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How does phylogeny influence ecological patterns? As species of the same genus have usually, though by no means invariably, some similarity in habitats and constitution, and always in structure, the struggle will generally be more severe between species of the same genus, when they come into competition with each other, than between species of distinct genera. Charles Darwin(1959) The Origin of species by mean of natural selection. London. z 1400 Number of families 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 -600 -400 -200 Years before present Increase in marine diversity (number of families) 0 How does phylogeny influence ecological patterns? Biotic interactions Species assemblage rules Niche Biogeography History Community structure Life histrory traits Phenology Chance processes Character evolution Phylogenetic constraints Does evolutionary history influence today’s ecological patterns? Large scale Small scale Imact of evolutionary history Impact of species interactions Does evolutionary history influence ecological patterns at the local scale? • Abundances • Extinction risk • Species co-occurrences • Species composition • biogeographic distribution Species assembly and evolutionary history Evolution Evolution Species traits Adaptations S1 Region1 S2 S3 Region2 S4 Species traits Adaptations S5 Region3 S1 S2 Region1 S3 Region2 S4 S5 Region3 Community assembly with conserved adaptational traits Community assembly with competitive effects Clustered (underdispersed) pattern Overdispersed pattern The model assumes that ecologically plasticity is at least to a certain amount limited Phylogeny and local and regional abundances Older (basal) lineage Younger (derived) lineages • Abundance and clade (lineage) age • Patterns of species co-occurrence • Extinction risk and clade age • Evolutionary speed and clade age To study these patterns we need well established phylogenetic trees Taxon species richness and local abundances The case of Hymenoptera Continental taxon species richness of Hymenoptera is correlated to mean local abundances 1 Families found in the forest 4 Fraction of singletons Mean density per species 5 Species rich hymenopteran taxa contain more locally rare and fewer locally abundant species 3 2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 1 10 100 1000 1 10000 Fraction of abundant species Mean density per species All European families 4 3 2 1 0 1 10 100 1000 Number of species 100 1000 10000 Number of species Number of species 5 10 10000 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 1 10 100 1000 10000 Number of species Fraction of rare species Does taxon size and phylogenetic history determine susceptability to extinction? 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Number of species in a flora In vascular plants frequencies of rare species seem to be correlated to taxon sizes. Numbers of families and species scale allometrically to floral species richness Number of genera 60 50 40 30 20 0.77 y = 1.78x 2 R = 0.94 10 0 0 20 40 60 80 Number of species in a flora Number of families 35 • Species richer sites contain relatively less higher taxa. • Species richer sites have higher S/G ratios • Species richer sites contain higher proportions of ecologically similar species (environmental filtering) 30 25 20 15 10 0.61 y = 1.9x 2 R = 0.70 5 0 0 20 40 60 Number of species in a flora 80 Today’s reading Community assembly: www.cbs.umn.edu/cavender/Reading_List/Ackerly03IJPS_2003.pdf Phylogeny and community ecology: www.phylodiversity.net/donoghue/publications/MJD_papers/2002/121_Webb_AnnRevEcolSyst02.pdf