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LIST OF SOURCES AARON, F.W. 1985. Poetry in the Holocaust: Ghetto and Concentration Camp Poetry. Doctor of Philosophy, City University of New York. AARON, F.W. 1990. Bearing the Unbearable: Yiddish and Polish Poetry in the Ghettos and Concentration Camps. Albany: State University of New York Press. ADELSON, A. & LAPIDES, R. 1989. Lodz Ghetto: Inside a community under siege. New York: Viking. AINSZTEIN, R. 1974. Jewish Resistance in Nazi-occupied Europe: With a historical survey of the Jew as fighter and soldier in the Diaspora. London: Paul Elek. ALLISON, D. & ERDONMEZ, D. 1985. Proceedings of the Eleventh National Conference of the Australian Music Therapy Association Inc. Publication of the Australian Music Therapy Association. ARAD, Y. 1987. Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka: The Operation Reinhard Death Camps. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ARAD, Y., et al. 1981 . Documents on the Holocaust: Selected Sources on the Destruction of the Jews of Germany and Austria, Poland and the Soviet Union. Jerusalem: Yad Vashem. BERBEN, P. 1975. Dachau 1933-1945: The Official History. London: Norfolk Press. BERENSTEIN, T. & RUTKOWSKI, A. 1963. Assistance to the Jews in Poland. 1939-1945. Warsaw: Polonia Publishing House. BLACK BOOK. 1946. The Black Book: The Nazi Crime against the Jewish People. New York: Stratford Press. BLOCH, M. 1979. Viktor Ullmann: a brief biography and appreciation. Journal of the Arnold Schoenberg Institute. Volume 3, Number 2, pp. 150 - 177. BRAZG, H. 1981. Passport Johannesburg: Kayor. to Life. Memories and Dreams. BRIDGMAN, J. 1990. The End of the Holocaust: The liberation of the camps. London: B.T. Batsford. BUDD, M. 1985. Music and the Emotions: Theories. London: Routledge & Kegan. CHLADKOVA, L. 1991. The Terezin Publishing House of Nase Vojsko. Ghetto. The Philosophical Terezin Monument DACHAU REVIEW. S. a. Dachau Review: History of Nazi Concentration Camps: Studies, Reports, Documents: Volume I. Dachau: Verlag Dachauer Hefte. 163 DAWIDOWICZ, L.S. 1975. The War against the Jews 1933 London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. - 1945. DISERENS, C.M. 1922. The influence of Music on Behaviour. Doctor of Philosophy, University of Cincinatti. DOBROSZYCKI, L. 1984. The Chronicle of the Lodz Ghetto 1941 1944. New Haven: Yale University Press. DONAT, A. Library. 1978. The Holocaust DONAT, A. Library. 1979. Death Camp Kingdom. New York: Holocaust Treblinka. New York: Holocaust DRIBBEN, J. 1969. And some shall live. Jerusalem: Keter Books. DWORK, D. 1991. Children with a Europe. New Haven: Yale University Press. star: Jewish Youth ECKHARD, J. 1991. Musik und Konzentrationslager. Musikwissenschaft. Volume 48, number 1, pp. 1-36. in Nazi Archiv fur EISEN, G. 1988. Children and play in the Holocaust: Games among the shadows. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press. FEIG, K.G. 1979. Hitler's Death Camps: The sanity of madness. New York: Holmes & Meier. FENELON, F. Joseph. 1977. The Musicians of Auschwitz. London: Michael FLAM, G. 1992. Singing for Survival: Songs of the Lodz Ghetto, 1940 - 1945. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. FRIEDMAN, P. 1954. Martyrs and Fighters: The Epic of the Warsaw Ghetto. London: Routledge & Kegan. GARLINSKI, J. 1975. Fighting Auschwitz: The Resistance Movement in the Concentration Camp. London: Julian Friedmann Publishers. GILBERT, M. 1982. Atlas of the Holocaust. Oxford: Pergamon Press. GREEN, G. 1969. The Artists of Terezin. New York: Hawthorn Books. GRUBER, S. 1978. I Chose Life. New York: Shengold Publishers . GUTMAN, Y. 1982. The Jews of Warsaw, 1939 1943: Underground, Revolt. Sussex: The Harverster Press. Ghetto, GUTMAN, Y. 1984. The Nazi Concentra tion Camps: Structure and Aims. The Image of . the Prisoner. The Jews in the Camps. Jerusalem: Yad Vashem. 164 HEGER, H. 1980. The men with the Pink Triangle. London: Gay Men's Press. HILBERG, R. 1985. The Destruction of the European Jews. New York: Holmes & Meier. HILLESUM, Cape. E. 1983. Etty: A Diary 1941 - 1943. London: Jonathan HOLOCAUST AND RESISTANCE. Pamphlet obtained from Israel i Embassy, Pretoria. HORWITZ, G.J. 1990. In the Shadow of Death: Living outside the gates of Mauthausen. New York: The Free Press. I NEVER SAW ANOTHER BUTTERFLY. 1965. .,. I never saw another butterfly: Children's Drawings and poems from Theresienstadt Concentration Camp 1942 - 1944. London: Neville Spearman. KALISCH, S. 1985. Yes, We Sang! Songs of the Ghettos Concentration Camps. New York: Harper & Row Publishers. and KARAS, J. 1985. Music in Terezin 1941 - 1945. New York: Beaufort Books Publishers. KATSH, A.I. 1965. Scroll of Agony: The Warsaw Diary of Chaim A. Kaplan. New York: The Macmillan Company. KENEALLY, T. 1982. Schindler's Ark. London: Hodder & Stoughton. KIELAR, W. 1981. Anus Mundi: Penguin Books. Five Years in Auschwitz. London: LAGNADO, L.M. & DEKEL, S.C. 1991. Children of the Flames: Dr. Mengele and the untold story of the twins of Auschwi tz. New York: William Morrow. LANGER, L.L. 1991. Holocaust Testimonies: The Ruins of Memory. New Haven: Yale University Press. LASKA, V. 1983. Women in the Resistance and in the Holocaust: The Voices of Eyewitnesses. London: Greenwood Press. LEVY-HASS, H. 1982. Inside Belsen. Sussex: Harvester Press. LEWIN, A . 1988. A Cup of Tears: A Diary of the Warsaw Ghetto. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. LOWER DEATH TOLL WELCOMED. 1990. Pretoria News. 19 July, p. 6. MATUSSEK, P. 1975. Internment in Concentration Camps and its Consequences. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. MICHEELS, L.J. 1989. Doctor 117641: Haven: Yale University Press. 165 A Holocaust Memoir. New MICHEL, J . 1979. Dora. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. MIRCHUK, P. 1976. In the German Mills of Death 1941 - 1945. New York: Vantage Press . MULLER, F . 1979. Auschwitz Inferno: The Testimony Sonderkommando. 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Vallentine, Mitchell. A Warsaw 167 Diary. 1939-1945. London: GLOSSARY ARYAN - A term frequently misused in connection with World War II when implying that only the German race was Aryan or the so called Master Race. The word actually refers to any white non Jewish person. ELDERS - This is a term used as a title or rank within the Jewish form of self-government that existed within the concentration camps and, to a lesser extent, the ghettos. In the concentration camps there was the Camp Elder, as head of the self-government, and several Block Elders, each of them in charge of blocks or living quarters in the camp. certain In the ghettos the head of the self-government was sometimes referred to as the Camp Elder. The title more frequently used for this position in the ghetto was Chairman of the Judenrat (governing body) . GENERAL-GOVERNMENT - When Germany successfully invaded Poland in 1939, Polish territory was divided into two sections. The Eastern half was annexed by the U.S.S.R. and the other half belonged to Germany, who divided its area into two parts, one being governed by Germany itself, while the other was granted a form of self government under direct control of Germany. This area of General Government included the Warsaw, Lublin, Radom, Czestochowa and Cracow ghettos, and concentration camps like Treblinka, Sobibor, Majdanek and Belzec. A map showing the location of this area appears on the next page. JUDENRAT - The Judenrat was the self-government that was allowed by the German authorities in the ghettos. They were responsible for the making of laws and had a say in the everyday life in the ghettos. The president of this body was usually called the Chairman of the Judenrat. KAPO - This is another of the ranks or titles given to members of the self-government in the concentration camps . Inmates with this rank were responsible for 168 the organisation of working parties. They very often exceeded the camp guards in cruelty. Figure 10: Map of Europe showing the General-Government area (Garlinski 1975:15) ' \ L A T v ~~'"",J. \.... r'~ 1 A / ........ . '.J ;' • I J ; i. t' . .r/ .I'.--' \ j { ."'1."0 / i " l j .'" .I j / i \ ( ......J \" j I I I ;' /..i \ .'/ ._ --.1 .... . TERRITORY TERRITORY .J \ \.........- ~ I I ANNEXED j '''.t.... ay GERMANY , ~----~~~------" ' .OJ . (\ "')} ","oct. ..... ~ .- .) ..... . ... ,........ Lye ... " .. ", .-',\ . °i. ""I. r ::i H u N 169 G A R ;' (' / OPERATION REINHARD CAMPS - These three concentration camps were the so-called "pets" of Heinrich Himmler, head of the SS. The camps were named after Himmler's deputy Reinhard Heydrich. They were Treblinka, Sobibor and Belzec. All three were situated in the General-Government area of Poland. PENAL CAMP - The penal camps during World War II were often much worse than concentration camps as the inmates were treated like slaves. Out of many of these camps came penal companies who had to fight for Germany under the worst conditions possible. POW - An abbreviation of Prisoner of War. Prisoners of war, especially those of the Western countries, like France, England and the USA, were generally treated well in the camps. SONDERKOMMANDO - Some inmates belonged to this organisation in the concentration camps. These Kommandos were given all the dirty work in the camp, like the transporting of the dead, for which they enjoyed special favours, like extra food rations. They also preyed on food and other valuables taken from their dead inmates, and so managed to survive longer. German SS abbreviation of Schutzstaffel, which was an organisation originally used as bodyguards for Hitler. Later one of the sub-divisions of the SS was used as guards in the concentration camps. TAMMUZ - One of the months of the Hebrew calendar. YESHIVA - This is the same as a Talmudic Academy, Jewish institution for higher religious studies. 170 which is a APPENDIX A MUSICIANS IN THE CONCENTRATION CAMPS AND GHETTOS These are the musicians who were actively involved In musical activities in the concentration camps and ghettos. Where "others" are mentioned, it signifies that they took part in an unspecified capacity, or if they had already been mentioned previously, that they took part in some other unknown way. Where only one name is given it can be assumed to be their last name, or surname, with the exception of the names at Birkenau, which are generally first names . Auschwitz I concentration camp: Flute: Nora Micheels Trumpet: Lex van Weren Vocalist: Emilio Jani Conductor: Adam Kopecinski Others : Herman Rosner, Leon Rosner Auschwitz II (Birkenau) concentration camp: Accordion: Lili Cello: Marta Cymbals: Danka Double Bass: Yvette Flute: Frau Kroner Guitar: Lotte Mandol in: Anny Percussion: Helga Piano: Fania Fenelon, Anny, AlIa, Sonia Reedpipes: Karla Violin: Alma Rose, Pani Irena, Wisha Irena, Ewe Benedek, Irene, Jenny, Halina, Ibi, Elsa, Julie, Rachel, Hilde, Florette, Zocha Vocalists: Fania Fenelon, Clara, Ewa, Lily, Betty, Liza Arranging: Fania Fenelon Conductors: Pani Tchaikowska, Alma Rose, Sonia Others: Pani Founia, Ewa, Flora, Hilde, Marisha, Marila, Renate, 171 Irene, Lili, Koja, Wish, Zocha, Rachela, Musha, Margot, Sylvia, Lotto, Ruth Belzec concentration camp: Composer: Mordechai Gebirtig Bialystok ghetto: Vocalist: Liza Borgermoor concentration camp: Composer: Rudi Goguel Buchenwald concentration camp: Violin: Maurice Hewitt, Jaroslav Pekelsky Conductor: Vlastimil Louda Cracow ghetto: Composer: Mordechai Gebirtig, Julius Hofman Others: Herman Rosner, Leon Rosner Flossenburg concentration camp: Piano: Josef Kyselka Violin: Zdenek Kolarsky Furstengrubbe concentration camp: Piano: Gideon Klein Kovno ghetto: Piano: David Helerman Violin: S Hofmekler, Stupel Vocalist: Frau Ratchka, Zaks Composer: Geist Conductor: S Hofmekler Lipa concentration camp: Violin: Karel Frohlich Vocalist: Karel Berman 172 - Lodz ghetto: Guitar/Zither: Karol Rosencwajg Piano: Teodor Ryder, Leopold Birkenfeld Viola: E Wachtel Violin: Bronislawa Rotsztat, Kantor, Dawid Bajgelman, Karel Rosencwajg Vocalists: Bandler, Nikodem Sztajman, Frau Ala Diamant, Rotenberg, Minia Ber, Dov Beygelson, Yankele Hershkowitz, Dasao, Rudolf Yaakov Itka Slodowsky, Miriam Haren Composers: Jerzy Jurandot, Isaiah Spiegel, Emanuel Hirschberg, Dawid Bajgelman, Yankele Hershkowitz, Shimeon Janowski, Herman Yablokoff, Miriam Haren Conductors: Teodor Ryder, Dawid Bajgelman Other: Mr Steinman Lvov ghetto: Cello: Leon Eber, Leon Zak, Schatz, Jozef Herman, Edward Steinberg, Hildebrand, Breyer, Aron Dobszyc, Priwes Piano : Leopold Muner, Mark Bauer, Artur Hermelin, Pollak Vocalists: Feller, Fiszer, Szrange, Buxbaum Composers: Leonid Striks, Maks Striks, Jozef Frenkel, Willem Kristal, Skolka Conductors: Alfred Stadler, Marceli Horowitz, Jakob Mund Janowska labour camp: Composers: Schatz, Schlechter Conductors: Leonid Striks, Jozef Mund Others: Jezef Mund, Jozef Herman, Eduard Steinberger, Schatz Mechelen concentration camp: Cello: L Micheels Flute: Nora Micheels Plaszow concentration camp: Vocalists: Tosia Lieberman Others: Herman Rosner, Leon Rosner 173 Radom ghetto: Vocalist : Bina Landau Ravensbruck concentration camp: Composer: Germaine Tillion Sachsenhausen concentration camp: Vocalist: Alex Kulisiewicz Composers: Alex Kulisiewicz, Rosebury d' Arguto (Martin Rosenberg) Conductor: Rosebury d'Arguto Sobibor concentration camp: Mandolin: Shabayev (known as Kalimali) Composer: Dunayevskiy Terezin ghetto: Accordion: Kurt Maier, Wolfi Lederer Bass (most probably tuba): Fasal Dauber, Cello: Lucian Horwitz, Dr Erich Klapp, Paul Kohn, Friedrich Mark, Swab Clarinet: Langer, Fritz Weiss Double Bass: Pavel Libensky Flute: Viktor Kohn Guitar: Goldschmidt Harmonium: Wolfgang Lederer Harpsichord: Renee Gartner-Geiringer, Hans Krasa, Rafael Schachter Percussion: Dr Kurt Bauer Juliette Piano: Brammer, Dr Aranyi, Paul Frau Eppstein, Bach-Fischer, Renee Karel Berman, Gartner-Geiringer, Dr Helena Herrmannova, Prof Bernard Kaff, Franz Eugen Klein, Gideon Klein, Otto Konig, Dr Ilona Beatrice Pimentel, Kral, Hans Tella Polak, Krasa, Leval, Karel Reiner, Kurt Maier, Truda Reisova Solarova, Martin Roman, Rafael Schachter, Elsa Schiller, Vlasta Schonova, Edith Steiner-Kraus, Carlo S Taube, Prof Ferencz Weiss Saxophone: Langer, Fritz Weiss Trombone: Mautner 174 Trumpe t: Voge I Viola: Karel Ancerl, Karel Frohlich, Viktor Kohn, Parkus, Snyders, Romuald Sussmann Violin: Block, Fritz Brunner, Freudenthal, Karel Frohlich, Paul Herz, Pavel Kling, Leydensdorff, Adolf Kraus, Mandl, Otto Tomas Egon Ledec, Sattler, Prof Adolf Herman Schachter, Schneider, Julius Stwertka, Heini Taussig, Otto Zucker Vocalists: Blum, Otto Abeles, Truda Borger, Eisenschimmel, Fuchsova, Hilde Aronson-Lindt, Bedrich Borges, Karel Berman, Anka Dub, Dr Nella K Eisinger, Karel Freund, Anny Frey, J Fried, R Kurt Gerron, Machiel Gobets, Jakob Goldring, Hedda Grab-Kernmayer, David Grunfeld, Harry Hambo, Gerta Harpmann, Ada Hecht, Rafael Hoffmeister, Muhlstein, Herz-Sornmer, Frau Hofer, Kohn-Schlesskov, Zdenek Ornest, Schwarz - Klein, Hans Lisl Fritz Hofer, Greta Konigsgarten, Pinta Marion Podolier, Alexander Singer, Karel M Singer, Eva Polak, Stein, Ada Marta Tamara-Zucker, Hanus Thein, H Tomkova, Franta Weissenstein, Kurt Weisz, Walter Windholz, Emmy Zeckendorf Fritz Weiss, Other instrumentalists: Hans Selig, Pavel Kohn, Fredy Mautner, Tedy Berger, Franta Goldschmidt Composers: Heinz Alt, Karel Ancerl, Karel Berman, Peter Deutsch, Frantisek Domazlicky, Schul Grunfeld-Z, Franz Eugen Klein, Gideon Klein, Reiner, Viktor Kohn, Hans Krasa, Antonin Roubicek, Taube, Viktor Ullmann, M Kron, Egon Ledec, Zikmund Schul, Karel Svenk, Dr Karel Carlo S lIse Weber Conductors: Heinz Alt, Karel Berman, Robert Brock, Peter Deutsch, Karl Fischer, Pavel Haas, Franz Eugen Klein, Wolfgang Lederer, Leo Pappenheim, Karel Schachter, Rafael Schachter Music critics: Dr Kurt Singer, Viktor Ullmann Vilna ghetto: Vocalist: Lyube Levitska Composers: L Rosenthal, Alek Volkovinsky, Abraham Slep, Landau Conductors: Avrom Slyep, A Slieff, David Mashkin Music teacher: Gershteyn 175 Bina Warsaw ghetto: Clarinet: Sztromberg Piano: Pearl Richter Feldschuh Violin: Ludwik Holeman, Marion Neuteich, Bernard Lewinson Vocalists: Marysia Ajzensztadt, Savenka Margo, Dutlinger, Menachem Kipnis, Clare Cukier, Sholem Cukier, Helena Ostrowska, Vera Grun, Pola Braun Composers: Wladyslaw Szlengel, H Broyda, David Ajzensztadt Conductors: Szymon Pullman (Pulver), Israel Fajwiszys, J Zaks, David Ajzensztadt, Jacob Gladstein, Joseph Gladstein, Anna Osser, A Kaminski-Gurdas, Zygmunt Szklar, Adam Furmanski, Sztromberg Wulzberg concentration camp: Composer: Ervin Schullhof 176 -----~~---------- APPENDIX B WORKS COMPOSED IN THE CONCENTRATION CAMPS AND GHETTOS This list comprises works known to be composed in the concen tration composed, camps and ghettos . Many more works were probably but only these were referred to in sources on the subject. B6rgermoor concentration camp: Rudi Goguel: Song: Borgermoorlied Cracow ghetto: Mordechai Gebirtig: Songs: Es Brent, Minutn fun Bitokhn Janowska labour camp: Schutz: Song: Tango of Death Lodz ghetto: Dawid Bajgelman: Songs: Tsigaynerlid, Makh Tsu di Eygelekh, Nisht keyn Rozhinkes mit Mandlen, Wiegenlied, A yidish lidl Revue: Shoe Ressort Others: Chor der Derwische, Concerto fantasies, Variations on popular Jewish themes Jankele Herszkowicz: Songs: Es geht a yeke mit a teke, Rumkowski, Chaim, Lebn zor prezes Khaim, kaydankes kaytn, Geto, getunya, Ikh fur kayn palestine, tien yidn?, A pensjonat Jerzy Jurandat: Musical comedy: Libe zukt a dire Isaiah Spiegel: Several Lullabies Terezin ghetto: Karel Berman: Voice and Piano: Poupata, Three Songs Solo Piano: Terezin Frantisek Domazlicky: Choir: May Song Chamber group: Song without words 177 S' iz Vus zol men Pav el Haas : Choir: Al S'fod Voice and Piano: Four Songs to the tex t of Chinese Poetry String orchestra: Study Gideon Klein: Chamber group: Trio, Fantasia and Fugue Solo Piano: Sonata Choir: Old Folk Poetry Vocal Group: Madrigal (2) Viktor Kohn: Chamber group: Praeludium Hans Krasa: Opera: Brundibar Chamber group: Passacaglia and Fugue, Dance, Theme wi th Varia tions Voice and chamber group: Three Songs Egon Ledec: Chamber group: Gavotte Zikmund Schul: Voice and chamber group: Schicksal Chamber group: Duo, Two Chassidic Dances Choir and Vocal Solo: Finale from Cantata Judaica Carlo Taube: Voice and Piano: Ein Judisches Kind Viktor Ullmann: Piano Solo: Sonatas no.'s 5,6 and 7 Chamber group: Third String Quartet Opera: Der Kaiser von Atlantis Voice and Piano: Three Songs, Der Mensch und sein Tag, Two Chinese Wendla Songs, im Garten, H6lderlin Lieder, Abendphantasie, Immer in Chansons des Enfants Fran9aises Voice and chamber group: Herbst Men's choir: Three Songs Women's choir: Three Songs, Two Songs Children's choir: Three Songs Mixed choir: Two Songs 11se Weber: Voice and Piano: Seven Songs Treblinka concentration camp: Artur Gold: Camp Song: Treblinka Anthem Vilna ghetto: Bina Landau: Song: Zog Nit Keyn Mol 178 Brezulinka, Mi tten, L. Rosenthal: Song: One, Two, Three Alex Volkovinski: Song: Stile, Stile Warsaw ghetto: Songs by Szlengel, Broyda and David Ajzensztadt 179