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Old Norse Strong Verbs Strong verbs in the early Germanic languages have four principle parts: the infinitive, the 3rd p. sg. past, the 3rd p. pl. past, and the past participle. From these principle parts we can derive the entire system of a verb: from the infinitive we can derive the present system (add front mutation where possible); from the 3rd p. sg. past we can derive the other past singular forms; from the 3rd p. pl. past we can derive the other past plural forms. Infinitive 3rd p. sg. past 3rd p. pl. past Past Participle Class One: gradation í, ei, i, i, followed by a single consonant. Almost completely regular. í ei i i bíta beit bitu bitinn Class Two: gradation jú/jó/ú, au, u, o, followed by a single consonant. Regular within these variations. jú/jó/ú au u o strjúka bjóða lúka strauk bauð lauk struku buðu luku strokinn boðinn lokinn Class Three: gradation e/i/ja, a/á/ǫ, u, o/u, followed by two consonants. There are also further exceptions. e/i/ja a/á u o/u bresta finna gjalda bregða brast fann galt brá brustu fundu guldu brugðu brostinn fundinn goldinn brugðinn Class Four: gradation e/o, a, á, o, followed by a nasal or liquid. Some exceptions. e/o a á o bera koma bar kom báru kvámu, kómu borinn kominn Class Five: gradation e/i, a/á, á, e, followed by a single consonant (not a nasal or liquid). Some exceptions. e/i a/á á e gefa eta biðja gaf át bað gáfu átu báðu gefinn etinn beðinn Class Six: gradation a, ó, ó, a/e, followed by a single consonant. Fairly regular. a ó ó a/e fara taka vaxa fór tók óx fóru tóku óxu farinn tekinn vaxinn Class Seven: Verbs in this class originally formed their past tense through reduplication, so it is difficult to identify a consistent gradation. Reduplication prefixed a new syllable beginning with the initial consonant of the stem followed by e. So, for example the original past singular of heita was *hehait, which contracted to hét.