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42452_App-06_p625-642
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6:27 PM
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APPENDIX 6
Answers to Even-Numbered and
Challenge Questions & Problems
CHAPTER 1
2. (a) element
(b) compound
(c) mixture
(d) element
4. (a) solution
(b) solution
(c) heterogeneous mixture
6. (a) chromatography
(b) distillation or chromatography
8. (a) Cl
(b) P
(c) K
(d) Hg
10. (a) silicon
(b) sulfur
(c) iron
(d) zinc
12. (a) meter stick
(b) pipet or buret
(c) thermometer
14. (a) less than
(b) greater than
(c) equal
16. 177°C; 4.50 102 K
18. Gallium is still a solid
20. (a) 3
(b) 4
(c) 4
(d) 1
(e) 5
22. 23.6 cm3
24. (a) 0.5
(b) 401.4
(c) 0.2684
(d) 7.8
26. (a) 132.5 g
(b) 298.69 cm
(c) 13 lb
(d) 3.4 102 oz
28. (a) 4.0206 103 mL
(b) 1.006 g
(c) 1.001 102°C
30. c
32. (a) 6.743 104 Å
(b) 2.655 104 in
9
(c) 4.190 10 mi
34. (a) 1.15078 mi
(b) 1852 m
(c) 25 mph
36. 1.2 minutes; 1.6 minutes
38. 1.85 103 g/mL
40. 3.97 1014 L
42. 393.8 mg
44. 1.07 g/mL
46. 1.6 g/mL
48. 5.10 102 m
50. 2.0 105 L
52. supersaturated; 5 g
54. (a) 18.0 g KCl
(b) 108 g H2O
(c) no; yes
56. (a) physical
(b) physical
(c) physical
(d) chemical
58. 0.08818 cm3 Pb
763 cm3 O
Oxygen is a gas; lead is
a solid.
60. 0.376 in3
62. 2.35 cm
64. (a) Chemical properties show the behavior of the species in
a reaction; physical properties are intrinsic qualities.
(b) Distillation vaporizes the liquid; filtration removes the
solid.
(c) The solute is a component of the solution.
66.
Ethyl alcohol
Pb
Hg
68.
69.
70.
71.
320°F 160°C
1.2 km2
21.9 cm
8.1 103 g Pb
CHAPTER 2
2.
4.
6.
8.
10.
See page 27
(a) none
(b) Conservation of mass
(c) neither
(a) Rutherford; see pages 29 – 30
86 p, 134 n
54
56
26Fe;
26Fe;
They differ in the number of neutrons. Fe-54 has 28, while
Fe-56 has 30.
12. (a) 22
(b) 21
(c) 23
10Ne
11Na
11Na; yes
14. (a) 34
(b) 41
(c) 34
(d) 41 n, 34 p, 36 e
16.
Nuclear
symbol
Charge
Number of
protons
Number of
neutrons
Number of
electrons
79
35 Br
14 3
7N
75
5
33 As
90 4
40 Zr
0
3
5
4
35
7
33
40
44
7
42
50
35
10
28
36
18. (a)
(c)
20. (a)
(d)
22. (a)
(c)
(e)
24. (a)
26. (a)
28. (a)
30. (a)
32. (a)
(c)
(e)
34. (a)
360 p, 360 e
(b) 13 p, 14 e
22 p , 22 e
(d) 7 p, 10 e
manganese
(b) sodium
(c) arsenic
sulfur
(e) lead
transition metal
(b) main group metal
metalloid
(d) nonmetal
main group, post-transition metal
5
(b) 3
(c) 2
1
(b) 7
(c) 4
CH3COOH, C2H4O2
(b) CH3Cl
H2O
(b) NH3
(c) N2H4
(d) SF6
(e) PCl5
carbon monoxide
(b) silicon carbide
xenon hexafluoride
(d) tetraphosphorus decaoxide
acetylene
BaI2, Ba3N2
(b) FeO, Fe2O3
625
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Answers to Even-Numbered and Challenge Questions & Problems
36. (a) Co(C2H3O2)2
(b) BaO
(c) Al2S3
(d) KMnO4
(e) NaHCO3
38. (a) scandium(III) chloride
(b) strontium hydroxide
(c) potassium permanganate
(d) rubidium sulfide
(e) sodium carbonate
40. (a) HCl
(b) NaNO2
(c) Cr2(SO3)3
(d) KClO3
(e) Fe(BrO4)3
42. Na2Cr2O7, bromine triiodide, Cu(ClO)2, disulfur dichloride,
K3N
44. (a) Sn; tin
(b) V; vanadium
(c) Cs; cesium
(d) Sb; antimony
46. (a) C2H7N
(b) C2H5NH2
48. (a) usually true
(b) always true
(c) usually true
50. a
52. only #4.
54.
2
56. 126
52Te
58. c
59. (a) Ratio of C in ethane to C in ethylene/g H is 3:2.
(b) CH3, CH2; C2H6, C2H4
60. 3.71 g/cm3; lots of space between atoms
61. 1.4963 1023 g
62. (a) 2.5 1024 molecules
(b) 2.3 1020
2
(c) 2.8 10 molecules
20. (a)
(b)
(c)
22. (a)
(b)
(c)
24. (a)
26.
adbc
16.00 amu
64.94 amu; 65
29Cu
0.04% O – 17, 99.76% O – 16
(a) two — HCl-35 and HCl-37
(c) 100
Number
Number
Number
of Grams
of Moles
of Molecules
of O Atoms
(a)
0.1364 g
7.100 104 mol
4.276 1020 molec.
2.993 1021 atoms
(b)
239.8 g
1.248 mol
7.515 1023 molec.
5.261 1024 atoms
(c)
13.8 g
7.17 102 mol
4.32 1022 molec.
3.02 1023 atoms
7.93 5.55 1019 atom
(d)
0.00253 g
28.
30.
32.
34.
36.
38.
40.
42.
44.
46.
48.
50.
52.
(b) 36 and 38
54.
56.
80
58.
60
60.
62.
64.
40
20
0
12. (a)
(b)
14. (a)
16. (a)
(c)
18. (a)
66.
68.
36
37
Mass (amu)
38
5.93 1017 g
7.65 1022 mol
6 1013 atoms
(b) 9 1011 mol
0.35744 mol
(b) 2.152 1023 atoms
9.039 1024
1275 neutrons
(b) 7.68 1024
(c) 3.4 1014
(c) 3.84 103 g
Number
CHAPTER 3
2.
4.
6.
8.
10.
69.72 g/mol
145.16 g/mol
242.22 g/mol
0.2895 mol
6.582 104 mol
0.00733 mol
844 g
(b) 4.12 103 g
70.
72.
74.
76.
78.
1.32 105
mol
1018
molec.
30.93% Al; 45.86% O; 2.889% H; 20.32% Cl
5.48 g
40.0%
38.40% C; 1.50% H; 52.3% Cl; 7.80% O
Ni2S3; nickel(III) sulfide
(a) C7H5O3SN
(b) C6H10S2O
(c) Na2S2O3
C8H8O3
C17H20N4O6
Simplest formula: CH4N
Molecular formula: C2H8N2
51.18%; 3.825 g
(a) 2H2S(g) SO2(g) 9: 3S(s) 2H2O(g)
(b) 2CH4(g) 2NH3(g) 3 O2(g) 9: 2HCN(g) 6H2O(g)
(c) Fe2O3(s) 3H2(g) 9: 2Fe() 3H2O(g)
(a) 2Al(s) 3S(s) 9: Al2S3(s)
(b) 2Al(s) 3Br2(l) 9: 2AlBr3(s)
(c) 2Al(s) N2(g) 9: 2AlN(s)
(d) 4Al(s) 3 O2(g) 9: 2Al2O3(s)
(e) 2Al(s) 3 O2(g) 9: Al2(O2)3(s)
(a) 2F2(g) H2O(l) 9: OF2(g) 2HF(g)
(b) 7 O2(g) 4NH3(g) 9: 4NO2(g) 6H2O(l)
(c) Au2S3(s) 3H2(g) 9: 2Au(s) 3H2S(g)
(d) 2NaHCO3(s) 9: Na2CO3(s) H2O(l) CO2(g)
(e) SO2(g) 4HF(l) 9: SF4(g) 2H2O(l)
(a) 0.9742 mol
(b) 0.595 mol
(c) 2.980 mol
(d) 6.656 mol
(a) 882.2 g
(b) 16.7 g
(c) 2.368 g
(d) 38.60 g
(a) SiO2(s) 2C(s) 9: Si(s) 2CO(g)
(b) 0.4528 mol
(c) 89.72 g
(a) 98.4 g
(b) 76 L
28 g KO2
(a) 2Al(s) 3S(s) 9: Al2S3(s)
(b) Al
(c) 0.590 mol
(d) 0.48 mol
9.4 102 g
(a) 3Al(s) 3NH4ClO4(s) 9:
Al2O3(s) AlCl3(s) 3NO(g) 6H2O(g)
(b) 2.70 g Al2O3
(c) 57.8%
(d) 4.86 g
2.76 103 g; 526 mL
(a) approximately 0.75 g
(b) Fe
(c) O2
(d) 3.0 g
(e) Fe2O3
6.4 1020 atoms
NH3 will cost the least.
2AB3 3C 9: 3CB2 2A
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Chapter 4
627
80.
+
82. (a) false — theoretical yield is 4.0 mol
(b) false — theoretical yield is 2.9 102 g
(c) true
(d) false — need only to know the amount of limiting
reactant
(e) true
(f) false — total mass of reactants equal to total mass of
products
(g) false — 2 mol HF consumed/mol CCl4 used
(h) true
84. 12.5 g
86. (a) False
(b) False
(c) True
(d) False
(e) False
(f) False
(g) True
(h) False
87. 893 g/mol
88. 6.01 1023 atoms
89. 3.657 g CaO; 2.972 g Ca3N2
90. 34.7%
91. (a) V2O3; V2O5
(b) 2.271 g
92. 28%
CHAPTER 4
2. (a)
(b)
(c)
4. (a)
(c)
6. (a)
(c)
8. (a)
(c)
10. (a)
(c)
12. (a)
(b)
14. (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
16. (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
18. (a)
20. (a)
(b)
Dissolve 2.50 102 g of Ni(NO3)2 in 2.00 L of solution
Dissolve 184 g of CuCl2 in 2.00 L of solution
Dissolve 241 g of C6H8O6 in 2.00 L of solution
0.0205 mol
(b) 1.78 L
152 g
(d) 0.180 M
0.1405 mol ions
(b) 0.1233 mol ion
0.1181 mol ion
(d) 0.2683 mol ions
BaCl2; soluble
(b) Mg(OH)2(s); insoluble
Cr2(CO3)3; insoluble
(d) K3PO4; soluble
sodium phosphate
(b) sodium carbonate
sodium hydroxide
Ca2(aq) CO32(aq) 9: CaCO3(s)
Ba2(aq) SO42(aq) Fe3(aq) 3 OH(aq) 9:
BaSO4(s) Fe(OH)3 (s)
no reaction
Mn2(aq) 2 OH(aq) 9: Mn(OH)2(s)
Ag(aq) Cl(aq) 9: AgCl(s)
Co2(aq) 2 OH(aq) 9: Co(OH)2(s);
Ba2(aq) SO42(aq) 9: BaSO4(s)
no reaction
3Ba2(aq) 2PO43(aq) 9: Ba3(PO4)2(s)
Zn2(aq) 2OH(aq) 9: Zn(OH)2(s)
no reaction
Co3(aq) PO43(aq) 9: CoPO4(s)
51.80 mL
(b) 362.5 mL
(c) 108 mL
2Al3(aq) 3CO32(aq) 9: Al2(CO3)3(s)
0.108 M
(c) 0.379 g
22. (a) H2SO3
(b) HClO2
(c) H
(d) H
(e) HCHO2
24. (a) C8H6NH
(b) OH
(c) NH3
(d) OH
26. (a) weak acid
(b) weak base
(c) strong base
(d) strong acid
28. (a) HC2H3O2(aq) OH(aq) 9: H2O C2H3O2(aq)
(b) (C2H5)2NH(aq) H(aq) 9: (C2H5)2NH2(aq)
(c) HCN(aq) OH(aq) 9: H2O CN(aq)
30. (a) H(aq) C5H5N(aq) 9: C5H5NH(aq)
(b) H(aq) OH(aq) 9: H2O
(c) correct
(d) NH3(aq) H(aq) 9: NH4(aq)
(e) correct
32. 0.0121 L
34. (a) 8.14 mL
(b) 282 mL
(c) 84.4 mL
36. 5.630%; Yes
38. 73.9%
40. one
42. (a) CH4: C 4; H 1
(b) H2SO3: O 2; H 1; S 4
(c) Na2O: O 2; Na 1
(d) H2PO
4 : O 2; H 1; P 5
44. (a) H 1; I 5; O 2
(b) Na 1, Mn 7, O 2
(c) Sn 4, O 2
(d) N 3, O 2, F 1
(e) Na 1, O 12
46. (a) reduction
(b) reduction
(c) oxidation
(d) oxidation
48. (a) TiO2(s) 4H(aq) e 9: Ti3(aq) 2H2O
(b) Zn2(aq) 2e 9: Zn(s)
(c) 2NH4(aq) 8 OH(aq) 9: N2(g) 8H2O 6e
(d) CH3OH(aq) 2 OH(aq) 9: CH2O(aq) 2e 2H2O
50. (a) ClO(aq) 2e H2O 9: Cl(aq) 2OH(aq);
reduction
(b) NO3(aq) 3e 4H(aq) 9: NO(g) 2H2O;
reduction
(c) 2Ni2(aq) 6 OH(aq) 9: Ni2O3(s) 2e 3H2O
oxidation
(d) Mn2(aq) 2H2O 9: MnO2(s) 2e 4H(aq)
oxidation
52. (a) reduction: H2O2(aq) e 9: H2O; H2O2 — reduced,
oxidizing agent
oxidation: Ni2(aq) 9: Ni3(aq) e; Ni2 — oxidized,
reducing agent
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628
54.
56.
58.
60.
62.
64.
66.
68.
70.
72.
74.
76.
78.
80.
82.
83.
84.
85.
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APPENDIX 6
6:27 PM
Page 628
Answers to Even-Numbered and Challenge Questions & Problems
(b) reduction: Cr2O72(aq) 3e 9: Cr3(aq); CrO72 —
reduced, oxidizing agent
oxidation: Sn2(aq) 9: Sn4(aq) 2e; Sn2 —
oxidized, reducing agent
(a) 2Ni2(aq) H2O2(aq) 9: 2Ni3(aq) 2 OH(aq)
(b) Cr2O72(aq) 3Sn2(aq) 7H2O 9:
2Cr3(aq) 14OH(aq) 3Sn4(aq)
(a) P4(s) 12Cl(aq) 12H(aq) 9: 4PH3(g) 6Cl2(g)
(b) 2MnO4(aq) 6H(aq) 5NO2(aq) 9:
2Mn2(aq) 3H2O 5NO3(aq)
(c) 3HBrO3(aq) 2Bi(s) 9: 3HBrO2(aq) Bi2O3(s)
(d) 2CrO42(aq) 3SO32(aq) 10H(aq) 9:
2Cr3(aq) 3SO42(aq) 5H2O
(a) 2Ni(OH)2(s) N2H4(aq) 9: 2Ni(s) N2(g) 4H2O
(b) 3Fe(OH)3(s) Cr3(aq) 5OH(aq) 9:
3Fe(OH)2(s) CrO42(aq) 4H2O
(c) 2MnO4(aq) 3BrO3(aq) H2O 9:
2MnO2(s) 3BrO4(aq) 2OH(aq)
(d) 2H2O2(aq) IO4 (aq) 9: 2 O2(g) IO2(aq) 2H2O
(a) 2NO(g) 5H2(g) 9: 2NH3(g) 2H2O(g)
(b) H2O2(aq) 2ClO(aq) 2H(aq) 9:
O2(g) Cl2(g) 2H2O
(c) Zn(s) 2VO2(aq) 4H(aq) 9:
Zn2(aq) 2V3(aq) 2H2O
(a) I2(aq) 2S2O32(aq) 9: 2I(aq) S4O62(aq)
(b) 0.807 L
(a) 2H(aq) NO3(aq) Ag(s) 9:
Ag(aq) NO2(g) H2O
(b) 27.5 g
0.0834 M; 2.65 g
yes
0.379%
(a) Au(s) 4Cl(aq) NO3(aq) 4H(aq) 9:
AuCl4(aq) NO(g) 2H2O
(b) 4HCl: 1HNO3
(c) 7.9 mL HNO3; 42 mL HCl
(a) SA/WB
(b) WA/SB
(c) PPT
(d) PPT
(e) NR
(a) (1)
(b) (3)
(c) (2)
(a) weak
(b) non
(c) strong
(d) weak
X W Z Y
0.794 g CaC2O4; yes
0.29 L
1.09 g Cu; 3.09 g Ag
0.0980 M Fe2; 0.0364 M Fe3
CHAPTER 5
2. V 2.5 103 L;
nHe 2.14 104 mol;
T 298 K
4. 1215 mm Hg
1.600 atm
161.9 kPa
1.619 bar
543 mm Hg
0.714 atm
72.3 kPa
0.723 bar
1.07 103 mm Hg
1.41 atm
143 kPa
1.43 bar
678 mm Hg
0.892 atm
90.4 kPa
0.904 bar
6. 75°C
8. (a) 44°C
(b) 197°C
10. 31.5 psi (gauge pressure); 46.2 psi (actual pressure)
12.
14.
16.
18.
20.
827 mm Hg; yes
0.76 mol
0.20 atm
734.1 g
Pressure
Volume
Temperature
Moles
Grams
22.7 atm
0.895 atm
433 mm Hg
1.74 bar
1.75 L
6.16 L
92.4 mL
8.66 L
19°C
6°C
1.62 K
98°F
1.66 mol
0.241 mol
0.395 mol
0.584 mol
96.5 g
14.0 g
23.0 g
33.9 g
22. (a) 1.19 g/L
(b) 2.10 g/L
(c) 1.90 g/L
24. 1.29 g/L at sea level; 0.358 g/L on Mt. Everest
26. (a) 98.8 g/mol
(b) COCl2
28. (a) 28.6 g/mol
(b) density exhaled air 1.12 g/L;
density ordinary air 1.13 g/L
30. sulfur hexafluoride
32. 248 L
34. (a) NH4NO3(s) 9: N2O(g) 2H2O(g)
(b) 2.7 L
36. (a) 2NH4NO3(s) 9: 2N2(g) O2(g) 4H2O(g)
(b) 76.1 atm
38. (a) CH4: 1.06 atm
(b) C2H6: 0.11 atm
(c) C3H8: 0.030 atm
40. 8.49 L
42. 2.20 atm
44. (a) 5N2(g) 6H2O(g) 9: 4NH3(g) 6NO(g)
(b) 1.81 atm
(c) PNH3 0.724 atm; PNO 1.09 atm
46. 0.2682
48. 3.74 times faster
50. 15.8 s
52. (a) 217 m/s
(b) 2.70 102 m/s
54. (a) more
(b) less
56. (a) 84 g/L
(b) 65.5 g/L
(c) 340 atm
58. 4 m
60. (a) 1.000
(b) 0.5535
(c) 1.000
(d) 1.000
62. (a) 0.00454
(b) 0.038 g
64. C 32.0%; H 6.72%; N 18.7%; O 42.6%; C2H5NO2
66. (a) GT
(b) EQ
(c) LT
(d) GT
(e) GT
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Chapter 6
68.
After
Before
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
A
629
Vapor pressure implies the presence of some liquid together
with the vapor. As T increases, more liquid becomes gas,
increasing n and thus P.
5.74 g/mol; at T 15°C, He and H2 are in outer space. Ar is
present in Earth’s atmosphere.
3.0 ft from NH3 end
0.0456 L-atm/mol-°R
78.7%
6.62 m
0.897 atm
n
massA
VA nA
; but A V
n
n
massTOT
CHAPTER 6
2. (a) 0.750 m
(b) 2.65 1025 J
(c) 1.60 104 kJ/mol
4. (a) infrared
(b) 2.001 1014 s1
(c) 1.326 1019 J
6. (a) 127 nm
(b) ultraviolet
8. 3.8 1022 photons
10. (a) 102.5 nm
(b) ultraviolet
(c) yes
12.
0
n=4
n=3
n=2
B
–10 10–19
E( J)
–20 10–19
C
70. (a) PA PB
(b) PA PB
72. (a) bulb C
(b) 1.00 atm
(c) 4.50 atm
(d) 3.50 atm; 4.50 atm; same total pressure
A
B
C
(e) 3.00 atm; 4.50 atm; same total pressure
A
B
C
74. Ideal gas pressures: at 40°C 25.0 mm Hg; at 70°C 27.3 mm Hg; at 100°C 29.7 mm Hg
Vapor pressures: at 40°C 55.3 mm Hg; at 70°C 233.7 mm Hg; at 100°C 760 mm Hg
n=1
14. (a) 4.050 103 nm
(b) infrared
16. 1.875 103 nm
18. (a) 1, 0, 1
(b) 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3
(c) 0; m 0
1; m 1, 0, 1
2;
m 2, 1, 0, 1, 2
20. (a) 3s
(b) 4d
(c) 4f
(d) 2s
22. (a) p
(b) s
(c) d
24. (a) 9
(b) 3
(c) 7
(d) 5
26. (a) 2
(b) 2
(c) 10
28. (b) No 1p sublevel
(d) m cannot exceed 1
(e) m 0
30. (a) 1s2 2s2 2p1
(b) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2
(c) 1s2 2s2
(d) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14
5d10 6p3
(e) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p5
32. (a) [54Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d6
(b) [10Ne] 3s2
(c) [18Ar] 4s2 3d10 4p2
(d) [18Ar] 4s2 3d3
2
14
10
5
(e) [54Xe] 6s 4f 5d 6p
34. (a) Yb
(b) Sn
(c) Zr
(d) I
36. (a) 6/12
(b) 12/25
(c) 18/42
38. (a) excited
(b) ground
(c) excited
(d) impossible
(e) impossible
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630
40.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
12/12/02
APPENDIX 6
1s
(qp)
(qp)
(qp)
(qp)
2s
(qp)
(qp)
(qp)
(qp)
6:27 PM
Page 630
Answers to Even-Numbered and Challenge Questions & Problems
2p
(qp)(qp)(qp)
(qp)(q )(q )
(qp)(qp)(qp)
(qp)(qp)(qp)
42. (a) Mg
(b) P
(c) O
44. (a) Sn, Sb, Te
(b) K, Rb, Cs, Fr
(d) none
46. (a) 0
(b) 5
(c) 0
48. (a) Ca
(b) K, Ga
(c) none
50. (a) S: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4
(b) Al: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1
(c) V: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d3
(d) Cu: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10
3s
(q )
3p
4s
3d
(qp)
(qp)
(qp)(qp)(qp)
(qp)(qp)(q )
(qp)
(qp)(qp)(q )(q )(q )
(c) Ge, As, Sb, Te
66.
68.
70.
72.
74.
76.
(d) none
S2: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6
Al3: 1s2 2s2 2p6
V4: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2
3p6 3d1
Cu2: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2
3p6 3d9
1s
2s
2p
3s
3p
(qp) (qp) (qp)(qp)(qp) (qp) (qp)(qp)(q )
(a) Cl — chlorine
(b) theoretically: Pb — lead; actually: Sn — tin
(c) Mn — manganese
(d) Li — lithium
(e) Kr — krypton
(a) (2) and (4)
(b) (1) and (3)
(c) (1)
(d) (2)
(e) (1)
(a) Li: [2He] 2s1
(b) Ra: [86Rn] 7s2
(c) Sc: [18Ar] 4s2 3d1
(d) Sb: [36Kr] 5s2 4d10 5p3
(e) Ca: [18Ar] 4s2
(a) See page 137
(b) See page 132, Figure 6.1
(c) See page 141, Figure 6.7
(a) true
(b) false; inversely proportional to n2
(c) false; as soon as 4p is full
(a) True
(b) True
(c) False; absorbed
2954 kJ
77. E 2.180 1018
14 n1 (
A
(c) (CN # OC) 4. (a)
A
COAA 9 BrAA 9OAAC
(d)
(
Cl
Cl 9 P 9 Cl
Cl
(b) (CFA 9Br
A 9FAC)
A
A
Br
Br
(c) (CIa 9 DaI D 9aI C)
A
Br
Se
(d)
Br
Br
Br
(b) CF
a 9N
A"O
AC
6. (a) (CC # C C)2
( (
F
(c)
I9N9I
(d)
F 9 Br 9 F
I
F
8. (H9C # OC) H
O
H9O
(b)
10. (a) H 9 C 9 C
S9O
H
H
F
H9O
Cl
(c)
C"C
Cl
F
H
12. H 9 N 9 C 9 C 9 O 9 H
H
H
O
H
H
H
H
H
H
14. H 9 C 9 C 9 C " O
H9C9C9C9H
H H
16. (a) HCl
(b) Cl2
H O H
(c) CO
(d) CCl4
2
hc
(6.626 10 )(2.998 108) 109
E
1
1
2.180 1018 2
4 n
364.5 n2
91.12
2
1
1
n 4
4 n2
78. 1s4 1p4
79. (a) s sublevel: m 0 3e; p sublevel: m 1, 0,
1 9 e d sublevel: m 2, 1, 0, 1, 2 15 e
(b) n 3, 0, 1, 2; total electrons 27
(c) 1s3 2s3 2p2
1s3 2s3 2p9 3s2
80. (a) 3.42 1019 J
(b) 581 nm
A
H
34
(b) CFA9 AKrA 9FAC
2. (a) H 9 N 9 H
52. (a) 0
(b) 0
(c) 0
(d) 0
54. (a) S Si Na
(b) Na Si S
(c) S Si Na
56. (a) K
(b) Cl
(c) Cl
58. (a) N
(b) Ba2
(c) Se
(d) Co3
60. (a) Kr K Rb Cs
(b) Ar Si Al Cs
62. (a) green
(b) 247 kJ/mol at 485 nm; 234 kJ/mol at 512 nm
(c) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5:
64.
CHAPTER 7
18. (a)
(c)
(
O
O9P9O9P9O
O
O
(
4
O
(b) H9 O
a 9Br
aC
( (
F
Br 9 N 9 F
(d)
Br
F9I9F
F
20. (a) H9Be9 H
(c) (CO
a 9 SA 9O
a C)
D
A C)
(b) (CCB " O
(d)
H9C9H
H
42452_App-06_p625-642
12/12/02
6:27 PM
Page 631
Chapter 8
22. (a)
(
N"O
O
( (
N9O
O
(
(b) CN#N9 O
a C ;: CN
a 9 N# OC ;: CN " N "O
AC
A
(c)
24. (a)
(b)
(
H9C9O
(
(
(
O
O
( (
O
C9C
O
O
O
O
C9C
O
O
O
O
C9C
O
O
H9C"O
(
( (
(
O
(
2
2
O
O
C9C
O
O
(
2
and
H9B
2
56.
58.
O 9 Cr 9 O 9 Cr 9 O
O
N9N
81. (a)
H
B
N9H
N
(
bent; 109.5°; polar
H
B9H
H9B
B9H
N
N
H
H
H O
O H
(b) around CH3-109.5°, around C 9 O-120°; around
O 9 O-109.5°
1 120°; 2 109°; 3 120°
a and c
a, b, d
First structure is polar; dipoles do not cancel.
(a) sp2
(b) sp
(c) sp3d
(d) sp3d
(a) sp
(b) sp2
(c) sp3
(d) sp2
(a) sp3d
(b) sp3d2
3
(c) sp
(d) sp3
(a) 6 e pairs; sp3d2
(b) 6 e pairs; sp3d2
(c) 5 e pairs; sp3d
All B atoms and N atoms are sp2.
( ( ( (
2
O
O
O9S9O
O"S"O
O
O
2
(b) tetrahedral for both
(c) sp3; sp3
(d) 1st structure: O 1; S 2
2nd structure: S 0; O 1; O 1, O 0
N9H
H9C9C9O9O9C9C9H
54.
(d) 4 , 1 2
O
O
(c) 2 , 2 80. 6; octahedron; sp3d2
28. (a) 1
(b) 0
(c) 0
30. Structure I
32. (a) bent
(b) linear
(c) see-saw
(d) triangular bipyramid
34. (a) linear
(b) bent
(c) tetrahedron
(d) bent
36. (a) linear
(b) octahedron
(c) triangular pyramid
(d) bent
38. (a) 180°
(b) 120°
(c) 120° around N, 109.5° around O at left
(d) 109.5° around C at left, 120° around other C
40. (a)
H
H
52.
(b) 3 , 1 O
(d) sp2
(c) sp
(c) sp3
70. AX2E2 2 2 bent
sp3
polar
AX3
3 0 triangular planar
sp2
nonpolar
AX4E2 4 2 square planar
sp3d2 nonpolar
AX5
5 0 triangular bipyramid sp3d
nonpolar
72. (a) C
(b) N
74. PH3 and H2S — unshared pairs on central atom
76. SnCl2 and SO2; unshared pairs occupy more space
78. x 3; T-shaped; polar; sp3d; 90°, 180°; 3 bonds
H
H
H
B
(
(b) sp2
(b) sp3
H
(c) No. Different skeleton.
H9N
(a) sp3
(a) sp3
12 , 3 (a) 4 79.
26.
42.
44.
46.
48.
50.
60.
62.
64.
66.
68.
631
O
82.
Cl 9 P 9 Cl
Formal charges: P 1; Cl 0; O 1
Cl
O
Cl 9 P 9 Cl
Formal charges: P 0; Cl 0; O 0
Cl
CHAPTER 8
2. 2.06°C
4. 71.5 kJ
6. (a) no
(b) 27.6 kJ
(c) 3.6°C
(d) ti 86.0°F tf 38.5°F
8. (a) 168 kJ
(b) 168 kJ
(c) 3.49 103 kJ
4
10. 1.12 10 J/°C
12. 22.1°C
14. 8.1 102 mg
16. (a) CaO(s) 3C(s) 9: CO(g) CaC2(s)
H 464.8 kJ
(b) endothermic
(c)
CO + CaC2
464.8 kJ
∆H
CaO + 3C
Reaction path
(d) 7.25 kJ
(e) 1.550 g
APPENDIX 6
6:27 PM
Page 632
Answers to Even-Numbered and Challenge Questions & Problems
18. (a) 466.8 kJ
(b) 38.86 kJ
20. (a) 2C3H5(NO3)3(l) 9:
3N2(g) 6CO2(g) 5H2O(g) 12 O2(g);
H 2.84 103 kJ
(b) 911 kJ
22. 0.0367 g
24. freezing 100.0 g benzene
26. 48.9 kJ
28. (a) SiO2(s) 2Mg(s) 2Cl2(g) 2C(s) 9:
Si(s) 2MgCl2(s) 2CO(g)
(b) 592.7 kJ
(c) yes
30. 11.3 kJ
32. (a) 2 C(s) H2(g) 9: C2H2(g)
H° 226.7 kJ
(b) 21 N2(g) O2(g) 9: NO2(g)
H° 33.2 kJ
(c) Pb(s) Br2() 9: PbBr2(s)
H° 278.7 kJ
(d) P(s) 52 Cl2(g) 9: PCl5(s)
H° 374.9 kJ
34. (a) 157.3 kJ
(b) 26.85 kJ
36. 9.38 kJ evolved
38. (a) 153.9 kJ
(b) 1036.0 kJ
(c) 714.8 kJ
40. (a) 125.7 kJ
(b) 163.9 kJ
42. (a) CaCO3(s) 2NH3(g) 9: CaCN2(s) 3H2O()
H° 90.1 kJ
(b) 351.6 kJ/mol
44. (a) 4C3H5(NO3)3() 9:
12CO2(g) 10H2O() 6N2(g) O2(g)
H° 2.29 104 kJ
3
(b) 3.830 10 kJ/mol
46. 3.36 kJ
48. 1.20 102 L · atm
50. (a) 18 J
(b) 64 J
52. (a) 40.7 kJ
(b) 3.1 kJ
(c) 37.6 kJ
54. (a) 1299.5 kJ
(b) 1295.7 kJ
56. (a) 1.05 108 J
(b) 0.0194 therm
58. 50.6 kJ/mol
60. 7.7 h
62. 42.1°C
64. 1.16 105 mol
66. (a) Hg(s) 9: Hg()
H° 2.33 kJ
(b) Br2() 9: Br2(g)
H° 29.6 kJ
(c) C6H6() 9: C6H6(g)
H° 9.84 kJ
(d) Hg(g) 9: Hg()
H° 59.4 kJ
(e) C10H8(s) 9: C10H8(g)
H° 62.6 kJ
68. Piston goes down.
70. cA cB
72. (a) True
(b) False
(c) False
(d) False
74. (a) 1.69 105 J
(b) 505 g
75. 22%
76. (a) 851.5 kJ
(b) 6.6 103°C
(c) yes
77. 76.0%
CHAPTER 9
2. (a) 50°C: 297 mm Hg; 60°C: 307 mm Hg
(b) 297 mm Hg 269 mm Hg 307 mmHg 389 mm Hg
(c) 269 mm Hg at 50°C
307 mm Hg at 60°C
4. (a) 6.26 mg
(b) 0.15 mm Hg
(c) 0.466 mm Hg
6. (a) 2.4 mg
(b) 2.6 mg
(c) 0.40 mm Hg; yes
8. (a) 38 kJ
(b) 2.6 102 mm Hg
10. 97°C
12. 17°C
14. (a) liquid vapor
(b) vapor
(c) liquid
16. (a) solid
(b) liquid
(c) liquid
18. (a)
760
Pressure (mm Hg)
632
12/12/02
Liquid
Solid
Vapor
–
–
78
33
Temperature (°C)
(b) 40 atm
20. (a) See figure below.
Liquid
Pressure (mm Hg)
42452_App-06_p625-642
320
Solid
60
Vapor
85
125
Temperature (°C)
22.
24.
26.
28.
30.
32.
34.
36.
38.
40.
42.
44.
46.
48.
50.
52.
54.
56.
58.
60.
62.
(b) 145°C
(c) vapor condenses to liquid
He Ne Ar Xe
All have dispersion forces; a and d have dipole forces.
b, c
(a) NaBr is ionic
(b) hydrogen bonding
(c) hydrogen bonding
(d) larger dispersion forces
c, d
(a) CCl4 – is a molecule
(b) CH3F – no hydrogen bonding
(c) SO2 – no hydrogen bonding
(d) N2 – has smaller dispersion forces
(a) H-bonds
(b) dispersion forces
(c) dispersion and dipole forces
(d) dispersion forces
(a) molecular or possibly metallic
(b) ionic
(c) metallic
(a) metallic, network covalent
(b) network covalent, metallic
(c) metallic
(a) metallic
(b) molecular
(c) network covalent
(d) ionic
(e) molecular
(a) NO
(b) CaO
(c) SiO2
(d) O2
(a) C atoms
(b) Si and C atoms
(c) ions
(d) C2H2 molecules
face-centered
0.131 nm
(a) 0.698 nm
(b) 0.987 nm
(a) 0.700 nm
(b) 0.404 nm
1 Cs, 1 Cl
(a) 52%
(b) 74%
(c) 68%
0.0436 atm
(a) 10 H2O molecules at the bottom of container
(b) 10 H2O molecules spread out evenly through container
(c) 10 H2 molecules (small) and 5 O2 molecules (larger)
(a) The covalent bond is the force within molecules;
hydrogen bonds are forces between molecules.
42452_App-06_p625-642
12/12/02
6:27 PM
Page 633
Chapter 10
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
(b) Normal boiling point is the temperature where vapor
pressure is 760 mm Hg. Boiling point is the temperature
where vapor pressure is pressure above the liquid.
(c) Triple point is the point where all three phases are in
equilibrium. Critical point is the last point at which liquid
and vapor can be at equilibrium.
(d) The vapor pressure curve is part of a phase diagram.
(e) Increasing temperature increases the vapor pressure.
(a) A
(b) A
(c) 34°C
(d) gas
(e) 200 mm Hg
6.05 1023 atoms/mol
(a) liquid and vapor
(b) 26.7 mm Hg
(c) 3.4 atm
41%
80 atm; 0.60°C; see Scientific American, February 2000
rcation
0.414
ranion
70. PC3H8 is the vapor pressure of propane, which decreases
exponentially with T. PN2 is gas pressure, which decreases
linearly with T.
69.
32.
34.
36.
38.
40.
42.
44.
46.
48.
50.
52.
54.
56.
58.
60.
633
2.46 mm Hg
1.41 104g/mol
(a) 14 g; 0.95 g
(b) 14.1 g; 0.96 g
(a) 15 m
(b) 2.1 102 mL ethylene glycol
403 g/mol
C6H4N2O4
simplest formula: C4H5N2O; molecular formula: C8H10N4O2
0.32 M
6.50 104g/mol
freezing: Fe(NO3)3 Ba(OH)2 CaCr2O7 C2 H5OH
boiling: C2H5OH CaCr2O7 Ba(OH)2 Fe(NO3)3
11°C
(a) 2.002 M
(b) 2.17 m
(c) 196 atm
(d) 16.1°C
(a) 3.6°C/m
(b) i 3
(a) 5.5 107mol/L
(b) 0.12
4 M Ca2; 8 M Cl
CHAPTER 10
2.
4.
6.
8.
10.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(a) 41.2%
(b) 58.8%
(c) 0.357
0.15 M
1.21 109 mol
(a) 38.76 g
(b) 617 mL
(c) 0.02860 M
Molality
Mass Percent
Solvent
Ppm Solute
Mole Fraction
Solvent
2.527
20.4
0.07977
12.6
86.58
45.0
99.5232
57.0
1.342 105
5.50 105
4768
4.30 105
0.9556
0.731
0.9986
0.815
12. (a)
(b)
14. (a)
(b)
16. (a)
18.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Dissolve 128 g Ba(OH)2 in 1.00 L of solution.
Dilute 125 mL to 1.00 L of solution.
109.3 g
K2S: 0.4953 M; K: 0.9906 M; S2: 0.4953 M
15.73 M
(b) 1.31 M
Density (g/mL)
Molarity
Molality
Mass Percent
of Solute
1.06
1.15
1.23
0.886
2.27
2.71
0.939
2.66
3.11
11.0
26.0
29.1
20. (a) CH3OH; hydrogen bonding
(b) KI; ionic
(c) LiCl; ionic
(d) NH3; hydrogen bonding
22. 44.5 kJ
(b) no
24. (a) 1.3 106 mol/L-mm Hg
(b) 9.1 104 M
(c) 0.91 g
26. (a) 0.0022 g
(b) 0.0019 g
(c) 14%
28. (a) 468 mm Hg
(b) 554 mm Hg
(c) 6.30 102 mm Hg
30. Dissolve 89 g in 1.00 L of solution.
62. (a) solution 2
(b) same
(c) solution 2
(d) same
(e) Solution 1
64. HF molecules
66. b
68. (a) not if solubility is very low
(b) can increase if solubility process is exothermic
(c) in general, they are not equal; difference increases with
concentration
(d) i 3 vs. i 2, so freezing point lowering is about 3/2 as
great
(e) i 2 for NaCl, so osmotic pressure is about twice as great
70. (a) Check electrical conductivity.
(b) Solubility of gas decreases with increasing temperature.
(c) Number of moles of water is large so Xsolute is small.
(d) Colligative property; the presence of a solute decreases
vapor pressure.
72. 1.1 g/mL
73. Add 1.03 103 g of water.
n solute
; in 1 L of solution n solute M
kg solvent
mass solution (g) mass solute (g)
kg solvent 1000
(1000 d ) M (MM)
M(MM)
d
1000
1000
M
m
M(MM)
d
1000
In dilute solution, m : M/d; and for water, d 1.00 g/mL
75. 48%
76. 0.0018 g/cm3 — intoxicated
77. (a) 2.08 M
(b) 1.872 mol
(c) 47.4 L
74. m 78. Vgas ngas RT
; ngas k Pgas; Vgas kRT
Pgas
Vgas depends only on temperature.
42452_App-06_p625-642
634
12/12/02
APPENDIX 6
6:27 PM
Page 634
Answers to Even-Numbered and Challenge Questions & Problems
CHAPTER 11
2. (a)
4. (a)
(c)
6. (a)
(b)
[N2O4]
[N2]
rate =
(b) rate =
t
3
t
0.039 mol/L s
(b) 0.065 mol/L s
0.078 mol/L s
N2(g) 3H2(g) 9: 2NH3(g)
[NH3]
rate (c) 0.0186 mol/L min
2
t
8. (a)
4
3.5
[X] 103 M
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
.5
10
20
30
40
50
Time (s)
10.
12.
14.
16.
18.
20.
22.
24.
(b)
(d)
(a)
(a)
(d)
(a)
(d)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(a)
(b)
(c)
3.7 105 mol/L s
(c) 4.8 105 mol/L s
instantaneous rate average rate
2, 1, 3
(b) 1, 0, 1
(c) 2, 2, 4
(d) 0, 0, 0
L2/mol2 s
(b) s1
(c) L3/mol3 s
mol/L s
0.0756 mol/L h
(b) 0.300 M
(c) 0.143 M
8.12 103 L/mol h
rate 2.5 104 mol/L min
2.5 104 mol/L min
any concentration
0.016 L/mol s
(b) 0.13 M
(c) 1.4 M
1
(b) rate k[Y]
(c) 1.44 min1
1st order in BF3, 1st order in NH3, 2nd order overall
rate k[BF3][NH3]
3.41 L/mol s
0.566 mol/L s
1 for I2, 1 for (C2H5)2 (NH)2, 2 overall
rate k[I2][(C2H5)2 (NH)2]
2.88 103 L/mol h
(d) 0.347 M
After 3 minutes:
26. (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
28. (a)
(c)
1st order in CH3COCH3, 1st order in H, 0 order in I2
rate k[CH3COCH3][H]
2.6 105 L/mol s
6.8 105 mol/L s
rate k[Cr(H2O)63] [SCN]
(b) 0.43 L/mol min
2.2 106 mol/L min
30. plot of 1/[NOBr] vs t is linear; 2nd order
32. (a) linear plot obtained for ln[HOF] vs t
(b) 1.00 min1
(c) 2.80 min
(d) 0.0500 mol/L min
34. (a) 2.03 103 min1
(b) 342 min
(c) 0.0450 M
36. (a) 0.758 g
(b) 3.22 months
(c) 4.9 months
38. (a) 4.17 104 s1
(b) 6.34 103 mol/L h
(c) 52 min
(d) 42%
40. 16 days
42. 15 hours
44. (a) 10.0 min
(b) 1.2 h
46. (a) 0.68 L/mol h
(b) 15 h
(c) 2.2 h
(d) 0.48 mol/L h
48. 2.9 L/mol min
50. Ea 2.2 102 kJ/mol
52. 68%
54. (a) At 25°C: 148 chirps/min; at 35°C: 220 chirps/min
(b) 3.0 101 kJ
(c) 49%
56. (a) 8.61 104 L/mol h
(b) 775°C
58. 86 kJ/mol
60. (a) rate k [NO] [O3]
(b) rate k [NO2]2
(c) rate k [K] [HCl]
62. yes
64. (1) rate k [NO3] [NO];
k2 [NO3] k1 [NO] [O2]
kk1
[NO]2 [O2]
k2
(2) rate k [N2O2] [O2]
k2 [N2O2] k1 [NO]2
kk
rate 1 [NO]2 [O2]
k2
(a) 18 hours
(b) 17.9 L
about 80%
[A] k
t; [A] [A] [A]o and t t 0
([A] [A]o) k(t 0); [A] [A]o kt
zero order (t1/2 is directly related to original concentration).
1 represents the decrease of [X] with time
2 represents the increase of [Z] with time
3 represents the increase of [Y] with time
(a) A
(b) C
(c) A
rate 66.
68.
70.
72.
74.
76.
78.
After 4 minutes:
t1⁄ 2 3 min
80. (a) (1)
(b) Rate increases; k increases; Ea remains the same.
82. (a) 174 kJ
(b) 46 L/mol s
(c) 1.8 mol/L s
d[A]
d[A]
[Ao]
83.
k[A];
k a dt; ln
akt
a dt
[A]
[A]
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Chapter 13
84. rate k[A]2 [B] [C]
d[A]
1
1
d[A]
k[A]2;
k dt;
kt
85. (a)
dt
[A]2
[A] [Ao]
d[A]
d[A]
1
1
k [A]3;
k dt;
k t;
dt
[A]3
2[A]2 2 [Ao]2
1
1
2kt
[A]2 [Ao]2
86. 0.90 g; 54 mg no more than three times a day
(b)
CHAPTER 12
2. (a) 75 s
4.
(b) greater than; equal to
Time (min)
PA (atm)
PB (atm)
PC (atm)
0
1
2
3
1.000
0.400
0.000
0.778
0.326
0.148
0.580
0.260
0.280
0.415
0.205
0.390
40. (a) 0.928 atm
(b) 6.1 g
42. PH2 PI2 0.021 atm
44. (a) (1) increase (2) increase (3) no effect (4) increase
(5) increase
(b) none; (5) will decrease it
46. (a) ;9
(b) 9: (c) no change
48. (a) 0.18
(b) PCO 1.02 atm; PBr2 0.52 atm; PCOBr2 0.10 atm
50. 0.132
52. 59 kJ
54. 1.2 103; 1.4 1019
56. K700°C 2.0 K600°C 0.06
58. (a) PA 0.75 atm
PB 0.50 atm
(b) 0.62 atm
(c) 0.60 atm
60. (a) EQ
(b) GT
(c) MI
(d) EQ
(e) EQ
(f) EQ
(g) MI
(h) MI
(i) EQ
62. b or c (intermediate between 1.5 and 0.44)
64. position of equilibrium is independent of rate
66. K Time (min)
PA (atm)
PB (atm)
PC (atm)
6. (a) K (Pco) (PH2)3
8. (a)
12.
14.
16.
18.
20.
22.
24.
26.
28.
30.
32.
34.
36.
38.
(PCO)4
6
0.355
0.185
0.430
0.325
0.175
0.450
0.325
0.175
0.450
(b) K (PNO)4 (PH2O)6
[Cl]2
(PCl2) [Br]2
(a) C3H6O() EF C3H6O(g)
K PC3H6O
(b) 7H2(g) 2NO2(g) EF 2NH3(g) 4H2O(g)
(PNH3)2 (PH2O)4
K
(PH2)7 (PNO2)2
2
(c) H2S(g) Pb (aq) EF PbS(s) 2H (aq)
[H ]2
K
(PH2S) [Pb2 ]
(a) 2H2O(g) 2SO2(g) EF 2H2S(g) 3 O2(g)
(b) IF (g) EF 12 F2(g) 12 I2(g)
(c) Cl2(g) 2Br(aq) EF 2 Cl(aq) Br2()
(d) 2NO3(aq) 8H(aq) 3Cu(s) EF
2NO(g) 3Cu2(aq) 4H2O(g)
(a) 0.87
(b) 1.3
3.1 1015
9 1015
0.838
(a) CH4(g) 2H2S(g) EF CS2(g) 4H2(g)
(b) 334
3.39
(a) Q 34; no
(b) to the left
(a) 9:
(b) 9:
(c) 9:
2.3 atm
0.25 atm
PNO 0.42 atm; PNO2 0.32 atm
PN2 PO2 0.417 atm; PNO 0.067 atm
(a) PNO PSO3 2.25 atm; PSO2 PNO2 0.25 atm
(b) P 5.00 atm before and after; true only if ng 0
(c)
10.
PNi(CO)4
5
(PNH3)4 (PO2)5
1
(d) K (PNH3) (PHCl)
[H ] [F ]
(b)
[HF]
PCH4
(c) K PCO2
4
635
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
(PC )c(PD)d
([C]RT )c([D]RT )d [C]c[D]d
(RT)(cd)(ab)
(PA )a(PB)b
([A]RT )a([B]RT )b
[A]a[B]b
ng (c d) (a b); K Kc(RT)
ng
PN2 0.33 atm; PH2 0.99 atm; PNH3 0.34 atm
0.0442
0.52 atm
1.1
25; 0.65 atm
0.22 atm; 0.4 g
CHAPTER 13
2. (a) Brønsted – Lowry acid:
H2O, HCN
Brønsted – Lowry base:
CN, OH
acid-base pairs:
H2O, OH; HCN, CN
(b) Brønsted – Lowry acid:
H3O, H2CO3
Brønsted – Lowry base:
HCO3, H2O
acid-base pairs:
H3O, H2O; H2CO3, HCO3
(c) Brønsted – Lowry acid:
HC2H3O2, H2S
Brønsted – Lowry base:
HS, C2H3O2
acid-base pairs:
HC2H3O2, C2H3O2; H2S, HS
4. as acid: HSO3, NH4 as base: CHO2, HSO3
6. (a) CO32
(b) Cu(OH)42
(c) NO2
(d) (CH3)2NH
(e) HSO3
8. (a) pH 0.00; pOH 14.00; acidic
(b) pH 3.77; pOH 10.23; acidic
(c) pH 7.17; pOH 6.83; basic
(d) pH 10.03; pOH 3.97; basic
10.
[H]
(a) 1 109
(c) 11
[OH]
[H]
1 105
8.9 1016
(b) 6.3 104
(d) 3.5 108
[OH]
1.6 1011
2.9 107
12. (Y) more basic; (X) has a higher pOH
14. (a) A: 4.8 1013 M
B: 1.4 1012 M C: 6.9 107 M
(b) B: 11.85
C: 6.16
(c) A is basic, B is basic, C is acidic
16. (a) 3.2 1011
(b) 1 109:1
18. (a) [H ] 10.3; pH 1.01; pH of 0.175 L is the same.
(b) [H] 0.57 M; pH 0.24; pH of 47.9 mL solution 0.76
20. 0.792
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Answers to Even-Numbered and Challenge Questions & Problems
22. (a) [OH] 0.0237 M; [H] 4.2 1013 M; pH 12.37;
pOH 1.63
(b) [OH] 0.184 M; [H] 5.4 1014 M; pH 13.26;
pOH 0.74
24. 12.28
26. (a) Zn(H2O)3 OH(aq) H2O CD
Zn(H2O)2(OH)2(aq) H3O(aq)
(b) HSO4(aq) H2O CD SO42(aq) H3O(aq)
(c) HNO2(aq) H2O CD NO2(aq) H3O(aq)
(d) Fe(H2O)62(aq) H2O CD Fe(H2O)5OH(aq) H3O(aq)
(e) HC2H3O2(aq) H2O CD C2H3O2(aq) H3O(aq)
(f) H2PO4(aq) H2O CD HPO42(aq) H3O(aq)
[H ] [SO32 ]
28. (a) HSO3(aq) EF H(aq) SO32(aq) Ka [HSO3 ]
[H ] [PO43 ]
(b) HPO42(aq) EF H(aq) PO43(aq) Ka [HPO42 ]
[H] [NO2 ]
(c) HNO2(aq) EF NO2(aq) H(aq) Ka [HNO2]
30. (a) 3.74
(b) 7.17
(c) 10.31
32. (a) C D B A
(b) A
34. 1.9 105
36. 1.0 104
38. (a) 2.0 102
(b) 2.8 102
40. (a) 0.0086 M
(b) 1.2 1012 M
(c) 2.07
(d) 1.3%
42. 2.29; 1.3%
44. 4.83
46. H3PO4(aq) EF 3H(aq) PO43(aq) K 2.0 1022
48. pH 2.15; [HC6H6O6] 7.1 103 M,
[C6H6O62] 1.6 1012 M
50. (a) (CH3)3N(aq) H2O CD (CH3)3 NH(aq) OH(aq)
(b) PO43(aq) H2O CD HPO42(aq) OH(aq)
(c) HPO42(aq) H2O CD H2PO4(aq) OH(aq)
(d) H2PO4(aq) H2O CD H3PO4(aq) OH(aq)
(e) HS(aq) H2O CD H2S(aq) OH(aq)
(f) C2H5NH2(aq) H2O CD C2H5NH3(aq) OH(aq)
52. Ba(OH)2 KOH NaCN NaHCO3
54. (a) 6.7 106
(b) 2.6 105
56. (a) C3H3O2 (aq) H2O CD HC3H3O2(aq) OH(aq)
(b) 1.8 1010
(c) 8.28
58. 2.1 102 g
60. (a) acidic
(b) neutral
(c) acidic
(d) basic
(e) basic
62. (a) Fe(H2O)63(aq) H2O EF [Fe(H2O)5OH]2(aq) H3O
(b) NH4(aq) H2O EF NH3(aq) H3O
Ka 5.6 1010
NO2 (aq) H2O EF OH (aq) HNO2
Kb 1.7 1011
(c) HPO42 H2O EF PO43 H3O
Ka 4.5 1013
2
HPO4 H2O EF H2PO4 OH (aq)
Kb 1.6 107
(d) PO43 H2O EF HPO42 OH(aq)
64. HCl ZnCl2 KCl KF KOH
66. (a) (NH4)2SO3, NH4CN
(b) Na2CO3, K2CO3
(c) NaBr, KBr
(d) Fe(ClO4)3, NH4ClO4
68. (a) neutral
(b) acidic
(c) acidic
(d) acidic
70. 68 L
72. 4.6 g
74. (b), (c)
76. (a) LT
(b) LT
(c) EQ
(d) MI
(e) LT
(f) GT
78. (1) weak acid; (2) strong acid
80. Dissolve 0.10 mol in water, measure pH. If pH 7, solid is
basic; if pH 13.0, it is a weak base. If pH 7, solid is
acidic; if pH 1.0, it is a weak acid.
81. (a) 5.58 kJ
(b) 6.83 kJ
[H ]
100; [H]2 Ka [HA]o;
[HA]o
[H] Ka1/2 [HA]o1/2;
Ka1/2
% ionization 100;
[HA]o1/2
% ionization is inversely proportional to [HA]o1/2
83. 1.64°C
84. 12.62
82. % ionization CHAPTER 14
H(aq) C2H3O2(aq) 9: HC2H3O2(aq)
H(aq) OH(aq) 9: H2O
HOCl(aq) CN(aq) 9: HCN(aq) OCl(aq)
HNO2(aq) OH(aq) 9: NO2(aq) H2O
NH4(aq) OH(aq) EF NH3(aq) H2O
H2PO4(aq) OH(aq) EF HPO42(aq) H2O
Al(H2O)63(aq) OH(aq) EF
[Al(H2O)5OH]2(aq) H2O
(a) 5.6 104
(b) 1.0 1014
(c) 48
(d) 6.0 1010
(a) 5.6 104
(b) 6.2 106
(c) 1.2 109
7
(a) 7.21; 1.6 10
(b) 6.68; 4.8 108
(c) 6.55; 3.6 108
(d) 6.16; 1.4 108
Theoretically, one liter of buffer can absorb
(a) 0.335 mol base; 0.335 mol acid
(b) 0.335 mol base; 0.100 mol acid
(c) 0.335 mol base; 0.0750 mol acid
(d) 0.335 mol base; 0.0300 mol acid
4.22
(a) HC2H3O2/C2H3O
(b) HCN/CN
2
2
(c) HCO
/CO
3
3
(a) 5
(b) 0.7 mol
(c) 0.7 g
(d) 1 101 L
(a) 8.51
(b) pH remains the same.
1.4 L
6.17
(a) 10.15
(b) 9.57
(c) 10.60
(a) 10.15
(b) 1.43
(c) 12.55
(d) There are large fluctuations in pH when base and acid
are added.
(e) Buffer capacity is diminished by dilution.
(a) 4.20
(b) 4.68
(c) 0.45:1
(a) and (b)
5.04
9.59
(a) 0.64
(b) 54%
(c) 47%
(a) phenolphthalein
(b) phenolphthalein
(c) all three indicators
(d) methyl orange
(b) 6.4 8.4
(c) orange
(a) 4 108
(a) H(aq) OH(aq) EF H2O (b) K, Br
(c) 65.4 mL
(d) 0.590
(e) 1.177
(f) 7.00
(a) C17H19O3N(aq) H(aq) EF C17H19O3NH(aq)
(b) C17H19O3NH, Cl,
(c) 71.8 mL
(d) 10.52
(e) 7.87
(f) 4.54
(a) 11.00
(b) 9.25
(c) 5.30
2. (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
4. (a)
(b)
(c)
6.
8.
10.
12.
14.
16.
18.
20.
22.
24.
26.
28.
30.
32.
34.
36.
38.
40.
42.
44.
46.
48.
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Chapter 15
50. (a) 45.1 g/mol
(b) 5.9 104
(c) 1.7 1011
52. (a) 2.30
(b) 2.10
54. (a)
buffer
637
10. (a) [Mn(NH3)2(OH)4]3(PO4)2
(b) Al[CuCl4]
(c) Al2[Cr(H2O)2(ox)2]3
(d) [Au(CN)2]3PO4
12. (a) Pt(NH3)64
(b) Ag(CN)2
2
(c) Zn(C2O4)2
(d) Cd(CN)42
14. 22.61%
16. one
18. (a)
(b) [CNS-Ag-SCN]
H O
2
Fe
(b)
I
buffer
H 2O
I
(c)
OH
Cl
(d)
Ni
NH3
en
en
Cr
OH
Cl
3
NH3
(e)
H2O
ox
(c)
Co
base
H2O
ac
20. ac
Fe
ac
22. (a)
NH3
SCN
Cr
SCN
SCN
NH3
NH3
NH3
Cr
SCN
SCN
SCN
NH3
NO2
Co
NH3
NO2
NO2
NH3
NH3
Co
NO2
NO2
NH3
SCN
56. (a) EQ
(b) GT
(c) GT
(d) MI
(e) LT
58. (a) False; [CHO2] is 0.1 M only in 0.1 M NaCHO2.
(b) True
(c) False; a buffer can be made up by combining a weak
acid and its conjugate base in approximately equal concentrations.
(d) False; Kb for HCO3 is 2.3 108; Kb for CO32 is
2.1 104.
60. (a) acid
(b) C
(c) 108
(d) 0.1
(e) 5
61. 33 mL
62. 1.1 102 g/mol
[NH4 ]
5.7 102
63.
[NH3]
64. (a) 1.61
(b) 3.22
(c) 8.44
(d) 5.92
(e) 10.89
65. 30 mL; phenolphthalein
66. (a) 0.8239
(b) 0.80
[HB]
;
67. log[H] logKa log
[B]
[HB]
[B]
pH pKa log pKa log
[B ]
[HB]
68. 4.6 106
CHAPTER 15
2. (a)
(b)
4. (a)
(c)
6. (a)
8. (a)
(c)
Ethylenediamine molecule, SCN ion, Cl ion
3
(c) [Co(en)2(SCN)Cl]2S
Pt(NH3)2(C2O4)
(b) Pt(NH3)2(SCN)Br
Pt(en)(NO2)2
6
(b) 4
(c) 6
(d) 2
6
(b) 1
2
(d) 3
(b)
SCN
NH3
NO2
(c)
H2 O
NH3
Mn
NH3
NH3
H2O
OH
24.
OH
Cl
Ni
H2 O
H2O
OH
H2 O
OH
H2O
Mn
NH3
H2 O
NH3
NH3
Cl
H2 O
H2O
26. (a) 1s22s22p63s23p63d5
(c) 1s22s22p63s23p63d10
(e) same as (b)
28. (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
30. (a)
(b)
Ni
OH
OH
H2 O
H2O
OH
Ni
OH
H2 O
H2O
Cl
(b) 1s22s22p63s23p63d3
(d) same as (c)
3d
(q ) (q ) (q ) (q ) (q )
(q ) (q ) (q ) ( ) ( )
(qp) (qp) (qp) (qp) (qp)
same as (c)
same as (b)
high spin
—— ——
q q q
high spin
q q
qp q q
NH3
H2O
Mn
OH
H 2O
NH3
NH3
unpaired e
5
3
0
low spin
—— ——
qp qp qp
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6:28 PM
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Answers to Even-Numbered and Challenge Questions & Problems
32. Mn3 contains four 3d electrons, so can form
( )( )
(q )( )
(qp)(q )(q ) (q )(q )(q )
low spin
high spin
Mn4, with only three 3d electrons, cannot do this.
34. NH3 has a large o; low spin; no unpaired electrons.
F has a small o; high spin; unpaired electrons present
36. (a) 4
(b) 4
(c) 0
(d) 4
(e) 2
38. 4.60 102 nm
40. 500 nm; green
42. (a) 3 103 M
(b) 5 105 M
44. 6.7
46. (a) CoN6N18Cl3
(b) Co(NH3)6Cl3(s) EF Co(NH3)63(aq) 3Cl(aq)
48. Lungs saturated with oxygen so the shift is to oxyhemoglobin formation. Tissues low in oxygen, so in venal blood,
the shift is to hemoglobin formation.
50. [Fe2] 0.028 M; [Fe(bipy)3]2 0.024 M; [bipy] 0
52. (a) 6, not 5
(b) shorter, not longer
(c) true
(d) eight, not seven
54. 0.92 g
55. [Pt(NH3)4] [PtCl4] or [Pt(NH3)3Cl] [Pt(NH3)Cl3]
56. (a) CuC4H22N6SO4
NH3
NH3
NH3
en
en
Cu en
Cu
(b)
NH3
Sb(OH)4(aq) 4H(aq) 9: Sb3(aq) 4H2O
no reaction
Cu(OH)2(s) 4NH3(aq) 9: Cu(NH3)42(aq) 2OH(aq)
Cd2(aq) 4NH3(aq) 9: Cd(NH3)42(aq)
Pb2(aq) 2NH3(aq) 2H2O 9:
Pb(OH)2(s) 2NH4(aq)
2
(a) Ni (aq) 2OH (aq) 9: Ni(OH)2(s)
(b) Sn4(aq) 6OH(aq) 9: Sn(OH)62(aq)
(c) Al(OH)3(s) OH(aq) 9: Al(OH)4(aq)
Co(OH)2(s) 2H(aq) EF Co2(aq) 2H2O;
K 2 1012
(a) 2 106
(b) yes
(a) 4 107
(b) 0.03 mol/L
2 106 M in pure water
1 104 M in 0.10 M NaOH;
29
6
(a) 2 10
(b) 5 10 M
(a) ;9
(b) 9:
(c) 9:
(d) ;9
(a) 3.1 104 M
(b) yes
(c) 6 105 M
2 mg
(d)
(e)
30. (a)
(b)
(c)
32.
34.
36.
38.
40.
42.
44.
46.
48.
50.
en
(1)
57. red-violet
(2)
CHAPTER 16
2. (a) AgCl(s) EF Ag(aq) Cl(aq)
Ksp [Ag] [Cl]
(b) Al2(CO3)3 EF 2Al3(aq) 3CO32(aq)
Ksp [Al3]2 [CO32]3
4
2
(c) MnS2(s) EF Mn (aq) 2S (aq)
Ksp [Mn4] [S2]2
(d) Mg(OH)2(s) EF Mg2(aq) 2OH(aq)
Ksp [Mg2] [OH]2
2
2
4. (a) CaCO3(s) EF Ca (aq) CO3 (aq)
(b) Co(OH)3(s) EF Co3(aq) 3 OH(aq)
(c) Ag2S(s) EF 2Ag(aq) S2(aq)
(d) PbCl2(s) EF Pb2(aq) 2Cl(aq)
6. (a) [Li] 0.016 M
(b) [NO
2 ] 0.024 M
(c) [Sn2] 2.9 1019 M
8. (a) 7.3 103 M
(b) 3.2 108 M
(c) 3.5 108 M
2
5
10. (a) [Cd ] 1.4 10 M
(b) 8.64
(c) 1.0 101%
12. yes; 2 107 M
14. (a) yes
(b) [Zn2] 0.039 M; [NO
3 ] 0.078 M;
[K] 3.6 106 M; pH 6.5
16. 1.5 105
18. (a) 6 103 g/L
(b) 5 108 g/L
(c) 1 103 g/L
20. (a) no
(b) yes
22. (a) Pb(OH)2
(b) 9.26
24. (a) Ag2CO3
(b) 4 108 M
26. Both BaCO3 and CaCO3 will precipitate.
28. (a) CaCO3(s) 2H(aq) 9: Ca2(aq) H2CO3(aq)
(b) NiS(s) 2H(aq) 9: Ni2(aq) H2S(aq)
(c) Al(OH)3(s) 3H(aq) 9: Al3(aq) 3H2O
(3)
52.
54.
56.
57.
58.
59.
(a)
No — increasing temperature favors an endothermic process.
in water: 1 104 mol/L
in NH4Cl: 0.06 mol/L
1.9 104 mol/L
1 108 M
(a) 1 105 M
(b) Al(OH)3, Fe(OH)3
(c) virtually all
(d) 1.6 g
60. (a) 8 105
(b) 4 103
21
61. 1.0 10
CHAPTER 17
2.
4.
6.
8.
10.
12.
a, b and c
a
(a) (b) (c) (d) (a) can’t say
(b) (c) (d) (a) (b) (c) (a) 112.0 J/K
(b) 605.9 J/K
(c) 2.9 J/K
(d) 93.1 J/K
14. (a) 976.1 J/K
(b) 816.0 J/K
(c) 97.4 J/K
16. (a) 0.1319 kJ/K
(b) 0.2712 kJ/K
(c) 0.5330 kJ/K
42452_App-06_p625-642
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Page 639
Chapter 18
18. (a) 514 kJ (b) 1295 kJ
(c) 34.9 kJ
20. (a) 1087.1 kJ; spontaneous
(b) 894 kJ; spontaneous
(c) 394.7 kJ; spontaneous
(d) 298.0 kJ; spontaneous
22. (a) 793.6 kJ
(b) 224.2 kJ
(c) 1226.6 kJ
24. (a) 184.1 kJ/mol
(b) 73.8 kJ/mol
(c) 409.0 kJ/mol
26. G° 6.0 101 kJ; plausible
28. at 25°C: 359.2 kJ; at 15°C: 359.0 kJ
30. (a) 0.132 kJ/K; yes
(b) 0.0956 kJ/molK
(c) 510.9 kJ/mol
32. (a) 0.918 kJ/K
(b) 0.159 kJ/molK
34. (a) T-dependent; spontaneous at high T
(b) T-independent; spontaneous at any T
(c) T-dependent; spontaneous at high T
36. (a) spontaneous above 2.2 104 K
(b) T-independent; spontaneous at any T
(c) spontaneous above 1.05 103 K
38. 197°C
40. (a) G° 62.0 0.1328 T
(b) 467 K
42. b
44. 282 K
46. not at equilibrium at any temperature when P 1 atm
48. 59°C
50. (a) G 31.1 kJ; not spontaneous
(b) G 3.6 kJ; spontaneous
52. (a) 177.6 kJ
(b) 105.8 kJ
54. (a) 55.7 kJ
(b) 1.08 105 M
(c) yes — close to Ksp
56. 130.4 kJ
58. (a) G° 201.3 kJ (nonspontaneous)
(b) G° 98.9 kJ
60. (a) C6H12O6(s) 6O2(g) 80 ADP 80 HPO42(aq) 160H(aq) 9: 80ATP 86H2O 6CO2(g)
62. (a) 52.6 kJ
(b) 6 1010
64. (a) 105 kJ
(b) 104 kJ/mol
66. (a) 23.4 kJ
(b) 6.4 102
4
68. 6.9 10
70. 37.3 kJ
72. G for overall reaction is 2016 kJ
74. (a) False — . . . is often spontaneous.
(b) False — . . . under standard conditions
(c) False — . . . moles of gas
(d) False — If H° 0, and S° 0, . . .
76. (a) 0 K
(b) 1
(c) larger
78. (a) Entropy decreases because S°gas S°solid or S°liq
(b) S° is the difference between entropy of products and
reactants.
(c) A solid has fewer options for placement of particles, i.e.,
more orderly.
80. (a) reaction becomes more spontaneous at high T
(b) no (
H° 0)
(c) yes (
G° becomes more spontaneous at high T)
(d) 320 K
(e) 2 102
82. 61°C
83. PH2 PI2 0.07 atm
PHI 0.46 atm
84. (a) 6.00 kJ
(d) 0.43 kJ
(b) 0
(c) 0.0220 kJ/K
(e) 0.45 kJ
639
85. (a) 4.2 kJ
(b) 5.2 102 g
86. 1430 K
87. (1) G° 146 0.1104 T; becomes spontaneous above
1050°C
(2) G° 168.6 0.0758 T; becomes spontaneous above
1950°C
CHAPTER 18
2. (a) 2Ag(s) Sn4(aq) 9: 2Ag(aq) Sn2(s)
(b) 2Al(s) 3Cu2(aq) 9: 3Cu(s) 2Al3(aq)
(c) 5Fe2(aq) MnO4(aq) 8H(aq) 9:
Mn2(aq) 5Fe3(aq) 4H2O
4. (a) Sn anode, Ag cathode; e move from Sn to Ag. Anions
move to Sn and cations to Ag.
(b) Pt both anode and cathode. Anode has H2 gas and H;
cathode has chloride ions, Hg and Hg2Cl2. e move from
anode to cathode. Anions move to the anode; cations move
to the cathode.
(c) Pb anode and PbO2 cathode. e move from Pb to PbO2.
Anions move to Pb; cations to PbO2.
6. anode: 2I(aq) 9: I2(s) 2e cathode: Br2() 2e 9:
2Br(aq)
overall: Br2() 2I (aq) 9: 2 Br (aq) I2(s)
cell notation: Pt&I&I2'Br2&Br&Pt
8. (a) Cr
(b) I
(c) NO
(d) NO (basic)
2
10. Al3 Ni2 AgBr ClO3 F2
12. oxidizing agents: Fe2 Ni2 H Cu
reducing agents: Fe2 Cu Zn
both: Fe2, Cu
14. (a) O2
(b) Na, Ca
(c) Ca, Ba, K
16. (a) 0.926 V
(b) 0.460 V
(c) 0.360 V
18. (a) 0.562 V
(b) 0.534 V
20. (a) 0.229 V
(b) 0.229 V
(c) 0.213 V
22. (a) 0.300 V
(b) 1.377 V
(c) 0.213 V; same
24. Reaction (a)
26. (a) Cl
(b) Cr2
(c) both mediums will work
28. (a) no reaction
(b) MnO2(s) 4H(aq) 2Hg(l) 9:
Mn2(aq) 2H2O Hg22(aq)
E° 0.433 V
(c) no reaction
30. b
32. (a) no reaction
(b) no reaction
(c) 2Cr2(aq) S(s) 2H(aq) 9: 2Cr3(aq) H2S(aq)
34.
G°
E°
K
(a)
(b)
(c)
15.9 kJ
45.2 kJ
5.8 kJ
0.041 V
0.117 V
0.015 V
1.6 103
8.1 107
10
36. (a) 116 kJ
(b) 232 kJ
(c) 347 kJ
There is no effect on spontaneity, since the sign of G° does
not change, nor does the position of equilibrium.
38. E° 0.305 V G° 177 kJ
K 1 1031
40. (a) 179 kJ
(b) 178 kJ
(c) 69.5 kJ
42. (a) 1 1019
(b) 1 1018
[NO3]4[H]4
0.0257
ln
44. (a) 0.265 V
(b) E 0.265 12
(PNO)4(PO2)3
(c) 0.319 V
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12/12/02
APPENDIX 6
46. (a) 0.688 V
6:28 PM
Page 640
Answers to Even-Numbered and Challenge Questions & Problems
(b) E 0.688 0.0257
(P )2[OH]2
ln NO 2
6
[NO3 ] (PH2)3
(c) 0.698 V
48.
50.
52.
54.
56.
58.
60.
62.
64.
66.
68.
70.
72.
74.
76.
78.
79.
80.
81.
(a) 0.319 V
(b) 0.369 V
1.20
(a) [H] 8 107 M
(a) E° 0.899 V; yes
(b) E 0.534 V; yes
(c) E 0.058; no
(d) 7.50
(a) 0.127 V
(b) 1.6 103 M
(c) 1.6 105
(a) 1.37 1023
(b) 2.20 104 M
(c) 0.230 g H2; 8.08 g Cl2
(a) 16 g
(b) 19 min
(a) 8.4 107 J
(b) $2.1
1.70 hr
9.86 104 C
0.896 V
0.188 V
c
b
(a) (1) 2Tl(s) Tl3(aq) 9: 3Tl(aq)
(2) 2Tl(s) Tl3(aq) 9: 3Tl(aq)
(3) 2Tl(s) Tl3(aq) 9: 3Tl(aq)
(b) (1) 1.62 V
(2) 0.54 V
(3) 1.08 V
(c) (1) 313 kJ
(2) 313 kJ
(3) 313 kJ
(d) G° is a state property; E° is not.
2.007 V
(a) 0.621 V
(b) increases; decreases
(c) 1 1021
2
2
21
(d) [Zn ] 2.0 M; [Sn ] 2 10
M
(a) 1.12 105 J; 0.38 105 J; 1.50 105 J
(b) 0.389 V
0.414 V
36.
38.
40.
42.
44.
46.
48.
50.
52.
54.
56.
58.
60.
62.
64.
65.
66.
67.
CHAPTER 20
2.
4.
6.
8.
10.
12.
14.
CHAPTER 19
2. beta-emission
4
226
4. (a) 230
90Th 9: 2He 88Ra
210
0
210
(b) 82Pb 9: 1e 83Bi
1
140
1
93
(c) 235
92 U 0n 9: 56Ba 30n 36Kr
37
0
37
(d) 18Ar 1e 9: 17Cl
64
1
272
6. (a) 209
83Bi 28Ni 9: 0n 111X
260
(b) 105Db
8. The product (282
114Z) is the same.
4
10. (a) 54
Fe
He
9: 211H 56
26
2
26Fe
96
2
(b) 42Mo 1H 9: 10n 97
43Tc
4
43
1
(c) 40
Ar
He
9:
K
18
2
19
1H
31
1
1
31
(d) 16S 0n 9: 1H 15P
12. (a) 87
(b) 59
(c) 42He
(d) 24
35Br
26Fe
11Na
5
14. 1.98 10 hr
16. 1.25 105 Ci
18. 5.6 104 Ci
20. 5.72 103 Ci
22. 5.1 1014 g
24. 7.3 107 -particles/minute; 3.3 105 Ci
26. 14.6
28. 9.2 103 yr
30. 9.07 yr
0
90
32. (a) 90
38Sr 9: 21 e 40Zr
(b) 0.0034 g
(c) 2.2 104 kJ
34. (a) 0.11309 g/mol
(b) 1.02 1010 kJ/mol
Mg-26
fusion
167 kg
(a) 16%
(b) 18 mg
8.4 1011 g
1.0 1016
2.60 Ci
6.5 102 mL
2C2O24/Cr3
38 mL
2.42 103 nm
(a) Alpha rays (He nuclei) attracted to negative pole; beta
rays (electrons) attracted to positive pole.
(b) Can follow path of C-11 in organic compounds in
brain, using radiation counter.
(c) Neutrons produced can continue fission reaction.
t1/2 3.3 hours
99.8% remains after one year. Decay is slow.
5.8 1019 mol/L
(a) 2.5 109 g
(b) 5.5 103 kJ
(c) 73 rems
(a) 1 1013J
(b) 6 106 m/s
(a) 5.72 108 kJ/g
(b) 1.3 1028 kJ
11
(c) 1.8 10
16.
18.
20.
22.
24.
26.
28.
30.
32.
34.
36.
2Al2O3() 9: 4Al() 3 O2(g); 2.91 g
Cu2S(s) O2(g) 9: 2Cu(s) SO2(g)
211.9 kJ
(a) Fe2O3(s) 3CO(g) 9: 2Fe() 3CO2(g)
(b) C(s) O2(g) 9: CO2(g)
2.5 103 kWh
1.7 106 L
(a) potassium nitride, K3N
(b) potassium iodide, KI
(c) potassium hydroxide, KOH
(d) potassium hydride, KH
(e) potassium sulfide, K2S
(a) Na2O2(s) 2H2O 9: 2Na(aq) 2 OH(aq) H2O2(aq)
sodium and hydroxide ions, hydrogen peroxide
(b) 2Ca(s) O2( g) 9: 2CaO(s); calcium oxide
(c) Rb(s) O2( g) 9: RbO2(s); rubidium superoxide
(d) SrH2(s) 2H2O 9: Sr2(aq) 2 OH(aq) 2 H2(g)
strontium and hydroxide ions, hydrogen gas
0.126 g
(a) Co(s) 2H(aq) 9: Co2(aq) H2(g)
(b) 3Cu(s) 2NO3(aq) 8H(aq) 9:
3Cu2(aq) 2NO(g) 4H2O
(c) Cr2O7 2(aq) 6e 14H(aq) 9: 2Cr3(aq) 7H2O
3Cd(s) 12Cl(aq) 2NO3(aq) 8H(aq) 9:
3CdCl42(aq) 2NO(g) 4H2O
(a) Fe(s) 3NO3 (aq) 6H(aq) 9:
Fe3(aq) 3NO2(g) 3H2O
(b) 4Cr(OH)3(s) 3 O2(g) 8 OH(aq) 9:
4CrO42(aq) 10H2O
(a) Cd (E° 1.366 V)
(b) Cr (E° 1.708 V)
(c) Co (E° 1.246 V)
(d) Ag (E° 0.165 V)
(a) 0.724 V
(b) 0.942 V
(a) 9 109
(b) 2 104 M
208 g
6.7
53.8% Zn, 46.2% Cu
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6:28 PM
Page 641
641
Chapter 22
38. 2Ag2S(s) 8CN(aq) 3 O2(g) 2H2O 9:
4Ag(CN)2(aq) 2SO2(g) 4OH(aq)
2Ag(CN)2 (aq) Zn(s) 9: Zn(CN)42(aq) 2Ag(s)
40. (a) Cr2
(b) Au
(c) Co2
(d) Mn2
41. 2% BaO2
42. (a) Fe(OH)3(s) 3H2C2O4(aq) 9:
Fe(C2O4)33(aq) 3H2O 3H(aq)
(b) 0.28 L
43. 2.80%
44. 2.83 103 K
45. Cr2O72(aq) 2OH(aq) 9: 2CrO42(aq) H2O
2Ag(aq) CrO42(aq) 9: Ag2CrO4(s)
Ag2CrO4(s) 4NH3(aq) 9: 2Ag(NH3)2(aq) CrO42(aq)
2Ag(NH3)2(aq) 4H(aq) CrO42(aq) 9:
Ag2CrO4(s) 4NH4(aq)
CHAPTER 21
2. (a)
(c)
4. (a)
(c)
6. (a)
8. (a)
10. (a)
(c)
12. (a)
14. (a)
(c)
16. (a)
(b)
18. (a)
(b)
20. (a)
(b)
22. (a)
(b)
(c)
24. (a)
(b)
(c)
26. (a)
(b)
(c)
28. (a)
bromic acid
(b) potassium hypoiodite
sodium chlorite
(d) sodium perbromate
KBrO2
(b) CaBr2
NaIO4
(d) Mg(ClO)2
NO3
(b) SO42
(c) ClO4
H2SO3
(b) HClO
(c) H3PO3
NaN3
(b) H2SO3
N2H4
(d) NaH2PO4
H2S
(b) N2H4
(c) PH3
NH3, N2H4
(b) HNO3
HNO2
(d) HNO3
2I(aq) SO42(aq) 4H(aq) 9:
I2(s) SO2(g) 2H2O
2I(aq) Cl2(g) 9: I2(s) 2Cl(aq)
3HClO(aq) 9: Cl2(g) HClO2(g) H2O
2ClO3(aq) 9: ClO4(aq) ClO2(aq)
Cl2(g) 2Br(aq) 9: 2Cl(aq) Br2(l)
NR
(c) NR
(d) NR
Pb(N3)2(s) 9: 3N2(g) Pb(s)
2 O3(g) 9: 3 O2(g)
2H2S(g) O2(g) 9: 2S(s) 2H2O
Cd2(aq) H2S(aq) 9: CdS(s) 2H(aq)
H2S(aq) OH(aq) 9: H2O HS(aq)
2H2S(aq) O2(g) 9: 2H2O 2S(s)
2H(aq) CaCO3(s) 9: CO2(g) H2O Ca2(aq)
H(aq) OH(aq) 9: H2O
Cu(s) 4H(aq) SO42(aq) 9:
Cu2(aq) 2H2O SO2(g)
CCl
A 9O
A 9 Cl
AC
(b) CO
A 9 N# NC
A
(c)
AP
O
O
( (
O
2
O9S9O
O
36.
38.
40.
42.
44.
46.
48.
50.
52.
54.
56.
58.
60.
62.
64.
66.
68.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
14.3 L
0.204 M
7.7 104 L; 1.5 105 g
12 L; 3.53
4.28, 0.10 M
1.9 103
0.012 g/100 mL
yes; 0 K
(a) yes
(b) 2 1016
510 K
2.26 105 g
27.4 kg
b, c, d
4.6
(a) dispersion
(b) dispersion, dipole
(c) dispersion, H 9 bonds
(d) dispersion, H 9 bonds
(e) no intermolecular forces; not a molecule
(a) 3
(b) 4
(c) 5
(d) 3
(a) HClO
(b) S, KClO3
(c) NH3,NaClO
(d) HF
(a) See text page 564.
(b) has an unpaired electron
(c) H is a reactant.
(d) C is a product.
density of sulfur; depth of deposit, purity of S
no
1.30%
Assume reaction is: NaN3(s) 9: Na(s) 32 N2(g)
Assume 25°C, 1 atm; pressure mass of NaN3 is 35 g
CHAPTER 22
2. (a) alkene
4. (a) C9H16
6. (a) alcohol
(b) alkyne
(b) C22H44
(b) ester
(c) alkane
(c) C10H22
(c) ester, acid
H O
H
8. (a) CH3 9 C9 CH3
(b) CH3 9 C 9 C 9 OH
CH3
OH
CH3
A
A
H
(c) CH3 9 C 9 C 9 O 9 C 9 CH3
(d) CN# NC
P
P
O
(c)
(b) H 9 O 9 N " O
O9N9O9N9O
34. (a)
P
H
O
CH3
30. a and b
32. (a)
(c)
(
(
O9N"O
O
(
O
H9O9P9O9H
O
(b)
(
(
O
H9O9S9O
O
(
10.
C"C9C9C9
9C9C"C9C9
9C9C9C9
C
Cl
12. 9 C 9 C 9 C 9 Cl
Cl
9C9C9C9
Cl
Cl
9C9C9C9
Cl
9C9C9C9
Cl Cl
42452_App-06_p625-642
642
14.
12/12/02
APPENDIX 6
Cl
6:28 PM
Answers to Even-Numbered and Challenge Questions & Problems
Cl
Cl
Page 642
and
Cl
H
Cl
Cl
HO 9 CH2 9 C 9 OH
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
16. Br 9 C " C 9 C 9 C 9,
Br 9 C " C 9 C 9 C 9,
Br Cl
Br
9 C 9 C " C 9 C 9,
Cl 9 C " C 9 C 9 C 9,
36. three pairs of electrons spread around the ring
38. (a) CO(g) 2H2(g) 9: CH3OH(g)
(b) C2H5OH(aq) O2(g) 9: CH3COOH(aq) H2O
(c) CH3CH2OH(aq) CH3COOH(aq) 9:
CH3CH2 9 C9 CH3(aq)
'
O
40. (a) no multiple bonds
(b) sodium salt of a long-chain carboxylic acid
(c) twice the volume of alcohol present
(d) ethanol with additives (mainly methanol) that make it
unpalatable, sometimes even poisonous
41. C27H46O
42. C 9 C 9 C 9 C 9 C 9 C
C9C9C9C9C9C
9C9
9 C 9 C " C 9 Br
Cl
HO
CH3
O
C
18. 9 C 9 C 9 C 9 C 9 OH,
OH
9C9C9C9
C9C9C9C9C9C
O
OH
20. All of the compounds in Problem 16 show cis-trans
isomerism except
C9C9C9C9C
Cl
C9C9C9C9C
HO 9 C 9 C 9 C 9 C 9 C
C
C
C9C9C9C9C
C9C9C9C9C
C
C 9 OH
C9C9C9C9C
C 9 C 9 C 9 C 9 C 9 OH
C
OH
C
OH
F
(b) 2.5 g/mol
(c) 24.02% C, 75.98% F
30. (a) H2C " CHF
(b) H3C 9 C " C 9 CH3
106
H
H
C
O
CH3
34. (a) H2N 9 CH2 9 CH2 9 NH2 and
HOOC 9 CH2 9 COOH
(b)
HOOC
COOH
C9C9C9C
C
C
C
C9C9C9C
CH3
9O9C9O
C
OH
28. (a) 9 C 9 C 9 C 9 C 9
32.
C9C9C9C9C
OH
where there are two 9 CH3 groups attached to the same
carbon
22. b, c
24. c and d
26. (a) —center carbon
(b) none
(c) —carbon atom at right
F F
F F
F
OH
C
9 C 9 C " C 9 Br
F
C
OH
9C9
F
OH
C 9 C 9 C 9 C 9 C 9 OH
O
C 9 OH
C 9 C 9 C 9 C 9 OH
C
C
C
C9C9C9C
C
OH
C
C 9 C 9 C 9 C 9 OH
C
43. approximately 6 g (Assume H2O(l) is a product; neglect
heat capacity of pan.)