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World History H Cabrera Unit 1 Vocabulary • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Geography Prehistory Anthropology Culture Archaeology Artifact Historian Nomad Animism Domesticate Civilization Polytheistic Pictogram City-state Cultural diffusion • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Silt Delta Dynasty Pharaoh Mummification Hieroglyphics Demotic papyrus Ziggurat Cuneiform Criminal law Civil law Barter economy Money economy Monotheistic • Covenant • Prophet • Diaspora What you MUST know…(for now) 7 continents, 5 oceans Egypt & The Nile India & The Indus Valley China & The Yellow River The Middle East & Mesopotamia Timelines and Types of Calendars How does a timeline work? BCBCEADCEhttp://community.dur.ac.uk/4schools/History/Ti meline.htm Historians Historians study the events and cultures in the past. They examine artifacts and clothing, art world , tombstones, etc. What is pre-history? • The beginning of recorded history. Approximately 5000 years ago some cultures began to keep records • - Names and dates Why is history challenging for historians? They may encounter personal feelings or ideas that might persuade their research in another direction. -personal experiences -cultural backgrounds -political opinions Also, there are different types of historians! Primary vs. Secondary Sources Primary Source Secondary Source Sourcing, Analyzing & Synthesizing Civilization Begins Prehistory – 3000 B.C. 32 questions Understanding Our Past • * Archaeologists learn about the human past by studying artifacts, or objects made by people, such as tools, weapons, pottery, clothing, and jewelry. (Pre-History, before writing) • * Historians reconstruct the past by studying written evidence such as letters or tax records and visual evidence such as photographs or films. • Must evaluate information for reliability Geography, the study of people and their environments • * Geographers study five major themes – Location, where a place is on the surface of the Earth – Place, physical and human characteristics of a location – Interaction, how people have shaped and been shaped by the places where they lived – Movement, movement of people, goods, and ideas – Region, places with similar unifying physical, economic, or cultural features The Dawn of History • *Old Stone Age or Paleolithic age, until about 10,000 BC – The people were know as hunter gatherers or nomads – People made tools, digging sticks, spears and axes from natural materials – Learned to build fires and wear clothing – Developed spoken languages – Religions began Sungir, Russia, buried some 25,000 years ago *New Stone Age or Neolithic Age….11,000 years ago • *Humans learned to farm, a development that transformed the way people lived – Planting seeds and domesticating animals • * By about 5,000 years ago, the advances made by early farming communities led to the rise of civilizations. – Social hierarchy – Accumulation of personal property – New technologies Beginnings of Civilizations • *Cities, first rose in river valleys – – – – – Water Farming Renewable soil Animals Transportation *Eight basic features common to most early civilizations: • Cities – In fertile areas producing a food surplus • Well-organized central governments – Needed to maintain order and the surplus – Divine Right – Bureaucracy developed • Complex religions Marduk – Polytheistic, believing in many gods God of Thunder – Controlling the natural forces and human activities – People created ceremonies, temples and priests to intervene with the gods on behalf of the people • Job specialization – Artisans, priests, farmers, weapons maker and soldiers Features • Social classes – The importance of the persons job ranked them socially • Arts and architecture – Temples to the gods – Places for the rulers • Public works to benefit the city – Defensive walls, irrigation systems, roads and bridges • Writing – Pictograms – Leaders needed to keep records