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The Rise of Dictators
and World War II
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
In the 1930s, the rise of dictators and
their military aggression led to
World War II.
Lessons learned in fighting
aggression in World War II continue
to influence American foreign policy.
CALIFORNIA STANDARDS
CST1 Students explain how major
events are related to one another
in time.
CST3 Students use a variety of maps
and documents to identify physical
and cultural features of neighborhoods, cities, states, and countries
and to explain the historical migration of people, expansion and disintegration of empires, and the
growth of economic systems.
1940–1950
1960–1970
1980–1990
712 CHAPTER 25 EPILOGUE
Adolf Hitler
Dwight D.
Eisenhower
Nazi
Holocaust
events of their time. She was one of Life magazine’s first photographers.
As you will read in this section, during the 1940s the United States
joined Britain in fighting a war against Nazi Germany. As the first female
photographer attached to U.S. forces, Bourke-White risked her life to send
home vivid images of combat. She joined stunned soldiers entering Nazi
concentration camps and was one of the first photographers to record the
Dictators Take Power
1920–1930
fascism
powerful pictures in magazines and books helped Americans understand the
HI3 Students explain the sources of
historical continuity and how the
combination of ideas and events
explains the emergence of new
patterns.
The 20th Century Political Events
World War II
Margaret Bourke-White was a photographer. Beginning in the 1930s, her
horrors they saw there.
Use your chart to
take notes about
events during World
War II.
Benito Mussolini
ONE AMERICAN’S STORY
HI1 Students explain the central
issues and problems from the past,
placing people and events in a
matrix of time and place.
Taking Notes
TERMS & NAMES
The Great Depression spread around the world. In Germany and Italy,
dictators appealed to desperate citizens by promising to restore prosperity.
In Italy, Benito Mussolini built a political movement called fascism—a
system under which the government rules through terror and by appealing to racism and nationalism. Using black-shirted followers to enforce his
rule, Mussolini became prime minister in 1922. He won over nationalists
by promising to turn Italy into a new Roman Empire. In 1935 his fascist
troops invaded Ethiopia in Africa. The League of Nations had been
formed to halt such aggression. However, it had little success.
In Germany, Adolf Hitler joined the National Socialist German
Workers’, or Nazi, Party. He tapped the bitter anger many Germans felt
about the unfairness of the peace agreement ending World War I. The
treaty required Germany to pay millions for war damages. Hitler skillfully
blamed the nation’s economic woes on Jews and other groups. After coming to power in 1933, he jailed critics. His expansion of German territory
began with a violation of the World War I peace agreement. He sent
troops into the Rhineland, a part of Germany near the French border. In
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1938, he invaded Austria and attached it to Germany. Prime Minister
Neville Chamberlain of Britain met with Hitler in Munich, Germany, in
September 1938. Chamberlain agreed to allow Germany to take parts of
Czechoslovakia. In return, Hitler promised not to demand any more land.
During this same period, dictator Joseph Stalin controlled the Soviet
Union. Communist parties loyal to the Soviet Union had followers
throughout Europe. Both Nazis and Fascists won many supporters by
opposing the Communists. People feared Communist governments
would seize their businesses and outlaw private property.
In Japan, military leaders held a powerful position in the government.
In 1931, Japan invaded Manchuria, a province of China. This signaled
the beginning of a planned Asian expansion. The League of Nations did
little. In 1940, Japan, Italy, and Germany formed the Axis Powers.
War Breaks Out in Europe
A. Interpreting
Time Lines
Which of the
steps leading to
World War II took
place in Asia?
A. Answer
Japanese
invasions of
Manchuria
and China
On September 1, 1939, the Nazis invaded Poland. Germany’s massive
air and ground attack finally made Britain and France understand that
Hitler could only be stopped by force. Two days later, Britain and France
declared war on Germany. World War II had begun.
The early war years were dark ones for the Allies, which included
Britain, France, and the Soviet Union, among others. The German military seemed unstoppable. In the spring of 1940, German troops conquered Norway, Denmark, the Netherlands, and Belgium. Paris and
much of France fell to the Germans in June.
In 1941, German forces smashed through Eastern Europe and
invaded the Soviet Union. Great Britain now stood alone against Hitler.
Despite nightly bombings of London and other cities by the Germans,
Britain’s prime minister, Winston Churchill, inspired Britons to hold
on. In the United States, isolationists still urged Americans to stay out
of European affairs and avoid war.
Surprise Attack on Pearl Harbor
Roosevelt began his third term in 1941. He was the first and only president to serve more than two terms. He believed that failure to stop the
Steps to World War II, 1920–1939
March 1936
Germany reoccupies
the Rhineland.
1920
1930
January 1933
Hitler becomes
chancellor of Germany.
September 1931
October
Japan annexes Manchuria.
1935
Italy invades Ethiopia.
July 1937
Japanese forces move into China.
March 1938
Germany annexes Austria.
August 1939
Nazi-Soviet Pact signed.
1940
October 1922
Mussolini takes
power in Italy.
WWII
September 1939
German troops
invade Poland.
September 1938
Munich Conference
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U.S.S. ARIZONA
MEMORIAL
The U.S.S. Arizona suffered
extensive damage during the
attack on Pearl Harbor. The ship
sank, and 1,177 of its crew died.
The nation chose not to raise
the battleship. Instead, officials
created a memorial that sits
above the sunken hull (see
below). The names of all the
crewmen who perished are
carved on the memorial.
To commemorate the 50th
anniversary of the attack
against the U.S. naval base at
Pearl Harbor, President George
Bush visited the site in 1991.
Nazis and Fascists would endanger the United States.
In early 1941, he gave a speech to Congress to prepare
the public to aid the Allies.
A V O I C E F R O M T H E PA S T
We look forward to a world founded upon four . . . human
freedoms. The first is freedom of speech and expression—
everywhere in the world. The second is freedom of every
person to worship God in his own way. . . . The third is
freedom from want. . . . The fourth is freedom from fear . . .
anywhere in the world.
Franklin D. Roosevelt, State of the Union speech,
January 6, 1941
Freedom required arms for its defense. Congress
enacted the Lend-Lease Act in 1941. This law allowed
the United States to ship arms and supplies, without
immediate payment, to Britain and its allies.
On December 7, 1941, Japan launched an attack
against the U.S. naval base in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.
Calling December 7 “a date which will live in infamy,”
FDR requested and Congress passed a declaration of war
against Japan. Japan’s allies—Italy and Germany—then
declared war on the United States.
In 1942, the Axis Powers (Germany, Italy, Japan)
seemed close to victory. By this time, the Soviet Union
had joined the Allied Powers, following Germany’s invasion of its territory in June 1941.
The Home Front in America
Poster of factory
worker during
World War II
Once the United States entered the war, its automobile plants and other
factories were turned into defense plants. Airplanes, ships, weapons, and
other supplies rolled off production lines at a rapid pace. By 1944,
American assembly lines were producing 50 percent more armaments
than those in the Axis nations combined.
Americans put up with wartime shortages so that resources such
as steel, tin, and rubber could be redirected to military uses. Gasoline
was in short supply. So were meat, butter, coffee, cheese, and sugar.
Every family received ration books of stamps to buy goods.
With millions of men at war, women went to work in factories, shipyards, and offices. At first, heavy industries resisted hiring female workers, but by 1944 some 3.5 million worked on
assembly lines turning out cargo ships and bombers.
As they had during World War I, hundreds of thousands of
African Americans left the South for such cities as Cleveland,
Chicago, and Detroit. More than 2 million took jobs in the
defense industry. Roosevelt outlawed discrimination in industries with federal contracts.
714 CHAPTER 25 EPILOGUE
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B. Summarizing
What were some
of the activities
and challenges
faced by women
and minorities on
the home front?
B. Answer
Women worked
in factories;
African Americans
moved north for
jobs in defense
industry; Japanese
Americans on
West Coast were
sent to internment camps.
On the home front, Japanese Americans on the West Coast faced
harsh treatment. By executive order, more than 100,000 loyal Japanese
Americans were forced to leave their jobs, businesses, and homes. They
were sent to internment camps throughout the West.
War Continues in Europe and Asia
The invasion of Italy got under way with an attack on the island of Sicily
in July 1943. The Allies forced the Germans out of Sicily and then swept
into Italy. By this time, the Italians had imprisoned Mussolini. The new
Italian government surrendered to the Allies in September 1943.
Meanwhile, in August 1942, German forces attacked the Russian city
of Stalingrad, an important industrial center. A brutal battle took place.
Soviet forces encircled and trapped the German army. As winter
approached, the German commander begged Hitler to let him retreat.
The Führer (or “leader”) refused. The trapped Germans had no food or
supplies. Each day, thousands of Nazi soldiers froze or starved to death.
In late January 1943, the German troops surrendered. Each side had suffered staggering losses. With its defeat at Stalingrad, Germany’s hopes
of conquering the Soviet Union ended.
Another turning point in World War II came on June 6, 1944, known
as D-Day. About 156,000 Allied troops crossed the English Channel
and landed on the beaches of Normandy in northern France. They were
Skillbuilder Answers
1. Spain, Portugal,
Ireland
2. Okinawa
World War II in Europe and Asia, 1942–1945
i
on
o f N o rth A
40° N
, 1942
f r i ca
800 Miles
0
0
1,600 Kilometers
Axis Powers
Axis-controlled
Allied Powers
Neutral nations
Allied advances
Allied victories
20° N
Invasion
of Italy, 1943
Sicily
MONGOLIA
Medit
0
1,000 Miles
0
2,000 Kilometers
Beijing
KOREA
(Peking)
Hiroshima
CHINA
JAPAN
40° N
PACIFIC
OCEAN
Tokyo
Nagasaki
Okinawa
Iwo Jima
1945
1945
Midway
Island
1942
20° N
GREECE
TURKEY
Crete
erranea
ALASKA
MANCHURIA
NIA
SPAIN
ALBA
In v a s
PORT.
SOVIET
UNION
Berlin
IRELAND
NETH.
Sov
iet Off
GERMANY
D-Day London
3
e n siv e, 194
Invasion, 1944
BE
LG
POLAND
.
CZECHOS
LOVAKIA
Paris
IA
RY
STR
GA
FRANCE SWITZ. AU
UN
H
ATLANTIC
YU
ROMANIA
GO
ITALY
OCEAN
SL
AV
IA BULGARIA
Rome
180° E
LITH.
EAST
PRUSSIA
160° E
l
140° E
Ba
60° N
SOVIET UNION
LATVIA
tic
120° E
Se
DENMARK
ESTONIA
100° E
GREAT
BRITAIN
North
Sea
a
0°
20° E
60° N
PHILIPPINES
Guam
1944
Leyte Gulf
1944
n Sea
Tarawa
1943
GEOGRAPHY SKILLBUILDER Interpreting Maps
1. Region Which three countries on the western fringes of
Europe remained neutral?
2. Movement Which battle was fought closest to Japan?
0°
NEW
GUINEA
Guadalcanal
1942-1943
Coral
AUSTRALIA
Sea
20° S
715
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part of a vast Allied invasion under the command of
American General Dwight D. Eisenhower. British and
American forces advanced on Germany from the west.
The Soviets closed in from the east. In early May of
1945, Germany surrendered.
In the Pacific, the Japanese fought on. After 12 years
as president, FDR died suddenly in April 1945, making
Harry S. Truman the president. Truman decided to end
the war before an invasion of Japan caused huge losses.
In August 1945, American bombers dropped atomic
bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. In Hiroshima
about 70,000 people died instantly. On September 2,
1945, Japan surrendered.
DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER
1890 –1969
The War Is Over
If ever there was a general who
cared about his troops, it was
General Dwight D. Eisenhower
(at left, above). As Allied forces
battled in Italy, Ike learned that
he and another general were
scheduled to stay in two large
villas. “That’s not my villa!” he
exploded. “And that’s not
General Spaatz’s villa! None of
those will belong to any general
as long as I’m Boss around here.
This is supposed to be a rest center—for combat men—not a playground for the Brass [officers]!”
World War II had been the costliest and most destructive war in history. Approximately 55 million people
died. Among them were some 6 million Jews, or almost
two-thirds of Europe’s Jews. Victims were shot, gassed,
and worked to death in Nazi concentration camps, death
camps, and slave labor camps. This systematic mass
murder of 6 million Jews and other ethnic minorities by
the Nazis became known as the Holocaust.
At war’s end, the United States joined the United
Nations, the international peacekeeping organization
that replaced the League of Nations. New York City
became its headquarters. The Soviet Union joined as
well. Nevertheless, conflict between the former allies
would lead to a new era of tension, as you will read in
the next section.
How might Eisenhower’s
concern for the common man
have affected his standing
with the troops?
Section
2
C. Reading a Map
Use the map on
page 715 to
point out the
locations of
Hiroshima and
Nagasaki on
the Japanese
mainland.
Assessment
1. Terms & Names
2. Using Graphics
3. Main Ideas
4. Critical Thinking
Explain the
significance of:
Arrange these events with
their dates on a time line:
(CST2)
a. What events following
World War I led to the rise of
Hitler and Mussolini? (HI2)
Analyzing Causes What
elements in Nazi thinking
might have contributed to
the Holocaust? (HI2)
•
•
•
•
•
•
Benito Mussolini
fascism
Adolf Hitler
Nazi
World War II
Dwight D.
Eisenhower
• Holocaust
event 2
event 1
•
•
•
•
ACTIVITY OPTIONS •
LANGUAGE ARTS
TECHNOLOGY
event 4
event 3
event 5
Normandy Invasion
U.S. bombs Hiroshima
Germany invades Russia
Pearl Harbor bombed
Germany invades Poland
b. Why were Americans
reluctant to go to war? What
made them change their
minds? (HI2)
c. What ended the war in the
Pacific? (HI2)
THINK ABOUT
• wartime fears
• attitudes toward
minorities
• prejudice
Research women working in wartime factories. Write a diary entry of one woman’s
experiences or plan the contents of a Web page about women in World War II. (REP4)
716 CHAPTER 25 EPILOGUE