies...............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration 4.01 4.02 Irregular payments in exports and imports, 1–7 (best)........................36 .....■ .........4.9 Corruption Perceptions Index, 0–10 (best) ..........................................53 .....■ .........4.1 New Zealand ......................................6.7 New Zealand ......................................9.4 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 Airport density, number per million population....................................58 .....■ .........0.7 Transshipment connectivity index, 0–100 (best) .................................97 .....■ .......51.0 Paved roads, % of total .......................................................................73 .....■ .......38.6 Quality of air transport infrastructure, 1–7 (best).................................72 .....■ .........4.4 Quality of railroad infrastructure, 1–7 (best) ........................................41 .....■ .........3.5 Quality of roads, 1–7 (best) .................................................................62 .....■ .........3.6 Quality of port infrastructure, 1–7 (best) .............................................66 .....■ .........4.0 Iceland ..............................................29.7 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies........................100.0 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 Liner Shipping Connectivity Index, 0–132.5 (best) ..............................93 .....■ .........3.8 Ease and affordability of shipment, 1–5 (best) ....................................89 .....■ .........2.7 Logistics competence, 1–5 (best)........................................................75 .....■ .........2.6 Tracking and tracing ability, 1–5 (best) .................................................82 .....■ .........2.7 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination, 1–5 (best) ..............94 .....■ .........3.1 Postal services efficiency, 1–7 (best) ..................................................84 .....■ .........4.1 GATS commitments in the transport sector, index 0–1 (best) ..............4 .....■ .........0.6 China ..............................................132.5 Singapore ...........................................3.9 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Luxembourg .......................................4.6 Japan ..................................................6.8 Armenia ..............................................0.6 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 Extent of business Internet use, 1–7 (best) ........................................92 .....■ .........3.9 Mobile telephone subscriptions per 100 population ...........................88 .....■ .......64.0 Broadband Internet subscribers per 100 population ...........................71 .....■ .........2.2 Internet users per 100 population .......................................................72 .....■ .......23.8 Fixed telephone lines per 100 population............................................74 .....■ .......14.3 Government Online Service Index, 0–1 (best).....................................89 .....■ .........0.2 Sweden ..............................................6.4 United Arab Emirates .....................208.6 Sweden ............................................41.2 Iceland ..............................................90.6 Switzerland.......................................64.1 Korea, Rep..........................................1.0 8th pillar: Regulatory environment 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 Property rights, 1–7 (best) ...................................................................98 .....■ .........3.2 Ethics and corruption, 1–7 (best) .........................................................50 .....■ .........3.4 Undue influence, 1–7 (best).................................................................87 .....■ .........2.9 Government efficiency, 1–7 (best).......................................................50 .....■ .........3.8 Domestic competition, 1–7 (best) .......................................................70 .....■ .........4.2 Efficiency of the financial market, 1–7 (best) ......................................76 .....■ .........3.5 Openness to foreign participation, index 1–7 (best)............................21 .....■ .........5.3 Ease of hiring foreign labor, 1–7 (best) ..................................................2 .....■ .........6.0 Prevalence of foreign ownership, 1–7 (best).......................................58 .....■ .........5.1 Business impact of rules on FDI, 1–7 (best) .......................................35 .....■ .........5.4 Restriction on international capital flows, 1–7 (best)...........................16 .....■ .........5.5 Openness to multilateral trade rules, index 0–100 (best)....................76 .....■ .......57.9 Switzerland.........................................6.4 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Sweden ..............................................6.2 Singapore ...........................................6.0 Singapore ...........................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.2 United Arab Emirates .........................6.2 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.5 Slovenia ............................................93.1 9th pillar: Physical security 9.01 9.02 9.03 Reliability of police services, 1–7 (best)...............................................38 .....■ .........4.9 Business costs of crime and violence, 1–7 (best) ...............................31 .....■ .........5.7 Business costs of terrorism, 1–7 (best)...............................................48 .....■ .........6.0 Finland ................................................6.6 Qatar ..................................................6.7 Austria ................................................6.8 The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 121 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:41 PM Page 122 Germany Key indicators Population (millions), 2009 ...............................................82.2 Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)..........................357.1 GDP (US$ billions), 2009 .............................................3,235.5 Real GDP growth (percent), 2009 ....................................–5.3 GDP per capita (current prices, US$), 2009 ..............39,442.4 GDP per capita (rank out of 124), 2009...............................17 Total exports (rank out of 120), 2007 ....................................2 Total imports (rank out of 120), 2007 ....................................2 Source: IMF; UNFPA; World Bank; UNCTAD; WTO Country World Trade 100 80 ■ FDI inflows 412 80 60 9 3 60 40 40 6 2 3 2020 10 00 0–3 1996 1996 1998 1998 2000 2000 2002 2002 2004 2004 2006 2006 2008 2008 Selected trade indicators Current account balance (share of GDP), 2009 ..................2.9 Main trading partners, 2008 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ billions), 2008.........1,461.9 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Services exports (US$ millions), 2008.....................241,589.6 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ billions), 2008 ..........1,203.8 Exports Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ....................283,027.9 EU27 United States Switzerland China Russian Federation Others WTO accession year .......................................................1995 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ......................29 122 MFN tariffs, simple avg., 2008: bound; applied ..........5.5; 5.6 Imports 63.7 7.2 4.0 3.4 3.2 18.5 EU27 China United States Russian Federation Switzerland Others 58.5 7.2 5.6 4.4 3.8 20.5 Tariff escalation (rate diff. raw to finished), 2008 ...............1.0 Exports and imports by sector, 2008 Tariff rate for agricultural products, 2008 ...........................6.2 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Tariff rate for non-agricultural products, 2008 ....................0.5 ■ ■ Agriculture Agriculture Agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...........................43.0 ■ ■ Fuels Fuels and and mining mining ■ ■ Manufactures Manufactures Non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ......................1.7 Exports Exports 7.3 6.07.35.8 Imports Imports Source: IMF; ITC; World Bank; WTO Enabling Trade Index 17.9 9.0 17.9 0 00 Rank (out of 125) 19.5 19.5 18.9 71.7 71.7 86.2 16.9 16.9 65.1 70.6 65.1 20 40 2020 60 4040 80 6060 100 8080 100 100 Score (1–7 scale) 2010 Index..............................................................................13 5.2 2009 Index....................................................................................................................12 5.2 Market access .................................................................................................101 3.7 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access ..........................................101 3.7 Border administration.......................................................................................15 5.7 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration............................................20 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures ........................................12 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration .........................................18 5.4 5.9 5.7 Transport and communications infrastructure ..............................................1 5.9 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure........................5 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services .................................3 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs................................................................9 6.1 5.8 5.7 Business environment ......................................................................................15 5.5 8th pillar: Regulatory environment ...................................................................15 9th pillar: Physical security................................................................................16 5.1 6.0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performing economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.” The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 7 Germany The Enabling Trade Index 2010 in detail INDICATOR, UNITS ■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/125 SCORE BEST PERFORMER SCORE 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 Tariff rate, % ..........................................................................................4 .....■ .........0.8 Non-tariff measures, index 0–100 (best) .............................................73 .....■ .......43.8 Complexity of tariffs, index 1–7 (best).................................................96 .....■ .........3.2 Tariff dispersion, standard deviation ....................................................45 .....■ .........9.0 Tariff peaks, %.....................................................................................89 .....■ .......10.3 Specific tariffs, % ................................................................................95 .....■ .........9.2 Distinct tariffs, number ........................................................................97 .....■ .....1,382 Share of duty-free imports, % .............................................................39 .....■ .......63.9 Tariffs faced, %....................................................................................76 .....■ .........5.7 Margin of preference in destination markets, index 0–100 (best) ......84 .....■ .......12.2 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Uganda ...............................................0.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR .............................100.0 Chile ...................................................3.7 Nepal ................................................97.5 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:41 PM Page 123 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration 2.01 2.02 Burden of customs procedures, 1–7 (best) .........................................21 .....■ .........5.1 Customs services index, 0–12 (best) ..................................................20 .....■ .........9.6 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Multiple economies.............................12 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 Efficiency of the clearance process, 1–5 (best).....................................3 .....■ .........4.0 Time to import, days............................................................................10 .....■ ............7 Documents to import, number ............................................................18 .....■ ............5 Cost to import, US$ per container.......................................................36 .....■ ........937 Time to export, days ..............................................................................8 .....■ ............7 Documents to export, number ..............................................................6 .....■ ............4 Cost to export, US$ per container.......................................................40 .....■ ........872 Luxembourg .......................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies...............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration 4.01 4.02 Irregular payments in exports and imports, 1–7 (best)........................24 .....■ .........5.6 Corruption Perceptions Index, 0–10 (best) ..........................................14 .....■ .........8.0 New Zealand ......................................6.7 New Zealand ......................................9.4 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 Airport density, number per million population....................................80 .....■ .........0.5 Transshipment connectivity index, 0–100 (best) ...................................5 .....■ .......95.8 Paved roads, % of total .........................................................................1 .....■ .....100.0 Quality of air transport infrastructure, 1–7 (best)...................................4 .....■ .........6.6 Quality of railroad infrastructure, 1–7 (best) ..........................................5 .....■ .........6.3 Quality of roads, 1–7 (best) ...................................................................5 .....■ .........6.5 Quality of port infrastructure, 1–7 (best) ...............................................5 .....■ .........6.4 Iceland ..............................................29.7 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies........................100.0 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 Liner Shipping Connectivity Index, 0–132.5 (best) ................................7 .....■ .......84.3 Ease and affordability of shipment, 1–5 (best) ......................................8 .....■ .........3.7 Logistics competence, 1–5 (best)..........................................................4 .....■ .........4.1 Tracking and tracing ability, 1–5 (best) ...................................................4 .....■ .........4.2 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination, 1–5 (best) ................3 .....■ .........4.5 Postal services efficiency, 1–7 (best) ..................................................12 .....■ .........6.4 GATS commitments in the transport sector, index 0–1 (best) ............20 .....■ .........0.4 China ..............................................132.5 Singapore ...........................................3.9 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Luxembourg .......................................4.6 Japan ..................................................6.8 Armenia ..............................................0.6 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 Extent of business Internet use, 1–7 (best) ........................................17 .....■ .........5.8 Mobile telephone subscriptions per 100 population ...........................18 .....■ .....128.3 Broadband Internet subscribers per 100 population ...........................15 .....■ .......27.5 Internet users per 100 population .......................................................13 .....■ .......75.3 Fixed telephone lines per 100 population..............................................2 .....■ .......62.5 Government Online Service Index, 0–1 (best).....................................21 .....■ .........0.5 Sweden ..............................................6.4 United Arab Emirates .....................208.6 Sweden ............................................41.2 Iceland ..............................................90.6 Switzerland.......................................64.1 Korea, Rep..........................................1.0 8th pillar: Regulatory environment 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 Property rights, 1–7 (best) .....................................................................9 .....■ .........6.1 Ethics and corruption, 1–7 (best) .........................................................19 .....■ .........4.9 Undue influence, 1–7 (best).................................................................10 .....■ .........5.7 Government efficiency, 1–7 (best).......................................................21 .....■ .........4.5 Domestic competition, 1–7 (best) .......................................................14 .....■ .........5.1 Efficiency of the financial market, 1–7 (best) ......................................37 .....■ .........4.3 Openness to foreign participation, index 1–7 (best)............................26 .....■ .........5.2 Ease of hiring foreign labor, 1–7 (best) ................................................86 .....■ .........4.1 Prevalence of foreign ownership, 1–7 (best).......................................38 .....■ .........5.4 Business impact of rules on FDI, 1–7 (best) .......................................67 .....■ .........4.9 Restriction on international capital flows, 1–7 (best)...........................10 .....■ .........5.7 Openness to multilateral trade rules, index 0–100 (best)....................15 .....■ .......79.7 Switzerland.........................................6.4 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Sweden ..............................................6.2 Singapore ...........................................6.0 Singapore ...........................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.2 United Arab Emirates .........................6.2 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.5 Slovenia ............................................93.1 9th pillar: Physical security 9.01 9.02 9.03 Reliability of police services, 1–7 (best).................................................9 .....■ .........6.2 Business costs of crime and violence, 1–7 (best) ...............................26 .....■ .........5.7 Business costs of terrorism, 1–7 (best)...............................................52 .....■ .........5.9 Finland ................................................6.6 Qatar ..................................................6.7 Austria ................................................6.8 The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 123 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:41 PM Page 124 Ghana Key indicators Population (millions), 2009 ...............................................23.8 Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)..........................238.5 GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ..................................................14.8 Real GDP growth (percent), 2009 ......................................4.5 GDP per capita (current prices, US$), 2009 ...................638.8 GDP per capita (rank out of 124), 2009.............................112 Total exports (rank out of 120), 2007 ..................................86 Total imports (rank out of 120), 2007 ..................................81 Source: IMF; UNFPA; World Bank; UNCTAD; WTO Country World Trade 150 80 ■ FDI inflows 415 120 60 12 3 90 40 60 9 2 6 2030 13 00 0 1996 1996 1998 1998 2000 2000 2002 2002 2004 2004 2006 2006 2008 2008 Selected trade indicators Current account balance (share of GDP), 2009 ..............–12.7 Main trading partners, 2008 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions), 2008 .......5,275.3 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Services exports (US$ millions), 2008.........................1,578.8 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions), 2008 ......10,261.0 Exports Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ........................1,976.9 South Africa EU27 India Malaysia United States Others WTO accession year .......................................................1995 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................2 124 MFN tariffs, simple avg., 2008: bound; applied ......92.5; 13.0 Imports 44.0 26.4 5.3 3.2 2.8 18.3 EU27 China Nigeria United States India Others 27.8 11.7 8.7 7.7 4.3 39.8 Tariff escalation (rate diff. raw to finished), 2009 .............–1.1 Exports and imports by sector, 2008 Tariff rate for agricultural products, 2008 .........................16.5 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Tariff rate for non-agricultural products, 2008 ....................8.9 ■ ■ Agriculture Agriculture Agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 .............................0.0 ■ ■ Fuels Fuels and and mining mining ■ ■ Manufactures Manufactures Non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ......................0.0 Exports Exports 7.3 7.3 Imports Imports 17.9 17.9 14.0 Source: IMF; ITC; World Bank; WTO Enabling Trade Index 0 00 Rank (out of 125) 19.5 19.5 49.3 71.7 15.8 71.7 7.8 16.9 13.4 16.9 65.1 60.8 65.1 20 40 2020 60 4040 80 6060 100 8080 100 100 Score (1–7 scale) 2010 Index..............................................................................96 3.6 2009 Index....................................................................................................................86 3.6 Market access ...................................................................................................67 4.0 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access ............................................67 4.0 Border administration.......................................................................................82 3.6 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration..........................................102 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures ........................................73 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration .........................................74 3.0 4.6 3.2 Transport and communications infrastructure ..........................................110 2.6 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure....................107 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services .............................120 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs............................................................107 3.1 2.9 2.0 Business environment ......................................................................................70 4.2 8th pillar: Regulatory environment ...................................................................72 9th pillar: Physical security................................................................................71 3.7 4.8 1 2 3 4 5 6 Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performing economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.” The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 7 Ghana The Enabling Trade Index 2010 in detail INDICATOR, UNITS ■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/125 SCORE BEST PERFORMER SCORE 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 Tariff rate, % ........................................................................................91 .....■ .......10.1 Non-tariff measures, index 0–100 (best) .............................................20 .....■ .........9.6 Complexity of tariffs, index 1–7 (best).................................................17 .....■ .........6.7 Tariff dispersion, standard deviation ....................................................21 .....■ .........6.8 Tariff peaks, %.......................................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Specific tariffs, % ................................................................................54 .....■ .........0.2 Distinct tariffs, number ........................................................................43 .....■ ..........17 Share of duty-free imports, % ...........................................................105 .....■ .......20.7 Tariffs faced, %..................................................................................106 .....■ .........5.8 Margin of preference in destination markets, index 0–100 (best) ......63 .....■ .......29.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Uganda ...............................................0.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR .............................100.0 Chile ...................................................3.7 Nepal ................................................97.5 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:41 PM Page 125 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration 2.01 2.02 Burden of customs procedures, 1–7 (best) .........................................91 .....■ .........3.4 Customs services index, 0–12 (best) ................................................100 .....■ .........4.0 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Multiple economies.............................12 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 Efficiency of the clearance process, 1–5 (best)...................................82 .....■ .........2.4 Time to import, days............................................................................93 .....■ ..........29 Documents to import, number ............................................................50 .....■ ............7 Cost to import, US$ per container.......................................................60 .....■ .....1,203 Time to export, days ............................................................................66 .....■ ..........19 Documents to export, number ............................................................47 .....■ ............6 Cost to export, US$ per container.......................................................51 .....■ .....1,013 Luxembourg .......................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies...............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration 4.01 4.02 Irregular payments in exports and imports, 1–7 (best)........................92 .....■ .........3.1 Corruption Perceptions Index, 0–10 (best) ..........................................56 .....■ .........3.9 New Zealand ......................................6.7 New Zealand ......................................9.4 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 Airport density, number per million population..................................114 .....■ .........0.1 Transshipment connectivity index, 0–100 (best) .................................40 .....■ .......74.5 Paved roads, % of total .....................................................................101 .....■ .......14.9 Quality of air transport infrastructure, 1–7 (best).................................86 .....■ .........4.0 Quality of railroad infrastructure, 1–7 (best) ......................................115 .....■ .........1.3 Quality of roads, 1–7 (best) .................................................................72 .....■ .........3.4 Quality of port infrastructure, 1–7 (best) .............................................65 .....■ .........4.0 Iceland ..............................................29.7 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies........................100.0 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 Liner Shipping Connectivity Index, 0–132.5 (best) ..............................51 .....■ .......19.3 Ease and affordability of shipment, 1–5 (best) ..................................114 .....■ .........2.4 Logistics competence, 1–5 (best)........................................................92 .....■ .........2.4 Tracking and tracing ability, 1–5 (best) .................................................97 .....■ .........2.5 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination, 1–5 (best) ............119 .....■ .........2.7 Postal services efficiency, 1–7 (best) ..................................................98 .....■ .........3.7 GATS commitments in the transport sector, index 0–1 (best) ............69 .....■ .........0.0 China ..............................................132.5 Singapore ...........................................3.9 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Luxembourg .......................................4.6 Japan ..................................................6.8 Armenia ..............................................0.6 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 Extent of business Internet use, 1–7 (best) ......................................101 .....■ .........3.8 Mobile telephone subscriptions per 100 population ...........................98 .....■ .......49.6 Broadband Internet subscribers per 100 population ...........................99 .....■ .........0.1 Internet users per 100 population .....................................................107 .....■ .........4.3 Fixed telephone lines per 100 population..........................................119 .....■ .........0.6 Government Online Service Index, 0–1 (best)...................................108 .....■ .........0.1 Sweden ..............................................6.4 United Arab Emirates .....................208.6 Sweden ............................................41.2 Iceland ..............................................90.6 Switzerland.......................................64.1 Korea, Rep..........................................1.0 8th pillar: Regulatory environment 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 Property rights, 1–7 (best) ...................................................................74 .....■ .........3.9 Ethics and corruption, 1–7 (best) .........................................................65 .....■ .........3.0 Undue influence, 1–7 (best).................................................................74 .....■ .........3.2 Government efficiency, 1–7 (best).......................................................71 .....■ .........3.4 Domestic competition, 1–7 (best) .......................................................69 .....■ .........4.2 Efficiency of the financial market, 1–7 (best) ......................................69 .....■ .........3.6 Openness to foreign participation, index 1–7 (best)............................72 .....■ .........4.6 Ease of hiring foreign labor, 1–7 (best) ................................................78 .....■ .........4.1 Prevalence of foreign ownership, 1–7 (best).......................................41 .....■ .........5.3 Business impact of rules on FDI, 1–7 (best) .......................................46 .....■ .........5.1 Restriction on international capital flows, 1–7 (best)...........................72 .....■ .........4.3 Openness to multilateral trade rules, index 0–100 (best)..................103 .....■ .......49.1 Switzerland.........................................6.4 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Sweden ..............................................6.2 Singapore ...........................................6.0 Singapore ...........................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.2 United Arab Emirates .........................6.2 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.5 Slovenia ............................................93.1 9th pillar: Physical security 9.01 9.02 9.03 Reliability of police services, 1–7 (best)...............................................79 .....■ .........3.8 Business costs of crime and violence, 1–7 (best) ...............................87 .....■ .........4.3 Business costs of terrorism, 1–7 (best)...............................................34 .....■ .........6.3 Finland ................................................6.6 Qatar ..................................................6.7 Austria ................................................6.8 The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 125 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:41 PM Page 126 Greece Key indicators Population (millions), 2009 ...............................................11.2 Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)..........................132.0 GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ................................................338.3 Real GDP growth (percent), 2009 ....................................–0.8 GDP per capita (current prices, US$), 2009 ..............30,304.7 Country World Trade 80 ■ FDI inflows 2.0 4 60 1.5 3 Total exports (rank out of 120), 2007 ..................................44 40 1.0 2 Total imports (rank out of 120), 2007 ..................................37 20 0.5 1 GDP per capita (rank out of 124), 2009...............................25 Source: IMF; UNFPA; World Bank; UNCTAD; WTO 0 0.0 0 1996 1998 2000 2002 2002 2004 2004 2006 2006 2008 2008 Selected trade indicators Current account balance (share of GDP), 2009 ..............–10.0 Main trading partners, 2008 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions), 2008 .....25,242.1 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Services exports (US$ millions), 2008.......................50,377.3 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions), 2008 ......79,049.4 Exports Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ......................24,391.8 EU27 United States Turkey Macedonia, FYR Russian Federation Others WTO accession year .......................................................1995 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ......................29 126 MFN tariffs, simple avg., 2008: bound; applied ..........5.5; 5.6 Imports 64.0 5.1 3.6 2.6 2.4 22.3 EU27 Russian Federation China Iran Turkey Others 54.9 7.3 5.5 3.3 2.8 26.1 Tariff escalation (rate diff. raw to finished), 2008 ...............1.0 Exports and imports by sector, 2008 Tariff rate for agricultural products, 2008 ...........................6.2 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Tariff rate for non-agricultural products, 2008 ....................0.5 ■ ■ Agriculture Agriculture Agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...........................43.0 ■ ■ Fuels Fuels and and mining mining ■ ■ Manufactures Manufactures Non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ......................1.7 Exports Exports 7.3 7.3 23.2 19.5 19.5 Imports Imports 17.9 17.9 13.2 Source: IMF; ITC; World Bank; WTO Enabling Trade Index 0 00 Rank (out of 125) 71.7 71.753.9 20.2 16.9 14.8 16.9 65.1 65.1 71.8 20 40 2020 60 4040 80 6060 100 8080 100 100 Score (1–7 scale) 2010 Index..............................................................................55 4.2 2009 Index....................................................................................................................47 4.3 Market access ...................................................................................................75 3.9 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access ............................................75 3.9 Border administration.......................................................................................71 3.9 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration............................................88 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures ........................................63 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration .........................................61 3.5 4.7 3.5 Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................35 4.6 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure......................26 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services ...............................32 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs..............................................................37 5.2 4.4 4.3 Business environment ......................................................................................72 4.2 8th pillar: Regulatory environment ...................................................................67 9th pillar: Physical security................................................................................77 3.8 4.7 1 2 3 4 5 6 Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performing economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.” The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 7 Greece The Enabling Trade Index 2010 in detail INDICATOR, UNITS ■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/125 SCORE BEST PERFORMER SCORE 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 Tariff rate, % ..........................................................................................4 .....■ .........0.8 Non-tariff measures, index 0–100 (best) .............................................46 .....■ .......31.6 Complexity of tariffs, index 1–7 (best).................................................96 .....■ .........3.2 Tariff dispersion, standard deviation ....................................................45 .....■ .........9.0 Tariff peaks, %.....................................................................................89 .....■ .......10.3 Specific tariffs, % ................................................................................95 .....■ .........9.2 Distinct tariffs, number ........................................................................97 .....■ .....1,382 Share of duty-free imports, % .............................................................39 .....■ .......63.9 Tariffs faced, %....................................................................................76 .....■ .........5.7 Margin of preference in destination markets, index 0–100 (best) ......84 .....■ .......12.2 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Uganda ...............................................0.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR .............................100.0 Chile ...................................................3.7 Nepal ................................................97.5 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:41 PM Page 127 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration 2.01 2.02 Burden of customs procedures, 1–7 (best) .........................................58 .....■ .........4.1 Customs services index, 0–12 (best) ..................................................90 .....■ .........4.8 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Multiple economies.............................12 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 Efficiency of the clearance process, 1–5 (best)...................................64 .....■ .........2.5 Time to import, days............................................................................85 .....■ ..........25 Documents to import, number ............................................................37 .....■ ............6 Cost to import, US$ per container.......................................................67 .....■ .....1,265 Time to export, days ............................................................................71 .....■ ..........20 Documents to export, number ............................................................28 .....■ ............5 Cost to export, US$ per container.......................................................64 .....■ .....1,153 Luxembourg .......................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies...............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration 4.01 4.02 Irregular payments in exports and imports, 1–7 (best)........................64 .....■ .........3.8 Corruption Perceptions Index, 0–10 (best) ..........................................58 .....■ .........3.8 New Zealand ......................................6.7 New Zealand ......................................9.4 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 Airport density, number per million population....................................12 .....■ .........3.5 Transshipment connectivity index, 0–100 (best) .................................38 .....■ .......74.5 Paved roads, % of total .......................................................................24 .....■ .......91.8 Quality of air transport infrastructure, 1–7 (best).................................36 .....■ .........5.5 Quality of railroad infrastructure, 1–7 (best) ........................................58 .....■ .........2.9 Quality of roads, 1–7 (best) .................................................................49 .....■ .........4.1 Quality of port infrastructure, 1–7 (best) .............................................62 .....■ .........4.1 Iceland ..............................................29.7 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies........................100.0 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 Liner Shipping Connectivity Index, 0–132.5 (best) ..............................20 .....■ .......41.9 Ease and affordability of shipment, 1–5 (best) ....................................69 .....■ .........2.9 Logistics competence, 1–5 (best)........................................................62 .....■ .........2.7 Tracking and tracing ability, 1–5 (best) .................................................42 .....■ .........3.3 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination, 1–5 (best) ..............62 .....■ .........3.5 Postal services efficiency, 1–7 (best) ..................................................35 .....■ .........5.6 GATS commitments in the transport sector, index 0–1 (best) ............20 .....■ .........0.4 China ..............................................132.5 Singapore ...........................................3.9 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Luxembourg .......................................4.6 Japan ..................................................6.8 Armenia ..............................................0.6 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 Extent of business Internet use, 1–7 (best) ........................................94 .....■ .........3.9 Mobile telephone subscriptions per 100 population ...........................23 .....■ .....123.9 Broadband Internet subscribers per 100 population ...........................35 .....■ .......13.5 Internet users per 100 population .......................................................40 .....■ .......43.5 Fixed telephone lines per 100 population............................................12 .....■ .......53.7 Government Online Service Index, 0–1 (best).....................................57 .....■ .........0.4 Sweden ..............................................6.4 United Arab Emirates .....................208.6 Sweden ............................................41.2 Iceland ..............................................90.6 Switzerland.......................................64.1 Korea, Rep..........................................1.0 8th pillar: Regulatory environment 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 Property rights, 1–7 (best) ...................................................................45 .....■ .........4.7 Ethics and corruption, 1–7 (best) .........................................................75 .....■ .........2.8 Undue influence, 1–7 (best).................................................................71 .....■ .........3.2 Government efficiency, 1–7 (best).......................................................97 .....■ .........3.1 Domestic competition, 1–7 (best) .......................................................88 .....■ .........4.0 Efficiency of the financial market, 1–7 (best) ......................................63 .....■ .........3.7 Openness to foreign participation, index 1–7 (best)............................57 .....■ .........4.8 Ease of hiring foreign labor, 1–7 (best) ................................................66 .....■ .........4.3 Prevalence of foreign ownership, 1–7 (best).......................................75 .....■ .........4.9 Business impact of rules on FDI, 1–7 (best) .....................................104 .....■ .........4.1 Restriction on international capital flows, 1–7 (best)...........................45 .....■ .........4.9 Openness to multilateral trade rules, index 0–100 (best)....................16 .....■ .......79.4 Switzerland.........................................6.4 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Sweden ..............................................6.2 Singapore ...........................................6.0 Singapore ...........................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.2 United Arab Emirates .........................6.2 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.5 Slovenia ............................................93.1 9th pillar: Physical security 9.01 9.02 9.03 Reliability of police services, 1–7 (best)...............................................75 .....■ .........3.9 Business costs of crime and violence, 1–7 (best) ...............................65 .....■ .........4.9 Business costs of terrorism, 1–7 (best)...............................................80 .....■ .........5.3 Finland ................................................6.6 Qatar ..................................................6.7 Austria ................................................6.8 The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 127 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:41 PM Page 128 Guatemala Key indicators Population (millions), 2009 ...............................................14.0 Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)..........................108.9 GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ..................................................36.5 Real GDP growth (percent), 2009 ......................................0.4 GDP per capita (current prices, US$), 2009 ................2,601.9 Country World Trade 80 ■ FDI inflows 44 60 33 Total exports (rank out of 120), 2007 ..................................79 40 22 Total imports (rank out of 120), 2007 ..................................72 20 11 GDP per capita (rank out of 124), 2009...............................82 Source: IMF; UNFPA; World Bank; UNCTAD; WTO 0 00 1996 1998 2000 2002 2002 2004 2004 2006 2006 2008 2008 Selected trade indicators Current account balance (share of GDP), 2009 ................–1.7 Main trading partners, 2008 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions), 2008 .......7,737.6 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Services exports (US$ millions), 2008.........................1,648.8 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions), 2008 ......14,549.1 Exports Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ........................2,125.1 United States El Salvador Honduras Mexico EU27 Others WTO accession year .......................................................1995 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................3 128 MFN tariffs, simple avg., 2008: bound; applied ........42.2; 5.6 Imports 39.4 12.6 9.5 6.6 5.6 26.3 United States Mexico EU27 China El Salvador Others 36.7 9.7 6.6 5.8 4.7 36.5 Tariff escalation (rate diff. raw to finished), 2009 ...............1.2 Exports and imports by sector, 2008 Tariff rate for agricultural products, 2008 ...........................9.6 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Tariff rate for non-agricultural products, 2008 ....................3.7 ■ ■ Agriculture Agriculture Agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 .............................4.3 ■ ■ Fuels Fuels and and mining mining ■ ■ Manufactures Manufactures Non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ......................0.7 Exports Exports 7.3 7.3 Imports Imports 17.9 17.9 13.8 Source: IMF; ITC; World Bank; WTO Enabling Trade Index 0 00 Rank (out of 125) 19.5 19.5 41.8 71.7 71.7 11.3 16.9 20.816.9 46.9 65.1 65.1 65.1 20 40 2020 60 4040 80 6060 100 8080 100 100 Score (1–7 scale) 2010 Index..............................................................................69 4.0 2009 Index....................................................................................................................58 4.0 Market access ...................................................................................................13 5.2 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access ............................................13 5.2 Border administration.......................................................................................62 4.1 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration............................................37 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures ........................................95 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration .........................................63 4.7 4.0 3.5 Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................82 3.3 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure......................89 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services ...............................82 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs..............................................................72 3.5 3.4 3.0 Business environment ....................................................................................119 3.3 8th pillar: Regulatory environment ...................................................................84 9th pillar: Physical security..............................................................................124 3.5 3.1 1 2 3 4 5 6 Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performing economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.” The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 7 Guatemala The Enabling Trade Index 2010 in detail INDICATOR, UNITS ■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/125 SCORE BEST PERFORMER SCORE 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 Tariff rate, % ........................................................................................52 .....■ .........4.1 Non-tariff measures, index 0–100 (best) .............................................36 .....■ .......24.1 Complexity of tariffs, index 1–7 (best).................................................28 .....■ .........6.6 Tariff dispersion, standard deviation ....................................................18 .....■ .........6.3 Tariff peaks, %.....................................................................................50 .....■ .........1.2 Specific tariffs, % ..................................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Distinct tariffs, number ........................................................................30 .....■ ..........11 Share of duty-free imports, % .............................................................32 .....■ .......68.5 Tariffs faced, %....................................................................................52 .....■ .........5.5 Margin of preference in destination markets, index 0–100 (best) ......12 .....■ .......69.3 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Uganda ...............................................0.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR .............................100.0 Chile ...................................................3.7 Nepal ................................................97.5 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:41 PM Page 129 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration 2.01 2.02 Burden of customs procedures, 1–7 (best) .........................................50 .....■ .........4.2 Customs services index, 0–12 (best) ..................................................34 .....■ .........8.8 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Multiple economies.............................12 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 Efficiency of the clearance process, 1–5 (best)...................................84 .....■ .........2.3 Time to import, days............................................................................54 .....■ ..........17 Documents to import, number ..........................................................104 .....■ ..........10 Cost to import, US$ per container.......................................................69 .....■ .....1,302 Time to export, days ............................................................................55 .....■ ..........17 Documents to export, number ..........................................................113 .....■ ..........10 Cost to export, US$ per container.......................................................67 .....■ .....1,182 Luxembourg .......................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies...............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration 4.01 4.02 Irregular payments in exports and imports, 1–7 (best)........................58 .....■ .........4.0 Corruption Perceptions Index, 0–10 (best) ..........................................68 .....■ .........3.4 New Zealand ......................................6.7 New Zealand ......................................9.4 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 Airport density, number per million population..................................111 .....■ .........0.1 Transshipment connectivity index, 0–100 (best) .................................43 .....■ .......73.0 Paved roads, % of total .......................................................................76 .....■ .......34.5 Quality of air transport infrastructure, 1–7 (best).................................42 .....■ .........5.3 Quality of railroad infrastructure, 1–7 (best) ......................................121 .....■ .........1.1 Quality of roads, 1–7 (best) .................................................................52 .....■ .........4.0 Quality of port infrastructure, 1–7 (best) .............................................55 .....■ .........4.3 Iceland ..............................................29.7 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies........................100.0 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 Liner Shipping Connectivity Index, 0–132.5 (best) ..............................59 .....■ .......14.7 Ease and affordability of shipment, 1–5 (best) ..................................123 .....■ .........2.2 Logistics competence, 1–5 (best)........................................................59 .....■ .........2.7 Tracking and tracing ability, 1–5 (best) .................................................78 .....■ .........2.7 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination, 1–5 (best) ..............57 .....■ .........3.5 Postal services efficiency, 1–7 (best) ..................................................64 .....■ .........4.7 GATS commitments in the transport sector, index 0–1 (best) ............59 .....■ .........0.1 China ..............................................132.5 Singapore ...........................................3.9 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Luxembourg .......................................4.6 Japan ..................................................6.8 Armenia ..............................................0.6 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 Extent of business Internet use, 1–7 (best) ........................................33 .....■ .........5.1 Mobile telephone subscriptions per 100 population ...........................42 .....■ .....109.2 Broadband Internet subscribers per 100 population ...........................87 .....■ .........0.6 Internet users per 100 population .......................................................83 .....■ .......14.3 Fixed telephone lines per 100 population............................................81 .....■ .......10.6 Government Online Service Index, 0–1 (best).....................................72 .....■ .........0.3 Sweden ..............................................6.4 United Arab Emirates .....................208.6 Sweden ............................................41.2 Iceland ..............................................90.6 Switzerland.......................................64.1 Korea, Rep..........................................1.0 8th pillar: Regulatory environment 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 Property rights, 1–7 (best) ...................................................................96 .....■ .........3.4 Ethics and corruption, 1–7 (best) .......................................................101 .....■ .........2.3 Undue influence, 1–7 (best).................................................................98 .....■ .........2.8 Government efficiency, 1–7 (best).......................................................75 .....■ .........3.4 Domestic competition, 1–7 (best) .......................................................59 .....■ .........4.3 Efficiency of the financial market, 1–7 (best) ......................................80 .....■ .........3.4 Openness to foreign participation, index 1–7 (best)............................53 .....■ .........4.8 Ease of hiring foreign labor, 1–7 (best) ................................................61 .....■ .........4.4 Prevalence of foreign ownership, 1–7 (best).......................................39 .....■ .........5.3 Business impact of rules on FDI, 1–7 (best) .......................................79 .....■ .........4.7 Restriction on international capital flows, 1–7 (best)...........................34 .....■ .........5.1 Openness to multilateral trade rules, index 0–100 (best)....................67 .....■ .......59.5 Switzerland.........................................6.4 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Sweden ..............................................6.2 Singapore ...........................................6.0 Singapore ...........................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.2 United Arab Emirates .........................6.2 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.5 Slovenia ............................................93.1 9th pillar: Physical security 9.01 9.02 9.03 Reliability of police services, 1–7 (best).............................................118 .....■ .........2.5 Business costs of crime and violence, 1–7 (best) .............................124 .....■ .........1.9 Business costs of terrorism, 1–7 (best)...............................................95 .....■ .........4.9 Finland ................................................6.6 Qatar ..................................................6.7 Austria ................................................6.8 The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 129 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:42 PM Page 130 Guyana Key indicators Population (millions), 2009 .................................................0.8 Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)..........................215.0 GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ....................................................1.2 Real GDP growth (percent), 2009 ......................................2.0 GDP per capita (current prices, US$), 2009 ................1,558.2 GDP per capita (rank out of 124), 2009...............................93 Total exports (rank out of 120), 2007 ................................117 Total imports (rank out of 120), 2007 ................................118 Source: IMF; UNFPA; World Bank; UNCTAD; WTO Country World Trade 250 80 ■ FDI inflows 420 200 60 16 3 150 40 100 12 2 8 2050 14 00 0 1996 1996 1998 1998 2000 2000 2002 2002 2004 2004 2006 2006 2008 2008 Selected trade indicators Current account balance (share of GDP), 2009 ..............–19.1 Main trading partners, 2008 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions), 2008 ..........799.0 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Services exports (US$ millions), 2007............................172.9 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions), 2008 ........1,300.2 Exports Services imports (US$ millions), 2007 ...........................272.5 EU27 Canada United States Ukraine Jamaica Others WTO accession year .......................................................1995 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................3 130 MFN tariffs, simple avg., 2008: bound; applied ......56.7; 10.9 Imports 30.1 22.5 17.4 5.4 4.8 19.8 Trinidad and Tobago 29.0 United States 26.6 EU27 7.9 Netherlands Antilles 6.5 Venezuela 5.6 Others 24.4 Tariff escalation (rate diff. raw to finished), 2008 .............–4.9 Exports and imports by sector, 2008 Tariff rate for agricultural products, 2008 .........................29.8 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Tariff rate for non-agricultural products, 2008 ....................7.7 ■ ■ Agriculture Agriculture Agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...........................34.6 ■ ■ Fuels Fuels and and mining mining ■ ■ Manufactures Manufactures Non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ......................3.9 Exports Exports 7.3 7.3 Imports Imports 17.9 17.9 15.2 Source: IMF; ITC; World Bank; WTO Enabling Trade Index 0 00 Rank (out of 125) 19.5 19.5 47.0 71.7 24.5 71.7 16.9 16.9 39.8 20 65.1 65.1 40 2020 9.1 60 4040 44.9 80 6060 100 8080 100 100 Score (1–7 scale) 2010 Index............................................................................109 3.4 2009 Index..................................................................................................................115 3.1 Market access ...................................................................................................84 3.8 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access ............................................84 3.8 Border administration.......................................................................................93 3.4 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration..........................................109 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures ........................................65 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration .......................................107 2.9 4.7 2.6 Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................95 3.1 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure......................82 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services .............................111 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs..............................................................89 3.7 3.0 2.6 Business environment ....................................................................................113 3.4 8th pillar: Regulatory environment ...................................................................98 9th pillar: Physical security..............................................................................119 3.4 3.4 1 2 3 4 5 6 Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performing economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.” The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 7 Guyana The Enabling Trade Index 2010 in detail INDICATOR, UNITS ■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/125 SCORE BEST PERFORMER SCORE 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 Tariff rate, % ........................................................................................97 .....■ .......10.4 Non-tariff measures, index 0–100 (best) ............................................n/a ..................n/a Complexity of tariffs, index 1–7 (best).................................................67 .....■ .........5.7 Tariff dispersion, standard deviation ..................................................104 .....■ .......12.5 Tariff peaks, %.....................................................................................85 .....■ .........8.9 Specific tariffs, % ..................................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Distinct tariffs, number ........................................................................37 .....■ ..........15 Share of duty-free imports, % .............................................................86 .....■ .......42.0 Tariffs faced, %....................................................................................74 .....■ .........5.7 Margin of preference in destination markets, index 0–100 (best) ......59 .....■ .......30.4 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Uganda ...............................................0.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR .............................100.0 Chile ...................................................3.7 Nepal ................................................97.5 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:42 PM Page 131 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration 2.01 2.02 Burden of customs procedures, 1–7 (best) .......................................119 .....■ .........2.8 Customs services index, 0–12 (best) ..................................................92 .....■ .........4.7 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Multiple economies.............................12 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 Efficiency of the clearance process, 1–5 (best).................................116 .....■ .........2.0 Time to import, days............................................................................81 .....■ ..........24 Documents to import, number ............................................................73 .....■ ............8 Cost to import, US$ per container.......................................................15 .....■ ........730 Time to export, days ............................................................................71 .....■ ..........20 Documents to export, number ............................................................73 .....■ ............7 Cost to export, US$ per container.......................................................20 .....■ ........730 Luxembourg .......................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies...............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration 4.01 4.02 Irregular payments in exports and imports, 1–7 (best)......................108 .....■ .........2.7 Corruption Perceptions Index, 0–10 (best) ..........................................98 .....■ .........2.6 New Zealand ......................................6.7 New Zealand ......................................9.4 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 Airport density, number per million population....................................27 .....■ .........1.3 Transshipment connectivity index, 0–100 (best) .................................83 .....■ .......60.5 Paved roads, % of total .....................................................................118 .....■ .........7.4 Quality of air transport infrastructure, 1–7 (best).................................99 .....■ .........3.6 Quality of railroad infrastructure, 1–7 (best) ......................................105 .....■ .........1.5 Quality of roads, 1–7 (best) .................................................................63 .....■ .........3.6 Quality of port infrastructure, 1–7 (best) .............................................99 .....■ .........3.2 Iceland ..............................................29.7 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies........................100.0 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 Liner Shipping Connectivity Index, 0–132.5 (best) ..............................92 .....■ .........4.3 Ease and affordability of shipment, 1–5 (best) ..................................115 .....■ .........2.3 Logistics competence, 1–5 (best)......................................................110 .....■ .........2.3 Tracking and tracing ability, 1–5 (best) ...............................................112 .....■ .........2.3 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination, 1–5 (best) ............118 .....■ .........2.7 Postal services efficiency, 1–7 (best) ................................................112 .....■ .........3.2 GATS commitments in the transport sector, index 0–1 (best) ............45 .....■ .........0.3 China ..............................................132.5 Singapore ...........................................3.9 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Luxembourg .......................................4.6 Japan ..................................................6.8 Armenia ..............................................0.6 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 Extent of business Internet use, 1–7 (best) ........................................73 .....■ .........4.4 Mobile telephone subscriptions per 100 population...........................n/a ..................n/a Broadband Internet subscribers per 100 population ...........................92 .....■ .........0.3 Internet users per 100 population .......................................................65 .....■ .......26.9 Fixed telephone lines per 100 population............................................68 .....■ .......16.4 Government Online Service Index, 0–1 (best).....................................99 .....■ .........0.2 Sweden ..............................................6.4 United Arab Emirates .....................208.6 Sweden ............................................41.2 Iceland ..............................................90.6 Switzerland.......................................64.1 Korea, Rep..........................................1.0 8th pillar: Regulatory environment 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 Property rights, 1–7 (best) ...................................................................97 .....■ .........3.2 Ethics and corruption, 1–7 (best) .........................................................82 .....■ .........2.6 Undue influence, 1–7 (best).................................................................97 .....■ .........2.8 Government efficiency, 1–7 (best).......................................................86 .....■ .........3.2 Domestic competition, 1–7 (best) .......................................................80 .....■ .........4.1 Efficiency of the financial market, 1–7 (best) ......................................91 .....■ .........3.3 Openness to foreign participation, index 1–7 (best)............................91 .....■ .........4.4 Ease of hiring foreign labor, 1–7 (best) ................................................10 .....■ .........5.3 Prevalence of foreign ownership, 1–7 (best).....................................104 .....■ .........4.2 Business impact of rules on FDI, 1–7 (best) .......................................86 .....■ .........4.6 Restriction on international capital flows, 1–7 (best)...........................48 .....■ .........4.8 Openness to multilateral trade rules, index 0–100 (best)..................122 .....■ .......33.7 Switzerland.........................................6.4 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Sweden ..............................................6.2 Singapore ...........................................6.0 Singapore ...........................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.2 United Arab Emirates .........................6.2 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.5 Slovenia ............................................93.1 9th pillar: Physical security 9.01 9.02 9.03 Reliability of police services, 1–7 (best).............................................109 .....■ .........2.9 Business costs of crime and violence, 1–7 (best) .............................120 .....■ .........2.6 Business costs of terrorism, 1–7 (best).............................................103 .....■ .........4.8 Finland ................................................6.6 Qatar ..................................................6.7 Austria ................................................6.8 The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 131 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:42 PM Page 132 Honduras Key indicators Population (millions), 2009 .................................................7.5 Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)..........................112.1 GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ..................................................14.6 Real GDP growth (percent), 2009 ....................................–2.0 GDP per capita (current prices, US$), 2009 ................1,862.6 Country World Trade 160 80 ■ FDI inflows 48 120 60 36 Total exports (rank out of 120), 2007 ..................................82 4080 24 Total imports (rank out of 120), 2007 ..................................83 2040 12 GDP per capita (rank out of 124), 2009...............................89 Source: IMF; UNFPA; World Bank; UNCTAD; WTO 00 0 1996 1996 1998 1998 2000 2000 2002 2002 2004 2004 2006 2006 2008 2008 Selected trade indicators Current account balance (share of GDP), 2009 ................–9.1 Main trading partners, 2008 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions), 2008 .......6,046.2 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Services exports (US$ millions), 2008............................901.7 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions), 2008 ......10,388.7 Exports Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ........................1,203.3 United States EU27 Guatemala El Salvador Mexico Others WTO accession year .......................................................1995 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................4 132 MFN tariffs, simple avg., 2008: bound; applied ........32.6; 5.6 Imports 42.8 20.3 9.2 8.1 4.4 15.2 United States Guatemala EU27 Mexico El Salvador Others 40.0 8.3 6.6 6.0 4.4 34.7 Tariff escalation (rate diff. raw to finished), 2008 ...............1.1 Exports and imports by sector, 2008 Tariff rate for agricultural products, 2008 .........................10.7 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Tariff rate for non-agricultural products, 2008 ....................3.9 ■ ■ Agriculture Agriculture Agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 .............................5.7 ■ ■ Fuels Fuels and and mining mining ■ ■ Manufactures Manufactures Non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ......................0.0 Exports Exports 7.3 7.3 Imports Imports 17.9 11.417.9 Source: IMF; ITC; World Bank; WTO Enabling Trade Index 0 00 Rank (out of 125) 19.5 26.6 19.5 16.2 4.3 71.7 71.7 56.7 16.9 16.9 65.1 58.9 65.1 20 40 2020 60 4040 80 6060 100 8080 100 100 Score (1–7 scale) 2010 Index..............................................................................66 4.0 2009 Index....................................................................................................................66 3.8 Market access .....................................................................................................4 5.5 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access ..............................................4 5.5 Border administration.......................................................................................86 3.5 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration............................................93 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures ........................................85 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration .........................................85 3.3 4.3 2.9 Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................79 3.4 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure......................64 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services ...............................92 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs..............................................................82 4.2 3.2 2.8 Business environment ....................................................................................107 3.6 8th pillar: Regulatory environment ...................................................................95 9th pillar: Physical security..............................................................................109 3.4 3.7 1 2 3 4 5 6 Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performing economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.” The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 7 Honduras The Enabling Trade Index 2010 in detail INDICATOR, UNITS ■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/125 SCORE BEST PERFORMER SCORE 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 Tariff rate, % ........................................................................................59 .....■ .........4.4 Non-tariff measures, index 0–100 (best) ............................................n/a ..................n/a Complexity of tariffs, index 1–7 (best).................................................26 .....■ .........6.7 Tariff dispersion, standard deviation ....................................................28 .....■ .........6.9 Tariff peaks, %.....................................................................................41 .....■ .........0.8 Specific tariffs, % ..................................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Distinct tariffs, number ........................................................................36 .....■ ..........13 Share of duty-free imports, % .............................................................29 .....■ .......70.1 Tariffs faced, %....................................................................................51 .....■ .........5.5 Margin of preference in destination markets, index 0–100 (best) ........6 .....■ .......79.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Uganda ...............................................0.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR .............................100.0 Chile ...................................................3.7 Nepal ................................................97.5 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:42 PM Page 133 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration 2.01 2.02 Burden of customs procedures, 1–7 (best) .........................................60 .....■ .........4.0 Customs services index, 0–12 (best) ..................................................98 .....■ .........4.2 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Multiple economies.............................12 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 Efficiency of the clearance process, 1–5 (best)...................................73 .....■ .........2.4 Time to import, days............................................................................77 .....■ ..........23 Documents to import, number ..........................................................104 .....■ ..........10 Cost to import, US$ per container.......................................................57 .....■ .....1,190 Time to export, days ............................................................................71 .....■ ..........20 Documents to export, number ............................................................73 .....■ ............7 Cost to export, US$ per container.......................................................65 .....■ .....1,163 Luxembourg .......................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies...............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration 4.01 4.02 Irregular payments in exports and imports, 1–7 (best)........................81 .....■ .........3.4 Corruption Perceptions Index, 0–10 (best) ........................................101 .....■ .........2.5 New Zealand ......................................6.7 New Zealand ......................................9.4 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 Airport density, number per million population....................................35 .....■ .........1.1 Transshipment connectivity index, 0–100 (best) .................................67 .....■ .......64.7 Paved roads, % of total .......................................................................89 .....■ .......20.4 Quality of air transport infrastructure, 1–7 (best).................................67 .....■ .........4.6 Quality of railroad infrastructure, 1–7 (best) ......................................109 .....■ .........1.5 Quality of roads, 1–7 (best) .................................................................70 .....■ .........3.5 Quality of port infrastructure, 1–7 (best) .............................................32 .....■ .........5.1 Iceland ..............................................29.7 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies........................100.0 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 Liner Shipping Connectivity Index, 0–132.5 (best) ..............................67 .....■ .......10.7 Ease and affordability of shipment, 1–5 (best) ....................................93 .....■ .........2.7 Logistics competence, 1–5 (best)........................................................75 .....■ .........2.6 Tracking and tracing ability, 1–5 (best) .................................................69 .....■ .........2.8 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination, 1–5 (best) ..............39 .....■ .........3.8 Postal services efficiency, 1–7 (best) ................................................119 .....■ .........3.0 GATS commitments in the transport sector, index 0–1 (best) ............63 .....■ .........0.1 China ..............................................132.5 Singapore ...........................................3.9 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Luxembourg .......................................4.6 Japan ..................................................6.8 Armenia ..............................................0.6 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 Extent of business Internet use, 1–7 (best) ........................................53 .....■ .........4.7 Mobile telephone subscriptions per 100 population ...........................71 .....■ .......84.9 Broadband Internet subscribers per 100 population .........................124 .....■ .........0.0 Internet users per 100 population .......................................................84 .....■ .......13.1 Fixed telephone lines per 100 population............................................79 .....■ .......11.3 Government Online Service Index, 0–1 (best).....................................78 .....■ .........0.3 Sweden ..............................................6.4 United Arab Emirates .....................208.6 Sweden ............................................41.2 Iceland ..............................................90.6 Switzerland.......................................64.1 Korea, Rep..........................................1.0 8th pillar: Regulatory environment 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 Property rights, 1–7 (best) ...................................................................82 .....■ .........3.7 Ethics and corruption, 1–7 (best) .........................................................95 .....■ .........2.5 Undue influence, 1–7 (best)...............................................................101 .....■ .........2.8 Government efficiency, 1–7 (best).......................................................80 .....■ .........3.3 Domestic competition, 1–7 (best) .......................................................96 .....■ .........3.9 Efficiency of the financial market, 1–7 (best) ....................................100 .....■ .........3.1 Openness to foreign participation, index 1–7 (best)............................67 .....■ .........4.6 Ease of hiring foreign labor, 1–7 (best) ................................................64 .....■ .........4.4 Prevalence of foreign ownership, 1–7 (best).......................................46 .....■ .........5.3 Business impact of rules on FDI, 1–7 (best) .......................................69 .....■ .........4.9 Restriction on international capital flows, 1–7 (best)...........................67 .....■ .........4.4 Openness to multilateral trade rules, index 0–100 (best)....................89 .....■ .......54.3 Switzerland.........................................6.4 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Sweden ..............................................6.2 Singapore ...........................................6.0 Singapore ...........................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.2 United Arab Emirates .........................6.2 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.5 Slovenia ............................................93.1 9th pillar: Physical security 9.01 9.02 9.03 Reliability of police services, 1–7 (best).............................................104 .....■ .........3.1 Business costs of crime and violence, 1–7 (best) .............................116 .....■ .........2.8 Business costs of terrorism, 1–7 (best)...............................................86 .....■ .........5.2 Finland ................................................6.6 Qatar ..................................................6.7 Austria ................................................6.8 The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 133 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL.cleanup100517:Country Profiles 5/17/10 10:08 AM Page 134 Hong Kong SAR Key indicators Population (millions), 2009 .................................................7.0 Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)..............................1.1 GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ................................................208.8 Country World ■ FDI inflows 40 Real GDP growth (percent), 2009 ....................................–3.6 Trade 450 GDP per capita (current prices, US$), 2009 ..............29,558.9 360 32 GDP per capita (rank out of 124), 2009...............................28 270 24 180 16 90 8 Total exports (rank out of 120), 2007 ..................................11 Total imports (rank out of 120), 2007 ..................................13 0 Source: IMF; UNFPA; World Bank; UNCTAD; WTO 0 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 Selected trade indicators Current account balance (share of GDP), 2009 ................10.7 Main trading partners, 2008 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions), 2008 ...370,241.8 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Services exports (US$ millions), 2008.......................92,317.8 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions), 2008 ....392,962.3 Exports Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ......................45,848.9 China EU27 United States Japan Taiwan, China Others WTO accession year .......................................................1995 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................1 134 MFN tariffs, simple avg., 2008: bound; applied ..........0.0; 0.0 Imports 48.2 13.7 12.5 4.2 2.0 19.4 China Japan EU27 Singapore Taiwan, China Others 46.1 10.0 7.6 6.4 6.3 23.6 Tariff escalation (rate diff. raw to finished), 2009 ...............0.0 Exports and imports by sector, 2008 Tariff rate for agricultural products, 2008 ...........................0.0 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Tariff rate for non-agricultural products, 2008 ....................0.0 ■ Agriculture Agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 .............................0.0 ■ Fuels and mining ■ Manufactures 1.8 2.0 Non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ......................0.0 Exports 94.0 Imports 4.2 5.8 88.8 Source: IMF; ITC; World Bank; WTO 0 Enabling Trade Index Rank (out of 125) 20 40 60 80 100 Score (1–7 scale) 2010 Index................................................................................2 5.7 2009 Index......................................................................................................................2 5.6 Market access ...................................................................................................16 5.1 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access ............................................16 5.1 Border administration.........................................................................................6 6.0 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration............................................13 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures ..........................................2 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration .........................................14 5.7 6.2 5.9 Transport and communications infrastructure ..............................................5 5.8 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure........................8 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services .................................9 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs................................................................2 6.0 5.4 5.9 Business environment ........................................................................................5 5.9 8th pillar: Regulatory environment .....................................................................6 9th pillar: Physical security..................................................................................7 5.5 6.3 1 2 3 4 5 6 Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performing economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.” 7 Hong Kong SAR The Enabling Trade Index 2010 in detail INDICATOR, UNITS ■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/125 SCORE BEST PERFORMER SCORE 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 Tariff rate, % ..........................................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Non-tariff measures, index 0–100 (best) ............................................n/a ..................n/a Complexity of tariffs, index 1–7 (best)...................................................1 .....■ .........7.0 Tariff dispersion, standard deviation ......................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Tariff peaks, %.......................................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Specific tariffs, % ..................................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Distinct tariffs, number ..........................................................................1 .....■ ............1 Share of duty-free imports, % ...............................................................1 .....■ .....100.0 Tariffs faced, %..................................................................................125 .....■ .........6.2 Margin of preference in destination markets, index 0–100 (best) ....110 .....■ .......11.2 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Uganda ...............................................0.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR .............................100.0 Chile ...................................................3.7 Nepal ................................................97.5 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:42 PM Page 135 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration 2.01 2.02 Burden of customs procedures, 1–7 (best) ...........................................2 .....■ .........6.1 Customs services index, 0–12 (best) ..................................................33 .....■ .........8.8 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Multiple economies.............................12 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 Efficiency of the clearance process, 1–5 (best).....................................8 .....■ .........3.8 Time to import, days..............................................................................2 .....■ ............5 Documents to import, number ..............................................................6 .....■ ............4 Cost to import, US$ per container.........................................................5 .....■ ........583 Time to export, days ..............................................................................4 .....■ ............6 Documents to export, number ..............................................................6 .....■ ............4 Cost to export, US$ per container.........................................................8 .....■ ........625 Luxembourg .......................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies...............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration 4.01 4.02 Irregular payments in exports and imports, 1–7 (best)........................15 .....■ .........6.0 Corruption Perceptions Index, 0–10 (best) ..........................................12 .....■ .........8.2 New Zealand ......................................6.7 New Zealand ......................................9.4 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 Airport density, number per million population..................................102 .....■ .........0.3 Transshipment connectivity index, 0–100 (best) ...................................7 .....■ .......93.6 Paved roads, % of total .........................................................................1 .....■ .....100.0 Quality of air transport infrastructure, 1–7 (best)...................................2 .....■ .........6.9 Quality of railroad infrastructure, 1–7 (best) ..........................................3 .....■ .........6.5 Quality of roads, 1–7 (best) ...................................................................3 .....■ .........6.6 Quality of port infrastructure, 1–7 (best) ...............................................2 .....■ .........6.8 Iceland ..............................................29.7 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies........................100.0 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 Liner Shipping Connectivity Index, 0–132.5 (best) ................................2 .....■ .....104.5 Ease and affordability of shipment, 1–5 (best) ......................................6 .....■ .........3.7 Logistics competence, 1–5 (best)........................................................14 .....■ .........3.8 Tracking and tracing ability, 1–5 (best) .................................................17 .....■ .........3.9 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination, 1–5 (best) ..............26 .....■ .........4.0 Postal services efficiency, 1–7 (best) ....................................................5 .....■ .........6.7 GATS commitments in the transport sector, index 0–1 (best) ............56 .....■ .........0.2 China ..............................................132.5 Singapore ...........................................3.9 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Luxembourg .......................................4.6 Japan ..................................................6.8 Armenia ..............................................0.6 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 Extent of business Internet use, 1–7 (best) ........................................18 .....■ .........5.7 Mobile telephone subscriptions per 100 population .............................4 .....■ .....165.9 Broadband Internet subscribers per 100 population ...........................13 .....■ .......28.1 Internet users per 100 population .......................................................21 .....■ .......67.0 Fixed telephone lines per 100 population..............................................5 .....■ .......58.7 Government Online Service Index, 0–1 (best)....................................n/a ..................n/a Sweden ..............................................6.4 United Arab Emirates .....................208.6 Sweden ............................................41.2 Iceland ..............................................90.6 Switzerland.......................................64.1 Korea, Rep..........................................1.0 8th pillar: Regulatory environment 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 Property rights, 1–7 (best) ...................................................................14 .....■ .........5.9 Ethics and corruption, 1–7 (best) .........................................................14 .....■ .........5.3 Undue influence, 1–7 (best).................................................................17 .....■ .........5.1 Government efficiency, 1–7 (best).........................................................2 .....■ .........5.6 Domestic competition, 1–7 (best) .......................................................21 .....■ .........5.0 Efficiency of the financial market, 1–7 (best) ........................................1 .....■ .........5.6 Openness to foreign participation, index 1–7 (best)..............................1 .....■ .........6.2 Ease of hiring foreign labor, 1–7 (best) ................................................16 .....■ .........5.2 Prevalence of foreign ownership, 1–7 (best).........................................1 .....■ .........6.6 Business impact of rules on FDI, 1–7 (best) .........................................3 .....■ .........6.5 Restriction on international capital flows, 1–7 (best).............................1 .....■ .........6.5 Openness to multilateral trade rules, index 0–100 (best)...................n/a ..................n/a Switzerland.........................................6.4 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Sweden ..............................................6.2 Singapore ...........................................6.0 Singapore ...........................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.2 United Arab Emirates .........................6.2 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.5 Slovenia ............................................93.1 9th pillar: Physical security 9.01 9.02 9.03 Reliability of police services, 1–7 (best).................................................8 .....■ .........6.3 Business costs of crime and violence, 1–7 (best) .................................9 .....■ .........6.4 Business costs of terrorism, 1–7 (best)...............................................32 .....■ .........6.3 Finland ................................................6.6 Qatar ..................................................6.7 Austria ................................................6.8 The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 135 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:42 PM Page 136 Hungary Key indicators Population (millions), 2009 ...............................................10.0 Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)............................93.0 GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ................................................124.2 Real GDP growth (percent), 2009 ....................................–6.7 GDP per capita (current prices, US$), 2009 ..............12,385.7 GDP per capita (rank out of 124), 2009...............................41 Total exports (rank out of 120), 2007 ..................................35 Total imports (rank out of 120), 2007 ..................................34 Source: IMF; UNFPA; World Bank; UNCTAD; WTO Country World Trade 200 80 ■ FDI inflows 410 160 60 8 3 120 40 80 6 2 4 2040 12 00 0 1996 1996 1998 1998 2000 2000 2002 2002 2004 2004 2006 2006 2008 2008 Selected trade indicators Current account balance (share of GDP), 2009 ................–3.0 Main trading partners, 2008 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions), 2008 ...107,709.3 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Services exports (US$ millions), 2008.......................19,957.8 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions), 2008 ....107,910.0 Exports Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ......................18,468.5 EU27 Russian Federation United States Ukraine Croatia Others WTO accession year .......................................................1995 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ......................29 136 MFN tariffs, simple avg., 2008: bound; applied ..........5.5; 5.6 Imports 78.3 3.6 2.3 2.0 1.6 12.2 EU27 Russian Federation China Japan United States Others 68.3 9.3 5.6 2.6 1.8 12.3 Tariff escalation (rate diff. raw to finished), 2008 ...............1.0 Exports and imports by sector, 2008 Tariff rate for agricultural products, 2008 ...........................6.2 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Tariff rate for non-agricultural products, 2008 ....................0.5 ■ ■ Agriculture Agriculture Agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...........................43.0 ■ ■ Fuels Fuels and and mining mining ■ ■ Manufactures Manufactures Non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ......................1.7 Exports Exports 7.3 7.3 5.2 8.1 Imports Imports Source: IMF; ITC; World Bank; WTO Enabling Trade Index 17.9 5.8 17.915.3 0 00 Rank (out of 125) 19.5 19.5 71.7 71.7 84.8 16.9 16.9 65.1 65.1 77.5 20 40 2020 60 4040 80 6060 100 8080 100 100 Score (1–7 scale) 2010 Index..............................................................................49 4.3 2009 Index....................................................................................................................38 4.4 Market access .................................................................................................108 3.7 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access ..........................................108 3.7 Border administration.......................................................................................34 4.8 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration............................................16 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures ........................................53 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration .........................................44 5.5 4.8 4.2 Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................41 4.1 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure......................88 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services ...............................30 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs..............................................................32 3.5 4.4 4.5 Business environment ......................................................................................54 4.6 8th pillar: Regulatory environment ...................................................................68 9th pillar: Physical security................................................................................40 3.7 5.4 1 2 3 4 5 6 Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performing economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.” The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 7 Hungary The Enabling Trade Index 2010 in detail INDICATOR, UNITS ■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/125 SCORE BEST PERFORMER SCORE 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 Tariff rate, % ..........................................................................................4 .....■ .........0.8 Non-tariff measures, index 0–100 (best) .............................................77 .....■ .......47.8 Complexity of tariffs, index 1–7 (best).................................................96 .....■ .........3.2 Tariff dispersion, standard deviation ....................................................45 .....■ .........9.0 Tariff peaks, %.....................................................................................89 .....■ .......10.3 Specific tariffs, % ................................................................................95 .....■ .........9.2 Distinct tariffs, number ........................................................................97 .....■ .....1,382 Share of duty-free imports, % .............................................................39 .....■ .......63.9 Tariffs faced, %....................................................................................76 .....■ .........5.7 Margin of preference in destination markets, index 0–100 (best) ......84 .....■ .......12.2 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Uganda ...............................................0.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR .............................100.0 Chile ...................................................3.7 Nepal ................................................97.5 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:42 PM Page 137 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration 2.01 2.02 Burden of customs procedures, 1–7 (best) .........................................49 .....■ .........4.3 Customs services index, 0–12 (best) ....................................................5 .....■ .......11.5 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Multiple economies.............................12 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 Efficiency of the clearance process, 1–5 (best)...................................44 .....■ .........2.8 Time to import, days............................................................................54 .....■ ..........17 Documents to import, number ............................................................50 .....■ ............7 Cost to import, US$ per container.......................................................61 .....■ .....1,215 Time to export, days ............................................................................64 .....■ ..........18 Documents to export, number ............................................................28 .....■ ............5 Cost to export, US$ per container.......................................................71 .....■ .....1,225 Luxembourg .......................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies...............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration 4.01 4.02 Irregular payments in exports and imports, 1–7 (best)........................50 .....■ .........4.3 Corruption Perceptions Index, 0–10 (best) ..........................................38 .....■ .........5.1 New Zealand ......................................6.7 New Zealand ......................................9.4 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 Airport density, number per million population....................................98 .....■ .........0.3 Transshipment connectivity index, 0–100 (best).................................n/a ..................n/a Paved roads, % of total .......................................................................68 .....■ .......43.9 Quality of air transport infrastructure, 1–7 (best).................................57 .....■ .........4.8 Quality of railroad infrastructure, 1–7 (best) ........................................47 .....■ .........3.4 Quality of roads, 1–7 (best) .................................................................60 .....■ .........3.8 Quality of port infrastructure, 1–7 (best) .............................................69 .....■ .........3.9 Iceland ..............................................29.7 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies........................100.0 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 Liner Shipping Connectivity Index, 0–132.5 (best) .............................n/a ..................n/a Ease and affordability of shipment, 1–5 (best) ....................................79 .....■ .........2.8 Logistics competence, 1–5 (best)........................................................50 .....■ .........2.9 Tracking and tracing ability, 1–5 (best) .................................................66 .....■ .........2.9 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination, 1–5 (best) ..............57 .....■ .........3.5 Postal services efficiency, 1–7 (best) ..................................................61 .....■ .........4.7 GATS commitments in the transport sector, index 0–1 (best) ............11 .....■ .........0.5 China ..............................................132.5 Singapore ...........................................3.9 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Luxembourg .......................................4.6 Japan ..................................................6.8 Armenia ..............................................0.6 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 Extent of business Internet use, 1–7 (best) ........................................52 .....■ .........4.7 Mobile telephone subscriptions per 100 population ...........................25 .....■ .....122.1 Broadband Internet subscribers per 100 population ...........................30 .....■ .......17.5 Internet users per 100 population .......................................................28 .....■ .......58.7 Fixed telephone lines per 100 population............................................39 .....■ .......30.9 Government Online Service Index, 0–1 (best).....................................26 .....■ .........0.5 Sweden ..............................................6.4 United Arab Emirates .....................208.6 Sweden ............................................41.2 Iceland ..............................................90.6 Switzerland.......................................64.1 Korea, Rep..........................................1.0 8th pillar: Regulatory environment 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 Property rights, 1–7 (best) ...................................................................52 .....■ .........4.4 Ethics and corruption, 1–7 (best) .........................................................96 .....■ .........2.5 Undue influence, 1–7 (best).................................................................68 .....■ .........3.3 Government efficiency, 1–7 (best).....................................................115 .....■ .........2.8 Domestic competition, 1–7 (best) .......................................................63 .....■ .........4.3 Efficiency of the financial market, 1–7 (best) ......................................71 .....■ .........3.5 Openness to foreign participation, index 1–7 (best)............................10 .....■ .........5.5 Ease of hiring foreign labor, 1–7 (best) ................................................29 .....■ .........4.9 Prevalence of foreign ownership, 1–7 (best).........................................8 .....■ .........6.0 Business impact of rules on FDI, 1–7 (best) .......................................52 .....■ .........5.1 Restriction on international capital flows, 1–7 (best)...........................37 .....■ .........5.1 Openness to multilateral trade rules, index 0–100 (best)......................3 .....■ .......88.5 Switzerland.........................................6.4 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Sweden ..............................................6.2 Singapore ...........................................6.0 Singapore ...........................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.2 United Arab Emirates .........................6.2 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.5 Slovenia ............................................93.1 9th pillar: Physical security 9.01 9.02 9.03 Reliability of police services, 1–7 (best)...............................................51 .....■ .........4.4 Business costs of crime and violence, 1–7 (best) ...............................51 .....■ .........5.2 Business costs of terrorism, 1–7 (best)...............................................17 .....■ .........6.5 Finland ................................................6.6 Qatar ..................................................6.7 Austria ................................................6.8 The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 137 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:42 PM Page 138 Iceland Key indicators Population (millions), 2009 .................................................0.3 Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)..........................103.0 GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ..................................................11.8 Real GDP growth (percent), 2009 ....................................–8.5 GDP per capita (current prices, US$), 2009 ..............36,873.4 GDP per capita (rank out of 124), 2009...............................19 Total exports (rank out of 120), 2007 ..................................80 Total imports (rank out of 120), 2007 ..................................82 Source: IMF; UNFPA; World Bank; UNCTAD; WTO Country World Trade 100 80 ■ FDI inflows 430 80 60 20 3 60 40 40 10 2 0 2020 1–10 00 0–20 1996 1996 1998 1998 2000 2000 2002 2002 2004 2004 2006 2006 2008 2008 Selected trade indicators Current account balance (share of GDP), 2009 ................–5.3 Main trading partners, 2008 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions), 2008 .......5,382.5 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Services exports (US$ millions), 2008.........................2,133.7 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions), 2008 ........6,204.9 Exports Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ........................2,498.4 EU27 United States Japan Norway China Others WTO accession year .......................................................1995 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ......................19 138 MFN tariffs, simple avg., 2008: bound; applied ........23.5; 7.3 Imports 76.2 5.6 4.4 4.4 2.2 7.3 EU27 Norway United States China Australia Others 53.6 11.2 8.0 6.6 4.4 16.1 Tariff escalation (rate diff. raw to finished), 2009 ...............0.7 Exports and imports by sector, 2008 Tariff rate for agricultural products, 2008 .........................35.9 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Tariff rate for non-agricultural products, 2008 ....................1.0 ■ ■ Agriculture Agriculture Agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...........................34.5 ■ ■ Fuels Fuels and and mining mining ■ ■ Manufactures Manufactures Non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ......................0.0 Exports Exports 7.3 7.3 Imports Imports Source: IMF; ITC; World Bank; WTO Enabling Trade Index 17.9 10.017.9 0 00 Rank (out of 125) 2010 Index..............................................................................11 19.5 19.5 38.6 71.7 41.171.7 16.9 24.8 16.9 19.0 65.1 65.1 64.5 20 40 2020 60 4040 80 6060 100 8080 100 100 Score (1–7 scale) 5.3 2009 Index ..................................................................................................................n/a n/a Market access ...................................................................................................14 5.1 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access ............................................14 5.1 Border administration.......................................................................................22 5.4 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration............................................29 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures ........................................57 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration ...........................................6 5.0 4.8 6.4 Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................27 4.9 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure......................43 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services ...............................43 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs................................................................8 4.8 4.1 5.7 Business environment ......................................................................................12 5.7 8th pillar: Regulatory environment ...................................................................21 9th pillar: Physical security..................................................................................2 4.8 6.5 1 2 3 4 5 6 Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performing economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.” The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 7 Iceland The Enabling Trade Index 2010 in detail INDICATOR, UNITS ■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/125 SCORE BEST PERFORMER SCORE 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 Tariff rate, % ........................................................................................41 .....■ .........3.3 Non-tariff measures, index 0–100 (best) ...............................................4 .....■ .........2.6 Complexity of tariffs, index 1–7 (best).................................................88 .....■ .........4.2 Tariff dispersion, standard deviation ..................................................120 .....■ .......30.5 Tariff peaks, %.....................................................................................77 .....■ .........7.8 Specific tariffs, % ................................................................................85 .....■ .........4.3 Distinct tariffs, number ........................................................................85 .....■ ........363 Share of duty-free imports, % ...............................................................7 .....■ .......91.9 Tariffs faced, %....................................................................................59 .....■ .........5.6 Margin of preference in destination markets, index 0–100 (best) ......28 .....■ .......51.8 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Uganda ...............................................0.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR .............................100.0 Chile ...................................................3.7 Nepal ................................................97.5 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:42 PM Page 139 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration 2.01 2.02 Burden of customs procedures, 1–7 (best) .........................................14 .....■ .........5.2 Customs services index, 0–12 (best) ..................................................48 .....■ .........7.8 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Multiple economies.............................12 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 Efficiency of the clearance process, 1–5 (best)...................................29 .....■ .........3.2 Time to import, days............................................................................37 .....■ ..........14 Documents to import, number ............................................................18 .....■ ............5 Cost to import, US$ per container.......................................................94 .....■ .....1,674 Time to export, days ............................................................................66 .....■ ..........19 Documents to export, number ............................................................28 .....■ ............5 Cost to export, US$ per container.......................................................95 .....■ .....1,532 Luxembourg .......................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies...............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration 4.01 4.02 Irregular payments in exports and imports, 1–7 (best)..........................4 .....■ .........6.5 Corruption Perceptions Index, 0–10 (best) ............................................8 .....■ .........8.7 New Zealand ......................................6.7 New Zealand ......................................9.4 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 Airport density, number per million population......................................1 .....■ .......29.7 Transshipment connectivity index, 0–100 (best) .................................88 .....■ .......59.1 Paved roads, % of total .......................................................................74 .....■ .......35.9 Quality of air transport infrastructure, 1–7 (best).................................10 .....■ .........6.3 Quality of railroad infrastructure, 1–7 (best) ......................................113 .....■ .........1.4 Quality of roads, 1–7 (best) .................................................................30 .....■ .........5.1 Quality of port infrastructure, 1–7 (best) ...............................................8 .....■ .........6.2 Iceland ..............................................29.7 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies........................100.0 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 Liner Shipping Connectivity Index, 0–132.5 (best) ..............................90 .....■ .........4.7 Ease and affordability of shipment, 1–5 (best) ....................................49 .....■ .........3.1 Logistics competence, 1–5 (best)........................................................41 .....■ .........3.1 Tracking and tracing ability, 1–5 (best) .................................................50 .....■ .........3.1 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination, 1–5 (best) ..............76 .....■ .........3.3 Postal services efficiency, 1–7 (best) ....................................................4 .....■ .........6.7 GATS commitments in the transport sector, index 0–1 (best) ............46 .....■ .........0.3 China ..............................................132.5 Singapore ...........................................3.9 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Luxembourg .......................................4.6 Japan ..................................................6.8 Armenia ..............................................0.6 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 Extent of business Internet use, 1–7 (best) ........................................13 .....■ .........5.9 Mobile telephone subscriptions per 100 population ...........................44 .....■ .....108.6 Broadband Internet subscribers per 100 population .............................6 .....■ .......32.9 Internet users per 100 population .........................................................1 .....■ .......90.6 Fixed telephone lines per 100 population..............................................4 .....■ .......61.3 Government Online Service Index, 0–1 (best).....................................46 .....■ .........0.4 Sweden ..............................................6.4 United Arab Emirates .....................208.6 Sweden ............................................41.2 Iceland ..............................................90.6 Switzerland.......................................64.1 Korea, Rep..........................................1.0 8th pillar: Regulatory environment 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 Property rights, 1–7 (best) ...................................................................16 .....■ .........5.8 Ethics and corruption, 1–7 (best) .........................................................15 .....■ .........5.2 Undue influence, 1–7 (best).................................................................15 .....■ .........5.2 Government efficiency, 1–7 (best).......................................................11 .....■ .........5.0 Domestic competition, 1–7 (best) .......................................................34 .....■ .........4.8 Efficiency of the financial market, 1–7 (best) ......................................75 .....■ .........3.5 Openness to foreign participation, index 1–7 (best)..........................101 .....■ .........4.3 Ease of hiring foreign labor, 1–7 (best) ................................................11 .....■ .........5.3 Prevalence of foreign ownership, 1–7 (best).....................................119 .....■ .........3.5 Business impact of rules on FDI, 1–7 (best) .....................................112 .....■ .........3.9 Restriction on international capital flows, 1–7 (best)...........................91 .....■ .........3.9 Openness to multilateral trade rules, index 0–100 (best)....................62 .....■ .......62.4 Switzerland.........................................6.4 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Sweden ..............................................6.2 Singapore ...........................................6.0 Singapore ...........................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.2 United Arab Emirates .........................6.2 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.5 Slovenia ............................................93.1 9th pillar: Physical security 9.01 9.02 9.03 Reliability of police services, 1–7 (best).................................................5 .....■ .........6.4 Business costs of crime and violence, 1–7 (best) .................................6 .....■ .........6.5 Business costs of terrorism, 1–7 (best).................................................2 .....■ .........6.8 Finland ................................................6.6 Qatar ..................................................6.7 Austria ................................................6.8 The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 139 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:42 PM Page 140 India Key indicators Population (millions), 2009 ..........................................1,198.0 Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP Surface area (1,000 square kilometers).......................3,287.3 GDP (US$ billions), 2009 .............................................1,242.6 Real GDP growth (percent), 2009 ......................................5.4 GDP per capita (current prices, US$), 2009 ................1,032.7 Country World Trade 80 ■ FDI inflows 44 60 33 Total exports (rank out of 120), 2007 ..................................20 40 22 Total imports (rank out of 120), 2007 ..................................16 20 11 GDP per capita (rank out of 124), 2009...............................99 Source: IMF; UNFPA; World Bank; UNCTAD; WTO 0 00 1996 1998 2000 2002 2002 2004 2004 2006 2006 2008 2008 Selected trade indicators Current account balance (share of GDP), 2009 ................–2.2 Main trading partners, 2008 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions), 2008 ...177,499.0 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Services exports (US$ millions), 2008.....................102,648.2 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions), 2008 ....293,374.0 Exports Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ......................83,598.5 EU27 United States UAE China Singapore Others WTO accession year .......................................................1995 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ......................10 140 MFN tariffs, simple avg., 2008: bound; applied ......49.0; 13.0 Imports 21.6 11.8 10.5 5.6 4.9 45.8 EU27 China United States Saudi Arabia UAE Others 13.9 10.0 7.8 7.3 6.2 54.9 Tariff escalation (rate diff. raw to finished), 2008 .............–7.2 Exports and imports by sector, 2008 Tariff rate for agricultural products, 2008 .........................39.3 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Tariff rate for non-agricultural products, 2008 ..................11.4 ■ ■ Agriculture Agriculture Agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...........................14.5 ■ ■ Fuels Fuels and and mining mining ■ ■ Manufactures Manufactures Non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ......................2.2 Exports Exports 7.3 7.3 12.0 Imports Imports 17.9 4.0 17.9 Source: IMF; ITC; World Bank; WTO Enabling Trade Index 0 00 Rank (out of 125) 19.5 19.5 24.4 71.7 71.7 63.2 16.9 16.9 45.6 65.1 65.1 43.3 20 40 2020 60 4040 80 6060 100 8080 100 100 Score (1–7 scale) 2010 Index..............................................................................84 3.8 2009 Index....................................................................................................................76 3.7 Market access .................................................................................................115 3.4 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access ..........................................115 3.4 Border administration.......................................................................................68 4.0 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration............................................62 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures ........................................72 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration .........................................75 4.2 4.6 3.2 Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................81 3.3 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure......................78 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services ...............................59 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs..............................................................93 3.8 3.9 2.3 Business environment ......................................................................................58 4.5 8th pillar: Regulatory environment ...................................................................47 9th pillar: Physical security................................................................................69 4.1 4.8 1 2 3 4 5 6 Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performing economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.” The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 7 India The Enabling Trade Index 2010 in detail INDICATOR, UNITS ■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/125 SCORE BEST PERFORMER SCORE 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 Tariff rate, % ......................................................................................115 .....■ .......13.2 Non-tariff measures, index 0–100 (best) .............................................44 .....■ .......29.9 Complexity of tariffs, index 1–7 (best).................................................89 .....■ .........4.1 Tariff dispersion, standard deviation ..................................................107 .....■ .......14.6 Tariff peaks, %.....................................................................................64 .....■ .........3.8 Specific tariffs, % ................................................................................90 .....■ .........6.8 Distinct tariffs, number ........................................................................94 .....■ ........825 Share of duty-free imports, % ...........................................................112 .....■ .......17.4 Tariffs faced, %....................................................................................13 .....■ .........4.9 Margin of preference in destination markets, index 0–100 (best) ....114 .....■ .........9.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Uganda ...............................................0.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR .............................100.0 Chile ...................................................3.7 Nepal ................................................97.5 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:42 PM Page 141 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration 2.01 2.02 Burden of customs procedures, 1–7 (best) .........................................68 .....■ .........3.9 Customs services index, 0–12 (best) ..................................................59 .....■ .........7.3 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Multiple economies.............................12 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 Efficiency of the clearance process, 1–5 (best)...................................51 .....■ .........2.7 Time to import, days............................................................................64 .....■ ..........20 Documents to import, number ............................................................91 .....■ ............9 Cost to import, US$ per container.......................................................39 .....■ ........960 Time to export, days ............................................................................55 .....■ ..........17 Documents to export, number ............................................................91 .....■ ............8 Cost to export, US$ per container.......................................................46 .....■ ........945 Luxembourg .......................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies...............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration 4.01 4.02 Irregular payments in exports and imports, 1–7 (best)........................82 .....■ .........3.4 Corruption Perceptions Index, 0–10 (best) ..........................................68 .....■ .........3.4 New Zealand ......................................6.7 New Zealand ......................................9.4 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 Airport density, number per million population..................................122 .....■ .........0.1 Transshipment connectivity index, 0–100 (best) .................................18 .....■ .......81.5 Paved roads, % of total .......................................................................66 .....■ .......47.4 Quality of air transport infrastructure, 1–7 (best).................................60 .....■ .........4.7 Quality of railroad infrastructure, 1–7 (best) ........................................20 .....■ .........4.5 Quality of roads, 1–7 (best) .................................................................83 .....■ .........3.1 Quality of port infrastructure, 1–7 (best) .............................................85 .....■ .........3.5 Iceland ..............................................29.7 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies........................100.0 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 Liner Shipping Connectivity Index, 0–132.5 (best) ..............................22 .....■ .......41.0 Ease and affordability of shipment, 1–5 (best) ....................................44 .....■ .........3.1 Logistics competence, 1–5 (best)........................................................38 .....■ .........3.2 Tracking and tracing ability, 1–5 (best) .................................................50 .....■ .........3.1 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination, 1–5 (best) ..............53 .....■ .........3.6 Postal services efficiency, 1–7 (best) ..................................................49 .....■ .........5.2 GATS commitments in the transport sector, index 0–1 (best) ............69 .....■ .........0.0 China ..............................................132.5 Singapore ...........................................3.9 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Luxembourg .......................................4.6 Japan ..................................................6.8 Armenia ..............................................0.6 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 Extent of business Internet use, 1–7 (best) ........................................40 .....■ .........4.9 Mobile telephone subscriptions per 100 population .........................109 .....■ .......29.4 Broadband Internet subscribers per 100 population ...........................90 .....■ .........0.4 Internet users per 100 population .....................................................106 .....■ .........4.4 Fixed telephone lines per 100 population............................................99 .....■ .........3.2 Government Online Service Index, 0–1 (best).....................................52 .....■ .........0.4 Sweden ..............................................6.4 United Arab Emirates .....................208.6 Sweden ............................................41.2 Iceland ..............................................90.6 Switzerland.......................................64.1 Korea, Rep..........................................1.0 8th pillar: Regulatory environment 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 Property rights, 1–7 (best) ...................................................................51 .....■ .........4.4 Ethics and corruption, 1–7 (best) .........................................................67 .....■ .........3.0 Undue influence, 1–7 (best).................................................................41 .....■ .........4.1 Government efficiency, 1–7 (best).......................................................41 .....■ .........4.0 Domestic competition, 1–7 (best) .......................................................43 .....■ .........4.5 Efficiency of the financial market, 1–7 (best) ......................................31 .....■ .........4.4 Openness to foreign participation, index 1–7 (best)............................73 .....■ .........4.6 Ease of hiring foreign labor, 1–7 (best) ................................................87 .....■ .........4.1 Prevalence of foreign ownership, 1–7 (best).......................................61 .....■ .........5.0 Business impact of rules on FDI, 1–7 (best) .......................................42 .....■ .........5.3 Restriction on international capital flows, 1–7 (best)...........................69 .....■ .........4.4 Openness to multilateral trade rules, index 0–100 (best)....................97 .....■ .......51.4 Switzerland.........................................6.4 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Sweden ..............................................6.2 Singapore ...........................................6.0 Singapore ...........................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.2 United Arab Emirates .........................6.2 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.5 Slovenia ............................................93.1 9th pillar: Physical security 9.01 9.02 9.03 Reliability of police services, 1–7 (best)...............................................47 .....■ .........4.5 Business costs of crime and violence, 1–7 (best) ...............................47 .....■ .........5.2 Business costs of terrorism, 1–7 (best).............................................110 .....■ .........4.7 Finland ................................................6.6 Qatar ..................................................6.7 Austria ................................................6.8 The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 141 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:42 PM Page 142 Indonesia Key indicators Population (millions), 2009 .............................................230.0 Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP Surface area (1,000 square kilometers).......................1,904.6 GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ................................................514.9 Real GDP growth (percent), 2009 ......................................4.0 GDP per capita (current prices, US$), 2009 ................2,223.9 Country World Trade 120 80 ■ FDI inflows 4 6090 32 Total exports (rank out of 120), 2007..................................n/a 4060 20 Total imports (rank out of 120), 2007 .................................n/a 2030 1–2 GDP per capita (rank out of 124), 2009...............................86 Source: IMF; UNFPA; World Bank; UNCTAD; WTO 00 0–4 1996 1996 1998 1998 2000 2000 2002 2002 2004 2004 2006 2006 2008 2008 Selected trade indicators Current account balance (share of GDP), 2009 ..................0.9 Main trading partners, 2008 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions), 2008 ...139,278.0 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Services exports (US$ millions) ..........................................n/a Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions), 2008 ....126,160.0 Exports Services imports (US$ millions)..........................................n/a Japan EU27 United States Singapore China Others WTO accession year .......................................................1995 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................5 142 MFN tariffs, simple avg., 2008: bound; applied ........37.1; 6.9 Imports 20.2 11.3 9.5 9.4 8.5 41.0 Singapore China Japan EU27 Malaysia Others 16.9 11.8 11.7 8.2 6.9 44.6 Tariff escalation (rate diff. raw to finished), 2009 ...............3.2 Exports and imports by sector, 2008 Tariff rate for agricultural products, 2008 .........................12.7 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Tariff rate for non-agricultural products, 2008 ....................3.3 ■ ■ Agriculture Agriculture Agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 .............................6.2 ■ ■ Fuels Fuels and and mining mining ■ ■ Manufactures Manufactures Non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ......................1.9 Exports Exports 7.3 7.3 23.6 19.5 19.5 Imports Imports Source: IMF; ITC; World Bank; WTO Enabling Trade Index 17.9 10.617.9 0 00 Rank (out of 125) 71.7 71.7 36.3 16.9 28.516.9 37.8 65.1 65.160.9 20 40 2020 60 4040 80 6060 100 8080 100 100 Score (1–7 scale) 2010 Index..............................................................................68 4.0 2009 Index....................................................................................................................62 3.8 Market access ...................................................................................................60 4.2 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access ............................................60 4.2 Border administration.......................................................................................67 4.0 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration............................................67 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures ........................................44 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration .........................................88 4.0 5.1 2.9 Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................85 3.3 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure......................80 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services ...............................73 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs..............................................................90 3.7 3.6 2.5 Business environment ......................................................................................60 4.4 8th pillar: Regulatory environment ...................................................................48 9th pillar: Physical security................................................................................76 4.1 4.7 1 2 3 4 5 6 Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performing economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.” The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 7 Indonesia The Enabling Trade Index 2010 in detail INDICATOR, UNITS ■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/125 SCORE BEST PERFORMER SCORE 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 Tariff rate, % ........................................................................................47 .....■ .........3.9 Non-tariff measures, index 0–100 (best) .............................................71 .....■ .......43.3 Complexity of tariffs, index 1–7 (best).................................................51 .....■ .........6.4 Tariff dispersion, standard deviation ....................................................72 .....■ .........9.1 Tariff peaks, %.....................................................................................58 .....■ .........2.5 Specific tariffs, % ................................................................................49 .....■ .........0.2 Distinct tariffs, number ........................................................................57 .....■ ..........31 Share of duty-free imports, % .............................................................66 .....■ .......61.0 Tariffs faced, %....................................................................................58 .....■ .........5.6 Margin of preference in destination markets, index 0–100 (best) ......81 .....■ .......14.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Uganda ...............................................0.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR .............................100.0 Chile ...................................................3.7 Nepal ................................................97.5 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:42 PM Page 143 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration 2.01 2.02 Burden of customs procedures, 1–7 (best) .........................................79 .....■ .........3.7 Customs services index, 0–12 (best) ..................................................62 .....■ .........7.2 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Multiple economies.............................12 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 Efficiency of the clearance process, 1–5 (best)...................................68 .....■ .........2.4 Time to import, days............................................................................92 .....■ ..........27 Documents to import, number ............................................................37 .....■ ............6 Cost to import, US$ per container.........................................................9 .....■ ........660 Time to export, days ............................................................................79 .....■ ..........21 Documents to export, number ............................................................28 .....■ ............5 Cost to export, US$ per container.......................................................15 .....■ ........704 Luxembourg .......................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies...............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration 4.01 4.02 Irregular payments in exports and imports, 1–7 (best)........................90 .....■ .........3.1 Corruption Perceptions Index, 0–10 (best) ..........................................88 .....■ .........2.8 New Zealand ......................................6.7 New Zealand ......................................9.4 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 Airport density, number per million population..................................100 .....■ .........0.3 Transshipment connectivity index, 0–100 (best) .................................48 .....■ .......71.7 Paved roads, % of total .......................................................................60 .....■ .......55.4 Quality of air transport infrastructure, 1–7 (best).................................63 .....■ .........4.7 Quality of railroad infrastructure, 1–7 (best) ........................................61 .....■ .........2.8 Quality of roads, 1–7 (best) .................................................................88 .....■ .........2.9 Quality of port infrastructure, 1–7 (best) .............................................90 .....■ .........3.4 Iceland ..............................................29.7 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies........................100.0 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 Liner Shipping Connectivity Index, 0–132.5 (best) ..............................38 .....■ .......25.7 Ease and affordability of shipment, 1–5 (best) ....................................75 .....■ .........2.8 Logistics competence, 1–5 (best)........................................................88 .....■ .........2.5 Tracking and tracing ability, 1–5 (best) .................................................74 .....■ .........2.8 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination, 1–5 (best) ..............64 .....■ .........3.5 Postal services efficiency, 1–7 (best) ..................................................89 .....■ .........3.9 GATS commitments in the transport sector, index 0–1 (best) ............53 .....■ .........0.2 China ..............................................132.5 Singapore ...........................................3.9 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Luxembourg .......................................4.6 Japan ..................................................6.8 Armenia ..............................................0.6 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 Extent of business Internet use, 1–7 (best) ........................................67 .....■ .........4.5 Mobile telephone subscriptions per 100 population ...........................90 .....■ .......61.8 Broadband Internet subscribers per 100 population ...........................95 .....■ .........0.2 Internet users per 100 population .......................................................97 .....■ .........7.9 Fixed telephone lines per 100 population............................................76 .....■ .......13.4 Government Online Service Index, 0–1 (best).....................................91 .....■ .........0.2 Sweden ..............................................6.4 United Arab Emirates .....................208.6 Sweden ............................................41.2 Iceland ..............................................90.6 Switzerland.......................................64.1 Korea, Rep..........................................1.0 8th pillar: Regulatory environment 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 Property rights, 1–7 (best) ...................................................................73 .....■ .........3.9 Ethics and corruption, 1–7 (best) .........................................................52 .....■ .........3.4 Undue influence, 1–7 (best).................................................................48 .....■ .........3.8 Government efficiency, 1–7 (best).......................................................46 .....■ .........3.9 Domestic competition, 1–7 (best) .......................................................42 .....■ .........4.5 Efficiency of the financial market, 1–7 (best) ......................................29 .....■ .........4.4 Openness to foreign participation, index 1–7 (best)............................52 .....■ .........4.8 Ease of hiring foreign labor, 1–7 (best) ................................................43 .....■ .........4.7 Prevalence of foreign ownership, 1–7 (best).......................................40 .....■ .........5.3 Business impact of rules on FDI, 1–7 (best) .......................................38 .....■ .........5.3 Restriction on international capital flows, 1–7 (best)...........................32 .....■ .........5.2 Openness to multilateral trade rules, index 0–100 (best)..................111 .....■ .......44.8 Switzerland.........................................6.4 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Sweden ..............................................6.2 Singapore ...........................................6.0 Singapore ...........................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.2 United Arab Emirates .........................6.2 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.5 Slovenia ............................................93.1 9th pillar: Physical security 9.01 9.02 9.03 Reliability of police services, 1–7 (best)...............................................74 .....■ .........4.0 Business costs of crime and violence, 1–7 (best) ...............................59 .....■ .........4.9 Business costs of terrorism, 1–7 (best)...............................................82 .....■ .........5.3 Finland ................................................6.6 Qatar ..................................................6.7 Austria ................................................6.8 The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 143 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:42 PM Page 144 Ireland Key indicators Population (millions), 2009 .................................................4.5 Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)............................70.3 GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ................................................226.8 Real GDP growth (percent), 2009 ....................................–7.5 GDP per capita (current prices, US$), 2009 ..............51,128.5 GDP per capita (rank out of 124), 2009.................................6 Total exports (rank out of 120), 2007 ..................................23 Total imports (rank out of 120), 2007 ..................................25 Source: IMF; UNFPA; World Bank; UNCTAD; WTO Country World Trade 200 80 ■ FDI inflows 430 160 60 20 3 120 40 80 10 2 0 2040 1–10 00 0–20 1996 1996 1998 1998 2000 2000 2002 2002 2004 2004 2006 2006 2008 2008 Selected trade indicators Current account balance (share of GDP), 2009 ................–1.7 Main trading partners, 2008 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions), 2008 ...124,100.5 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Services exports (US$ millions), 2008.......................99,235.4 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions), 2008 ......83,176.6 Exports Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ....................106,189.4 EU27 United States Switzerland Japan China Others WTO accession year .......................................................1995 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ......................29 144 MFN tariffs, simple avg., 2008: bound; applied ..........5.5; 5.6 Imports 62.3 19.3 3.0 2.0 1.9 11.6 EU27 United States China Norway Japan Others 63.6 11.7 6.8 2.3 2.0 13.7 Tariff escalation (rate diff. raw to finished), 2008 ...............1.0 Exports and imports by sector, 2008 Tariff rate for agricultural products, 2008 ...........................6.2 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Tariff rate for non-agricultural products, 2008 ....................0.5 ■ ■ Agriculture Agriculture Agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...........................43.0 ■ ■ Fuels Fuels and and mining mining ■ ■ Manufactures Manufactures 2.2 Non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ......................1.7 Exports Exports 7.3 7.3 10.0 Imports Imports 17.9 10.717.9 13.2 Source: IMF; ITC; World Bank; WTO Enabling Trade Index 0 00 Rank (out of 125) 19.5 19.5 71.7 84.6 71.7 16.9 16.9 65.1 69.5 65.1 20 40 2020 60 4040 80 6060 100 8080 100 100 Score (1–7 scale) 2010 Index..............................................................................21 5.0 2009 Index....................................................................................................................15 5.0 Market access .................................................................................................109 3.7 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access ..........................................109 3.7 Border administration.........................................................................................7 5.9 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration..............................................6 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures ........................................19 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration .........................................13 5.9 5.7 6.0 Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................23 5.0 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure......................27 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services ...............................23 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs..............................................................25 5.2 4.9 4.9 Business environment ......................................................................................16 5.5 8th pillar: Regulatory environment ...................................................................17 9th pillar: Physical security................................................................................18 5.0 6.0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performing economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.” The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 7 Ireland The Enabling Trade Index 2010 in detail INDICATOR, UNITS ■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/125 SCORE BEST PERFORMER SCORE 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 Tariff rate, % ..........................................................................................4 .....■ .........0.8 Non-tariff measures, index 0–100 (best) .............................................78 .....■ .......48.6 Complexity of tariffs, index 1–7 (best).................................................96 .....■ .........3.2 Tariff dispersion, standard deviation ....................................................45 .....■ .........9.0 Tariff peaks, %.....................................................................................89 .....■ .......10.3 Specific tariffs, % ................................................................................95 .....■ .........9.2 Distinct tariffs, number ........................................................................97 .....■ .....1,382 Share of duty-free imports, % .............................................................39 .....■ .......63.9 Tariffs faced, %....................................................................................76 .....■ .........5.7 Margin of preference in destination markets, index 0–100 (best) ......84 .....■ .......12.2 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Uganda ...............................................0.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR .............................100.0 Chile ...................................................3.7 Nepal ................................................97.5 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:42 PM Page 145 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration 2.01 2.02 Burden of customs procedures, 1–7 (best) .........................................17 .....■ .........5.1 Customs services index, 0–12 (best) ....................................................5 .....■ .......11.5 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Multiple economies.............................12 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 Efficiency of the clearance process, 1–5 (best)...................................18 .....■ .........3.6 Time to import, days............................................................................30 .....■ ..........12 Documents to import, number ..............................................................6 .....■ ............4 Cost to import, US$ per container.......................................................50 .....■ .....1,121 Time to export, days ..............................................................................8 .....■ ............7 Documents to export, number ..............................................................6 .....■ ............4 Cost to export, US$ per container.......................................................62 .....■ .....1,109 Luxembourg .......................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies...............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration 4.01 4.02 Irregular payments in exports and imports, 1–7 (best)........................10 .....■ .........6.2 Corruption Perceptions Index, 0–10 (best) ..........................................14 .....■ .........8.0 New Zealand ......................................6.7 New Zealand ......................................9.4 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 Airport density, number per million population....................................20 .....■ .........2.0 Transshipment connectivity index, 0–100 (best) .................................77 .....■ .......62.0 Paved roads, % of total .........................................................................1 .....■ .....100.0 Quality of air transport infrastructure, 1–7 (best).................................43 .....■ .........5.2 Quality of railroad infrastructure, 1–7 (best) ........................................51 .....■ .........3.2 Quality of roads, 1–7 (best) .................................................................55 .....■ .........3.9 Quality of port infrastructure, 1–7 (best) .............................................49 .....■ .........4.4 Iceland ..............................................29.7 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies........................100.0 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 Liner Shipping Connectivity Index, 0–132.5 (best) ..............................82 .....■ .........7.6 Ease and affordability of shipment, 1–5 (best) ......................................5 .....■ .........3.7 Logistics competence, 1–5 (best)........................................................16 .....■ .........3.8 Tracking and tracing ability, 1–5 (best) .................................................13 .....■ .........4.0 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination, 1–5 (best) ................4 .....■ .........4.5 Postal services efficiency, 1–7 (best) ..................................................30 .....■ .........5.8 GATS commitments in the transport sector, index 0–1 (best) ............20 .....■ .........0.4 China ..............................................132.5 Singapore ...........................................3.9 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Luxembourg .......................................4.6 Japan ..................................................6.8 Armenia ..............................................0.6 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 Extent of business Internet use, 1–7 (best) ........................................30 .....■ .........5.2 Mobile telephone subscriptions per 100 population ...........................27 .....■ .....120.7 Broadband Internet subscribers per 100 population ...........................27 .....■ .......20.1 Internet users per 100 population .......................................................26 .....■ .......62.5 Fixed telephone lines per 100 population............................................14 .....■ .......49.7 Government Online Service Index, 0–1 (best).....................................28 .....■ .........0.5 Sweden ..............................................6.4 United Arab Emirates .....................208.6 Sweden ............................................41.2 Iceland ..............................................90.6 Switzerland.......................................64.1 Korea, Rep..........................................1.0 8th pillar: Regulatory environment 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 Property rights, 1–7 (best) ...................................................................15 .....■ .........5.9 Ethics and corruption, 1–7 (best) .........................................................24 .....■ .........4.5 Undue influence, 1–7 (best).................................................................16 .....■ .........5.1 Government efficiency, 1–7 (best).......................................................33 .....■ .........4.2 Domestic competition, 1–7 (best) .......................................................13 .....■ .........5.1 Efficiency of the financial market, 1–7 (best) ......................................32 .....■ .........4.4 Openness to foreign participation, index 1–7 (best)..............................4 .....■ .........5.8 Ease of hiring foreign labor, 1–7 (best) ..................................................7 .....■ .........5.4 Prevalence of foreign ownership, 1–7 (best).........................................6 .....■ .........6.2 Business impact of rules on FDI, 1–7 (best) .........................................2 .....■ .........6.6 Restriction on international capital flows, 1–7 (best)...........................20 .....■ .........5.4 Openness to multilateral trade rules, index 0–100 (best)....................43 .....■ .......70.1 Switzerland.........................................6.4 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Sweden ..............................................6.2 Singapore ...........................................6.0 Singapore ...........................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.2 United Arab Emirates .........................6.2 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.5 Slovenia ............................................93.1 9th pillar: Physical security 9.01 9.02 9.03 Reliability of police services, 1–7 (best)...............................................19 .....■ .........5.9 Business costs of crime and violence, 1–7 (best) ...............................36 .....■ .........5.5 Business costs of terrorism, 1–7 (best)...............................................18 .....■ .........6.5 Finland ................................................6.6 Qatar ..................................................6.7 Austria ................................................6.8 The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 145 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:42 PM Page 146 Israel Key indicators Population (millions), 2009 .................................................7.2 Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)............................22.1 GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ................................................215.7 Real GDP growth (percent), 2009 ....................................–0.1 GDP per capita (current prices, US$), 2009 ..............29,671.6 Country World Trade 100 80 ■ FDI inflows 412 6075 39 Total exports (rank out of 120), 2007 ..................................39 4050 26 Total imports (rank out of 120), 2007 ..................................40 2025 13 GDP per capita (rank out of 124), 2009...............................27 Source: IMF; UNFPA; World Bank; UNCTAD; WTO 00 0 1996 1996 1998 1998 2000 2000 2002 2002 2004 2004 2006 2006 2008 2008 Selected trade indicators Current account balance (share of GDP), 2009 ..................3.2 Main trading partners, 2008 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions), 2008 .....60,825.1 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Services exports (US$ millions), 2008.......................23,763.2 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions), 2008 ......67,655.8 Exports Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ......................19,599.7 United States EU27 Hong Kong SAR India Turkey Others WTO accession year .......................................................1995 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................7 146 MFN tariffs, simple avg., 2008: bound; applied ........22.0; 6.8 Imports 32.6 29.0 6.8 3.8 2.6 25.2 EU27 United States China Switzerland Japan Others 34.5 12.3 6.5 6.1 3.4 37.1 Tariff escalation (rate diff. raw to finished), 2008 .............–7.0 Exports and imports by sector, 2008 Tariff rate for agricultural products, 2008 .........................23.2 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Tariff rate for non-agricultural products, 2008 ....................2.9 ■ ■ Agriculture Agriculture Agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...........................26.8 ■ ■ Fuels Fuels and and mining mining ■ ■ Manufactures Manufactures 3.5 2.3 Non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ......................2.4 Exports Exports 7.3 7.3 Imports Imports Source: IMF; ITC; World Bank; WTO Enabling Trade Index 17.9 7.5 17.9 0 00 Rank (out of 125) 19.5 19.5 21.2 71.7 92.7 71.7 16.9 16.9 65.1 65.1 67.1 20 40 2020 60 4040 80 6060 100 8080 100 100 Score (1–7 scale) 2010 Index..............................................................................26 4.8 2009 Index....................................................................................................................29 4.7 Market access ...................................................................................................43 4.5 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access ............................................43 4.5 Border administration.......................................................................................25 5.2 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration............................................33 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures ........................................15 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration .........................................26 4.8 5.8 5.2 Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................30 4.7 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure......................38 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services ...............................49 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs..............................................................21 5.0 4.0 5.1 Business environment ......................................................................................53 4.6 8th pillar: Regulatory environment ...................................................................38 9th pillar: Physical security................................................................................75 4.4 4.7 1 2 3 4 5 6 Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performing economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.” The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 7 Israel The Enabling Trade Index 2010 in detail INDICATOR, UNITS ■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/125 SCORE BEST PERFORMER SCORE 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 Tariff rate, % ........................................................................................55 .....■ .........4.2 Non-tariff measures, index 0–100 (best) ............................................n/a ..................n/a Complexity of tariffs, index 1–7 (best).................................................90 .....■ .........4.1 Tariff dispersion, standard deviation ..................................................110 .....■ .......15.9 Tariff peaks, %.....................................................................................70 .....■ .........6.0 Specific tariffs, % ................................................................................91 .....■ .........7.0 Distinct tariffs, number ........................................................................88 .....■ ........652 Share of duty-free imports, % .............................................................15 .....■ .......82.0 Tariffs faced, %....................................................................................54 .....■ .........5.5 Margin of preference in destination markets, index 0–100 (best) ......68 .....■ .......27.2 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Uganda ...............................................0.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR .............................100.0 Chile ...................................................3.7 Nepal ................................................97.5 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:42 PM Page 147 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration 2.01 2.02 Burden of customs procedures, 1–7 (best) .........................................64 .....■ .........4.0 Customs services index, 0–12 (best) ..................................................21 .....■ .........9.5 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Multiple economies.............................12 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 Efficiency of the clearance process, 1–5 (best)...................................33 .....■ .........3.1 Time to import, days............................................................................30 .....■ ..........12 Documents to import, number ..............................................................6 .....■ ............4 Cost to import, US$ per container.........................................................6 .....■ ........605 Time to export, days ............................................................................31 .....■ ..........12 Documents to export, number ............................................................28 .....■ ............5 Cost to export, US$ per container.......................................................10 .....■ ........665 Luxembourg .......................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies...............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration 4.01 4.02 Irregular payments in exports and imports, 1–7 (best)........................21 .....■ .........5.7 Corruption Perceptions Index, 0–10 (best) ..........................................29 .....■ .........6.1 New Zealand ......................................6.7 New Zealand ......................................9.4 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 Airport density, number per million population....................................69 .....■ .........0.6 Transshipment connectivity index, 0–100 (best) .................................46 .....■ .......72.5 Paved roads, % of total .........................................................................1 .....■ .....100.0 Quality of air transport infrastructure, 1–7 (best).................................31 .....■ .........5.6 Quality of railroad infrastructure, 1–7 (best) ........................................50 .....■ .........3.2 Quality of roads, 1–7 (best) .................................................................44 .....■ .........4.3 Quality of port infrastructure, 1–7 (best) .............................................47 .....■ .........4.6 Iceland ..............................................29.7 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies........................100.0 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 Liner Shipping Connectivity Index, 0–132.5 (best) ..............................53 .....■ .......18.7 Ease and affordability of shipment, 1–5 (best) ....................................40 .....■ .........3.2 Logistics competence, 1–5 (best)........................................................27 .....■ .........3.5 Tracking and tracing ability, 1–5 (best) .................................................37 .....■ .........3.4 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination, 1–5 (best) ..............44 .....■ .........3.8 Postal services efficiency, 1–7 (best) ..................................................21 .....■ .........6.3 GATS commitments in the transport sector, index 0–1 (best) ............69 .....■ .........0.0 China ..............................................132.5 Singapore ...........................................3.9 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Luxembourg .......................................4.6 Japan ..................................................6.8 Armenia ..............................................0.6 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 Extent of business Internet use, 1–7 (best) ..........................................6 .....■ .........6.1 Mobile telephone subscriptions per 100 population ...........................19 .....■ .....127.4 Broadband Internet subscribers per 100 population ...........................17 .....■ .......23.9 Internet users per 100 population .......................................................37 .....■ .......49.6 Fixed telephone lines per 100 population............................................16 .....■ .......45.7 Government Online Service Index, 0–1 (best).....................................19 .....■ .........0.6 Sweden ..............................................6.4 United Arab Emirates .....................208.6 Sweden ............................................41.2 Iceland ..............................................90.6 Switzerland.......................................64.1 Korea, Rep..........................................1.0 8th pillar: Regulatory environment 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 Property rights, 1–7 (best) ...................................................................53 .....■ .........4.3 Ethics and corruption, 1–7 (best) .........................................................28 .....■ .........4.4 Undue influence, 1–7 (best).................................................................23 .....■ .........4.8 Government efficiency, 1–7 (best).......................................................48 .....■ .........3.9 Domestic competition, 1–7 (best) .......................................................40 .....■ .........4.6 Efficiency of the financial market, 1–7 (best) ......................................21 .....■ .........4.6 Openness to foreign participation, index 1–7 (best)............................93 .....■ .........4.4 Ease of hiring foreign labor, 1–7 (best) ..............................................122 .....■ .........3.0 Prevalence of foreign ownership, 1–7 (best).......................................66 .....■ .........5.0 Business impact of rules on FDI, 1–7 (best) .......................................74 .....■ .........4.8 Restriction on international capital flows, 1–7 (best)...........................56 .....■ .........4.7 Openness to multilateral trade rules, index 0–100 (best)....................82 .....■ .......56.9 Switzerland.........................................6.4 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Sweden ..............................................6.2 Singapore ...........................................6.0 Singapore ...........................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.2 United Arab Emirates .........................6.2 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.5 Slovenia ............................................93.1 9th pillar: Physical security 9.01 9.02 9.03 Reliability of police services, 1–7 (best)...............................................86 .....■ .........3.6 Business costs of crime and violence, 1–7 (best) ...............................27 .....■ .........5.7 Business costs of terrorism, 1–7 (best).............................................102 .....■ .........4.8 Finland ................................................6.6 Qatar ..................................................6.7 Austria ................................................6.8 The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 147 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:42 PM Page 148 Italy Key indicators Population (millions), 2009 ...............................................59.9 Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)..........................301.3 GDP (US$ billions), 2009 .............................................2,089.6 Real GDP growth (percent), 2009 ....................................–5.1 GDP per capita (current prices, US$), 2009 ..............34,954.9 GDP per capita (rank out of 124), 2009...............................21 Total exports (rank out of 120), 2007 ....................................8 Total imports (rank out of 120), 2007 ....................................7 Source: IMF; UNFPA; World Bank; UNCTAD; WTO Country World Trade 100 80 ■ FDI inflows 42.5 80 60 2.0 3 60 40 40 1.5 2 1.0 2020 10.5 00 00.0 1996 1996 1998 1998 2000 2000 2002 2002 2004 2004 2006 2006 2008 2008 Selected trade indicators Current account balance (share of GDP), 2009 ................–2.5 Main trading partners, 2008 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions), 2008 ...538,027.6 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Services exports (US$ millions), 2008.....................121,889.7 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions), 2008 ....554,909.2 Exports Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ....................131,747.6 EU27 United States Switzerland Russian Federation Turkey Others WTO accession year .......................................................1995 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ......................29 148 MFN tariffs, simple avg., 2008: bound; applied ..........5.5; 5.6 Imports 57.9 6.3 4.0 2.9 2.0 27.0 EU27 China Libya United States Switzerland Others 53.1 6.3 3.8 3.1 3.0 30.7 Tariff escalation (rate diff. raw to finished), 2008 ...............1.0 Exports and imports by sector, 2008 Tariff rate for agricultural products, 2008 ...........................6.2 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Tariff rate for non-agricultural products, 2008 ....................0.5 ■ ■ Agriculture Agriculture Agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...........................43.0 ■ ■ Fuels Fuels and and mining mining ■ ■ Manufactures Manufactures Non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ......................1.7 Exports Exports 7.3 7.3 6.9 7.5 Imports Imports 17.9 10.817.9 Source: IMF; ITC; World Bank; WTO Enabling Trade Index 0 00 Rank (out of 125) 19.5 19.5 71.7 84.2 71.7 16.9 25.216.9 65.1 65.1 63.0 20 40 2020 60 4040 80 6060 100 8080 100 100 Score (1–7 scale) 2010 Index..............................................................................51 4.3 2009 Index....................................................................................................................45 4.3 Market access ...................................................................................................78 3.9 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access ............................................78 3.9 Border administration.......................................................................................52 4.3 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration............................................68 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures ........................................39 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration .........................................55 4.0 5.2 3.7 Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................28 4.8 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure......................39 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services ...............................19 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs..............................................................36 5.0 5.0 4.3 Business environment ......................................................................................76 4.2 8th pillar: Regulatory environment ...................................................................88 9th pillar: Physical security................................................................................63 3.5 4.9 1 2 3 4 5 6 Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performing economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.” The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 7 Italy The Enabling Trade Index 2010 in detail INDICATOR, UNITS ■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/125 SCORE BEST PERFORMER SCORE 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 Tariff rate, % ..........................................................................................4 .....■ .........0.8 Non-tariff measures, index 0–100 (best) .............................................50 .....■ .......34.2 Complexity of tariffs, index 1–7 (best).................................................96 .....■ .........3.2 Tariff dispersion, standard deviation ....................................................45 .....■ .........9.0 Tariff peaks, %.....................................................................................89 .....■ .......10.3 Specific tariffs, % ................................................................................95 .....■ .........9.2 Distinct tariffs, number ........................................................................97 .....■ .....1,382 Share of duty-free imports, % .............................................................39 .....■ .......63.9 Tariffs faced, %....................................................................................76 .....■ .........5.7 Margin of preference in destination markets, index 0–100 (best) ......84 .....■ .......12.2 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Uganda ...............................................0.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR .............................100.0 Chile ...................................................3.7 Nepal ................................................97.5 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:42 PM Page 149 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration 2.01 2.02 Burden of customs procedures, 1–7 (best) .........................................63 .....■ .........4.0 Customs services index, 0–12 (best) ..................................................71 .....■ .........6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Multiple economies.............................12 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 Efficiency of the clearance process, 1–5 (best)...................................23 .....■ .........3.4 Time to import, days............................................................................58 .....■ ..........18 Documents to import, number ..............................................................6 .....■ ............4 Cost to import, US$ per container.......................................................64 .....■ .....1,231 Time to export, days ............................................................................71 .....■ ..........20 Documents to export, number ..............................................................6 .....■ ............4 Cost to export, US$ per container.......................................................73 .....■ .....1,231 Luxembourg .......................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies...............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration 4.01 4.02 Irregular payments in exports and imports, 1–7 (best)........................63 .....■ .........3.9 Corruption Perceptions Index, 0–10 (best) ..........................................50 .....■ .........4.3 New Zealand ......................................6.7 New Zealand ......................................9.4 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 Airport density, number per million population....................................60 .....■ .........0.7 Transshipment connectivity index, 0–100 (best) ...................................8 .....■ .......93.5 Paved roads, % of total .........................................................................1 .....■ .....100.0 Quality of air transport infrastructure, 1–7 (best).................................80 .....■ .........4.1 Quality of railroad infrastructure, 1–7 (best) ........................................45 .....■ .........3.4 Quality of roads, 1–7 (best) .................................................................50 .....■ .........4.0 Quality of port infrastructure, 1–7 (best) .............................................78 .....■ .........3.7 Iceland ..............................................29.7 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies........................100.0 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 Liner Shipping Connectivity Index, 0–132.5 (best) ..............................12 .....■ .......70.0 Ease and affordability of shipment, 1–5 (best) ....................................36 .....■ .........3.2 Logistics competence, 1–5 (best)........................................................18 .....■ .........3.7 Tracking and tracing ability, 1–5 (best) .................................................21 .....■ .........3.8 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination, 1–5 (best) ..............23 .....■ .........4.1 Postal services efficiency, 1–7 (best) ..................................................80 .....■ .........4.2 GATS commitments in the transport sector, index 0–1 (best) ............20 .....■ .........0.4 China ..............................................132.5 Singapore ...........................................3.9 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Luxembourg .......................................4.6 Japan ..................................................6.8 Armenia ..............................................0.6 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 Extent of business Internet use, 1–7 (best) ........................................72 .....■ .........4.4 Mobile telephone subscriptions per 100 population .............................5 .....■ .....151.6 Broadband Internet subscribers per 100 population ...........................28 .....■ .......18.9 Internet users per 100 population .......................................................41 .....■ .......41.9 Fixed telephone lines per 100 population............................................32 .....■ .......35.6 Government Online Service Index, 0–1 (best).....................................80 .....■ .........0.3 Sweden ..............................................6.4 United Arab Emirates .....................208.6 Sweden ............................................41.2 Iceland ..............................................90.6 Switzerland.......................................64.1 Korea, Rep..........................................1.0 8th pillar: Regulatory environment 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 Property rights, 1–7 (best) ...................................................................56 .....■ .........4.2 Ethics and corruption, 1–7 (best) .........................................................90 .....■ .........2.5 Undue influence, 1–7 (best).................................................................93 .....■ .........2.9 Government efficiency, 1–7 (best).....................................................121 .....■ .........2.6 Domestic competition, 1–7 (best) .......................................................74 .....■ .........4.2 Efficiency of the financial market, 1–7 (best) ......................................77 .....■ .........3.4 Openness to foreign participation, index 1–7 (best)............................83 .....■ .........4.4 Ease of hiring foreign labor, 1–7 (best) ................................................28 .....■ .........4.9 Prevalence of foreign ownership, 1–7 (best).....................................106 .....■ .........4.1 Business impact of rules on FDI, 1–7 (best) .....................................116 .....■ .........3.7 Restriction on international capital flows, 1–7 (best)...........................93 .....■ .........3.8 Openness to multilateral trade rules, index 0–100 (best)....................19 .....■ .......78.1 Switzerland.........................................6.4 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Sweden ..............................................6.2 Singapore ...........................................6.0 Singapore ...........................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.2 United Arab Emirates .........................6.2 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.5 Slovenia ............................................93.1 9th pillar: Physical security 9.01 9.02 9.03 Reliability of police services, 1–7 (best)...............................................46 .....■ .........4.6 Business costs of crime and violence, 1–7 (best) ...............................83 .....■ .........4.4 Business costs of terrorism, 1–7 (best)...............................................64 .....■ .........5.6 Finland ................................................6.6 Qatar ..................................................6.7 Austria ................................................6.8 The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 149 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:42 PM Page 150 Jamaica Key indicators Population (millions), 2009 .................................................2.7 Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)............................11.0 GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ..................................................11.9 Real GDP growth (percent), 2009 ....................................–3.6 GDP per capita (current prices, US$), 2009 ................4,397.5 Country World Trade 120 80 ■ FDI inflows 48 6090 36 Total exports (rank out of 120), 2007 ..................................92 4060 24 Total imports (rank out of 120), 2007 ..................................86 2030 12 GDP per capita (rank out of 124), 2009...............................66 Source: IMF; UNFPA; World Bank; UNCTAD; WTO 00 0 1996 1996 1998 1998 2000 2000 2002 2002 2004 2004 2006 2006 2008 2008 Selected trade indicators Current account balance (share of GDP), 2009 ..............–14.4 Main trading partners, 2008 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions), 2008 .......2,703.3 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Services exports (US$ millions), 2008.........................2,734.7 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions), 2008 ........8,548.9 Exports Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ........................2,340.6 United States EU27 Canada Russian Federation Iceland Others WTO accession year .......................................................1995 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................2 150 MFN tariffs, simple avg., 2008: bound; applied ........49.6; 7.5 Imports 40.3 29.8 10.6 5.2 3.2 10.9 United States Trinidad and Tobago Venezuela EU27 China Others 39.4 17.5 11.6 6.0 3.8 21.8 Tariff escalation (rate diff. raw to finished), 2006 .............–4.7 Exports and imports by sector, 2008 Tariff rate for agricultural products, 2008 .........................19.7 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Tariff rate for non-agricultural products, 2008 ....................5.6 ■ ■ Agriculture Agriculture Agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...........................35.2 ■ ■ Fuels Fuels and and mining mining ■ ■ Manufactures Manufactures Non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ......................4.6 Exports Exports 7.3 7.3 13.1 Imports Imports 17.9 17.9 12.9 Source: IMF; ITC; World Bank; WTO Enabling Trade Index 0 00 Rank (out of 125) 19.5 19.5 71.7 71.7 76.1 16.9 16.9 42.9 20 65.1 65.1 40 2020 10.1 60 4040 44.2 80 6060 100 8080 100 100 Score (1–7 scale) 2010 Index..............................................................................74 3.9 2009 Index....................................................................................................................79 3.7 Market access ...................................................................................................59 4.2 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access ............................................59 4.2 Border administration.......................................................................................76 3.8 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration............................................53 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures ........................................88 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration .........................................90 4.3 4.2 2.9 Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................54 3.9 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure......................49 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services ...............................71 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs..............................................................56 4.7 3.6 3.4 Business environment ......................................................................................91 3.8 8th pillar: Regulatory environment ...................................................................64 9th pillar: Physical security..............................................................................104 3.8 3.8 1 2 3 4 5 6 Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performing economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.” The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 7 Jamaica The Enabling Trade Index 2010 in detail INDICATOR, UNITS ■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/125 SCORE BEST PERFORMER SCORE 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 Tariff rate, % ........................................................................................80 .....■ .........7.4 Non-tariff measures, index 0–100 (best) ............................................n/a ..................n/a Complexity of tariffs, index 1–7 (best).................................................69 .....■ .........5.6 Tariff dispersion, standard deviation ....................................................97 .....■ .......11.7 Tariff peaks, %.....................................................................................88 .....■ .......10.0 Specific tariffs, % ..................................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Distinct tariffs, number ........................................................................33 .....■ ..........12 Share of duty-free imports, % .............................................................70 .....■ .......57.3 Tariffs faced, %....................................................................................75 .....■ .........5.7 Margin of preference in destination markets, index 0–100 (best) ......56 .....■ .......32.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Uganda ...............................................0.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR .............................100.0 Chile ...................................................3.7 Nepal ................................................97.5 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:42 PM Page 151 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration 2.01 2.02 Burden of customs procedures, 1–7 (best) .........................................95 .....■ .........3.4 Customs services index, 0–12 (best) ..................................................36 .....■ .........8.7 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Multiple economies.............................12 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 Efficiency of the clearance process, 1–5 (best).................................118 .....■ .........2.0 Time to import, days............................................................................75 .....■ ..........22 Documents to import, number ............................................................37 .....■ ............6 Cost to import, US$ per container.......................................................75 .....■ .....1,420 Time to export, days ............................................................................79 .....■ ..........21 Documents to export, number ............................................................47 .....■ ............6 Cost to export, US$ per container.....................................................105 .....■ .....1,750 Luxembourg .......................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies...............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration 4.01 4.02 Irregular payments in exports and imports, 1–7 (best)........................97 .....■ .........2.9 Corruption Perceptions Index, 0–10 (best) ..........................................79 .....■ .........3.0 New Zealand ......................................6.7 New Zealand ......................................9.4 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 Airport density, number per million population....................................53 .....■ .........0.7 Transshipment connectivity index, 0–100 (best) .................................41 .....■ .......74.3 Paved roads, % of total .......................................................................44 .....■ .......73.3 Quality of air transport infrastructure, 1–7 (best).................................35 .....■ .........5.5 Quality of railroad infrastructure, 1–7 (best) ......................................122 .....■ .........1.1 Quality of roads, 1–7 (best) .................................................................59 .....■ .........3.8 Quality of port infrastructure, 1–7 (best) .............................................25 .....■ .........5.3 Iceland ..............................................29.7 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies........................100.0 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 Liner Shipping Connectivity Index, 0–132.5 (best) ..............................49 .....■ .......19.6 Ease and affordability of shipment, 1–5 (best) ....................................75 .....■ .........2.8 Logistics competence, 1–5 (best)......................................................102 .....■ .........2.3 Tracking and tracing ability, 1–5 (best) .................................................57 .....■ .........3.1 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination, 1–5 (best) ............112 .....■ .........2.8 Postal services efficiency, 1–7 (best) ................................................102 .....■ .........3.7 GATS commitments in the transport sector, index 0–1 (best) ............19 .....■ .........0.4 China ..............................................132.5 Singapore ...........................................3.9 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Luxembourg .......................................4.6 Japan ..................................................6.8 Armenia ..............................................0.6 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 Extent of business Internet use, 1–7 (best) ........................................59 .....■ .........4.6 Mobile telephone subscriptions per 100 population ...........................50 .....■ .....100.6 Broadband Internet subscribers per 100 population ...........................63 .....■ .........3.6 Internet users per 100 population .......................................................30 .....■ .......56.9 Fixed telephone lines per 100 population............................................78 .....■ .......11.7 Government Online Service Index, 0–1 (best).....................................94 .....■ .........0.2 Sweden ..............................................6.4 United Arab Emirates .....................208.6 Sweden ............................................41.2 Iceland ..............................................90.6 Switzerland.......................................64.1 Korea, Rep..........................................1.0 8th pillar: Regulatory environment 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 Property rights, 1–7 (best) ...................................................................58 .....■ .........4.2 Ethics and corruption, 1–7 (best) .........................................................86 .....■ .........2.6 Undue influence, 1–7 (best).................................................................53 .....■ .........3.7 Government efficiency, 1–7 (best).......................................................88 .....■ .........3.2 Domestic competition, 1–7 (best) .......................................................61 .....■ .........4.3 Efficiency of the financial market, 1–7 (best) ......................................61 .....■ .........3.7 Openness to foreign participation, index 1–7 (best)............................64 .....■ .........4.7 Ease of hiring foreign labor, 1–7 (best) ..............................................102 .....■ .........3.8 Prevalence of foreign ownership, 1–7 (best).......................................37 .....■ .........5.4 Business impact of rules on FDI, 1–7 (best) .......................................32 .....■ .........5.4 Restriction on international capital flows, 1–7 (best)...........................44 .....■ .........5.0 Openness to multilateral trade rules, index 0–100 (best)..................108 .....■ .......46.0 Switzerland.........................................6.4 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Sweden ..............................................6.2 Singapore ...........................................6.0 Singapore ...........................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.2 United Arab Emirates .........................6.2 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.5 Slovenia ............................................93.1 9th pillar: Physical security 9.01 9.02 9.03 Reliability of police services, 1–7 (best)...............................................89 .....■ .........3.6 Business costs of crime and violence, 1–7 (best) .............................122 .....■ .........2.2 Business costs of terrorism, 1–7 (best)...............................................61 .....■ .........5.7 Finland ................................................6.6 Qatar ..................................................6.7 Austria ................................................6.8 The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 151 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:42 PM Page 152 Japan Key indicators Population (millions), 2009 .............................................127.2 Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)..........................377.9 GDP (US$ billions), 2009 .............................................5,048.6 Real GDP growth (percent), 2009 ....................................–5.4 GDP per capita (current prices, US$), 2009 ..............39,573.5 Country World Trade 80 ■ FDI inflows 0.6 4 60 0.4 3 Total exports (rank out of 120), 2007 ....................................4 40 0.2 2 Total imports (rank out of 120), 2007 ....................................5 20 0.0 1 GDP per capita (rank out of 124), 2009...............................16 Source: IMF; UNFPA; World Bank; UNCTAD; WTO 0 –0.2 0 1996 1998 2000 2002 2002 2004 2004 2006 2006 2008 2008 Selected trade indicators Current account balance (share of GDP), 2009 ..................1.9 Main trading partners, 2008 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions), 2008 ...782,047.4 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Services exports (US$ millions), 2008.....................146,440.0 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions), 2008 ....762,589.0 Exports Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ....................167,443.1 United States China EU27 Korea, Rep. Taiwan, China Others WTO accession year .......................................................1995 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ......................11 152 MFN tariffs, simple avg., 2008: bound; applied ..........5.4; 5.4 Imports 17.8 16.0 14.1 7.6 5.9 38.6 China United States EU27 Saudi Arabia Australia Others 18.8 10.4 9.2 6.7 6.2 48.7 Tariff escalation (rate diff. raw to finished), 2008 .............–6.4 Exports and imports by sector, 2008 Tariff rate for agricultural products, 2008 .........................25.3 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Tariff rate for non-agricultural products, 2008 ....................1.2 ■ ■ Agriculture Agriculture Agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...........................32.7 ■ ■ Fuels Fuels and and mining mining ■ ■ Manufactures Manufactures 1.1 Non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ......................1.3 Exports Exports 7.3 7.3 4.8 Imports Imports 17.9 10.6 17.9 Source: IMF; ITC; World Bank; WTO Enabling Trade Index 0 00 Rank (out of 125) 19.5 19.5 71.7 71.7 88.6 16.9 16.9 42.8 65.1 65.1 20 40 2020 60 4040 44.9 80 6060 100 8080 100 100 Score (1–7 scale) 2010 Index..............................................................................25 4.8 2009 Index....................................................................................................................23 4.8 Market access .................................................................................................121 3.2 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access ..........................................121 3.2 Border administration.......................................................................................16 5.7 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration............................................17 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures ........................................18 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration .........................................15 5.5 5.7 5.8 Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................14 5.4 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure......................20 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services .................................4 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs..............................................................23 5.5 5.8 5.1 Business environment ......................................................................................34 4.9 8th pillar: Regulatory environment ...................................................................28 9th pillar: Physical security................................................................................48 4.6 5.2 1 2 3 4 5 6 Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performing economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.” The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 7 Japan The Enabling Trade Index 2010 in detail INDICATOR, UNITS ■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/125 SCORE BEST PERFORMER SCORE 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 Tariff rate, % ........................................................................................35 .....■ .........2.7 Non-tariff measures, index 0–100 (best) .............................................84 .....■ .......62.0 Complexity of tariffs, index 1–7 (best).................................................93 .....■ .........3.5 Tariff dispersion, standard deviation ..................................................118 .....■ .......27.2 Tariff peaks, %.....................................................................................75 .....■ .........7.4 Specific tariffs, % ................................................................................89 .....■ .........6.5 Distinct tariffs, number ........................................................................91 .....■ ........716 Share of duty-free imports, % .............................................................19 .....■ .......77.2 Tariffs faced, %..................................................................................123 .....■ .........6.2 Margin of preference in destination markets, index 0–100 (best) ....124 .....■ .........1.8 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Uganda ...............................................0.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR .............................100.0 Chile ...................................................3.7 Nepal ................................................97.5 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:42 PM Page 153 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration 2.01 2.02 Burden of customs procedures, 1–7 (best) .........................................46 .....■ .........4.4 Customs services index, 0–12 (best) ....................................................9 .....■ .......11.3 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Multiple economies.............................12 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 Efficiency of the clearance process, 1–5 (best)...................................10 .....■ .........3.8 Time to import, days............................................................................25 .....■ ..........11 Documents to import, number ............................................................18 .....■ ............5 Cost to import, US$ per container.......................................................46 .....■ .....1,047 Time to export, days ............................................................................26 .....■ ..........10 Documents to export, number ..............................................................6 .....■ ............4 Cost to export, US$ per container.......................................................49 .....■ ........989 Luxembourg .......................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies...............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration 4.01 4.02 Irregular payments in exports and imports, 1–7 (best)........................17 .....■ .........6.0 Corruption Perceptions Index, 0–10 (best) ..........................................17 .....■ .........7.7 New Zealand ......................................6.7 New Zealand ......................................9.4 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 Airport density, number per million population....................................65 .....■ .........0.6 Transshipment connectivity index, 0–100 (best) .................................15 .....■ .......85.2 Paved roads, % of total .......................................................................39 .....■ .......79.3 Quality of air transport infrastructure, 1–7 (best).................................48 .....■ .........5.1 Quality of railroad infrastructure, 1–7 (best) ..........................................2 .....■ .........6.6 Quality of roads, 1–7 (best) .................................................................22 .....■ .........5.6 Quality of port infrastructure, 1–7 (best) .............................................31 .....■ .........5.2 Iceland ..............................................29.7 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies........................100.0 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 Liner Shipping Connectivity Index, 0–132.5 (best) ..............................14 .....■ .......66.3 Ease and affordability of shipment, 1–5 (best) ....................................12 .....■ .........3.6 Logistics competence, 1–5 (best)..........................................................7 .....■ .........4.0 Tracking and tracing ability, 1–5 (best) ...................................................7 .....■ .........4.1 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination, 1–5 (best) ..............13 .....■ .........4.3 Postal services efficiency, 1–7 (best) ....................................................1 .....■ .........6.8 GATS commitments in the transport sector, index 0–1 (best) ..............8 .....■ .........0.5 China ..............................................132.5 Singapore ...........................................3.9 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Switzerland.........................................4.3 Luxembourg .......................................4.6 Japan ..................................................6.8 Armenia ..............................................0.6 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 Extent of business Internet use, 1–7 (best) ........................................10 .....■ .........5.9 Mobile telephone subscriptions per 100 population ...........................68 .....■ .......86.7 Broadband Internet subscribers per 100 population ...........................19 .....■ .......23.7 Internet users per 100 population .......................................................12 .....■ .......75.4 Fixed telephone lines per 100 population............................................30 .....■ .......38.0 Government Online Service Index, 0–1 (best).....................................13 .....■ .........0.7 Sweden ..............................................6.4 United Arab Emirates .....................208.6 Sweden ............................................41.2 Iceland ..............................................90.6 Switzerland.......................................64.1 Korea, Rep..........................................1.0 8th pillar: Regulatory environment 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 Property rights, 1–7 (best) ...................................................................18 .....■ .........5.7 Ethics and corruption, 1–7 (best) .........................................................34 .....■ .........4.0 Undue influence, 1–7 (best).................................................................20 .....■ .........5.0 Government efficiency, 1–7 (best).......................................................38 .....■ .........4.1 Domestic competition, 1–7 (best) .......................................................33 .....■ .........4.8 Efficiency of the financial market, 1–7 (best) ......................................38 .....■ .........4.3 Openness to foreign participation, index 1–7 (best)............................77 .....■ .........4.5 Ease of hiring foreign labor, 1–7 (best) ..............................................111 .....■ .........3.6 Prevalence of foreign ownership, 1–7 (best).......................................89 .....■ .........4.4 Business impact of rules on FDI, 1–7 (best) .......................................92 .....■ .........4.5 Restriction on international capital flows, 1–7 (best)...........................50 .....■ .........4.8 Openness to multilateral trade rules, index 0–100 (best)....................41 .....■ .......71.0 Switzerland.........................................6.4 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Sweden ..............................................6.2 Singapore ...........................................6.0 Singapore ...........................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.2 United Arab Emirates .........................6.2 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6 Singapore ...........................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.5 Slovenia ............................................93.1 9th pillar: Physical security 9.01 9.02 9.03 Reliability of police services, 1–7 (best)...............................................22 .....■ .........5.8 Business costs of crime and violence, 1–7 (best) ...............................61 .....■ .........4.9 Business costs of terrorism, 1–7 (best).............................................101 .....■ .........4.8 Finland ................................................6.6 Qatar ..................................................6.7 Austria ................................................6.8 The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 153 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:42 PM Page 154 Jordan Key indicators Population (millions), 2009 .................................................6.3 Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)............................88.8 GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ..................................................22.6 Real GDP growth (percent), 2009 ......................................3.0 GDP per capita (current prices, US$), 2009 ................3,766.2 GDP per capita (rank out of 124), 2009...............................76 Total exports (rank out of 120), 2007 ..................................78 Total imports (rank out of 120), 2007 ..................................70 Source: IMF; UNFPA; World Bank; UNCTAD; WTO Country World Trade 200 80 ■ FDI inflows 425 160 60 20 3 120 40 80 15 2 10 2040 15 00 0 1996 1996 1998 1998 2000 2000 2002 2002 2004 2004 2006 2006 2008 2008 Selected trade indicators Current account balance (share of GDP), 2009 ..............–10.0 Main trading partners, 2008 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions), 2008 .......7,785.0 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Services exports (US$ millions), 2008.........................4,291.0 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions), 2008 ......16,942.0 Exports Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ........................3,912.6 Iraq India United States Saudi Arabia UAE Others WTO accession year .......................................................2000 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................5 154 MFN tariffs, simple avg., 2008: bound; applied ......16.3; 10.8 Imports 16.5 16.5 13.5 7.0 4.7 41.8 Saudi Arabia EU27 China United States Egypt Others 21.6 20.9 10.4 4.6 4.3 38.2 Tariff escalation (rate diff. raw to finished), 2007 ...............3.3 Exports and imports by sector, 2008 Tariff rate for agricultural products, 2008 .........................10.7 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent) Tariff rate for non-agricultural products, 2008 ....................9.3 ■ ■ Agriculture Agriculture Agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 .............................3.5 ■ ■ Fuels Fuels and and mining mining ■ ■ Manufactures Manufactures Non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ......................0.0 Exports Exports 7.3 7.3 13.8 Imports Imports Source: IMF; ITC; World Bank; WTO Enabling Trade Index 17.9 17.9 18.0 0 00 Rank (out of 125) 19.5 19.5 8.6 71.7 71.7 76.0 16.9 16.9 24.6 65.1 65.155.1 20 40 2020 60 4040 80 6060 100 8080 100 100 Score (1–7 scale) 2010 Index..............................................................................39 4.6 2009 Index....................................................................................................................37 4.4 Market access ...................................................................................................51 4.4 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access ............................................51 4.4 Border administration.......................................................................................45 4.6 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration............................................50 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures ........................................61 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration .........................................36 4.4 4.7 4.6 Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................52 3.9 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure......................50 6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services ...............................53 7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs..............................................................65 4.6 4.0 3.2 Business environment ......................................................................................21 5.3 8th pillar: Regulatory environment ...................................................................30 9th pillar: Physical security................................................................................13 4.6 6.0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performing economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.” The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum 7 Jordan The Enabling Trade Index 2010 in detail INDICATOR, UNITS ■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/125 SCORE BEST PERFORMER SCORE 1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 Tariff rate, % ........................................................................................90 .....■ .........9.5 Non-tariff measures, index 0–100 (best) .............................................80 .....■ .......52.6 Complexity of tariffs, index 1–7 (best).................................................50 .....■ .........6.4 Tariff dispersion, standard deviation ..................................................108 .....■ .......14.7 Tariff peaks, %.....................................................................................34 .....■ .........0.5 Specific tariffs, % ................................................................................48 .....■ .........0.1 Distinct tariffs, number ........................................................................59 .....■ ..........33 Share of duty-free imports, % .............................................................38 .....■ .......64.8 Tariffs faced, %....................................................................................29 .....■ .........5.2 Margin of preference in destination markets, index 0–100 (best) ......25 .....■ .......53.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Uganda ...............................................0.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR .............................100.0 Chile ...................................................3.7 Nepal ................................................97.5 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:42 PM Page 155 2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration 2.01 2.02 Burden of customs procedures, 1–7 (best) .........................................32 .....■ .........4.6 Customs services index, 0–12 (best) ..................................................68 .....■ .........6.8 Singapore ...........................................6.4 Multiple economies.............................12 3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 Efficiency of the clearance process, 1–5 (best)...................................88 .....■ .........2.3 Time to import, days............................................................................62 .....■ ..........19 Documents to import, number ............................................................50 .....■ ............7 Cost to import, US$ per container.......................................................68 .....■ .....1,290 Time to export, days ............................................................................55 .....■ ..........17 Documents to export, number ............................................................73 .....■ ............7 Cost to export, US$ per container.......................................................20 .....■ ........730 Luxembourg .......................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies...............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration 4.01 4.02 Irregular payments in exports and imports, 1–7 (best)........................32 .....■ .........5.2 Corruption Perceptions Index, 0–10 (best) ..........................................40 .....■ .........5.0 New Zealand ......................................6.7 New Zealand ......................................9.4 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 Airport density, number per million population....................................88 .....■ .........0.3 Transshipment connectivity index, 0–100 (best) .................................42 .....■ .......73.7 Paved roads, % of total .........................................................................1 .....■ .....100.0 Quality of air transport infrastructure, 1–7 (best).................................30 ....
