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Craft and Structure 1
CATEGORICAL CLAIM: blanket statement- used to convince readers
CONTEXT: framework/surrounding of the meaning of a word/sentence
CULTURAL ELEMENTS: language/beliefs/values that shape a society
CULTURAL SETTING: values/beliefs/opinions surrounding the author at time of his/her writing
FLASHBACK: interrupts present action to show something that previously occurred
FORMAL LANGUAGE: longer sentences; greater variety of words (void of jargon/slang/contractions)
HISTORICAL SETTING: political/social/cultural/economic “time and place”
INFORMATIONAL TEXT: real-world writing of material valuable/necessary to reader
LITERAL: exact word-for-word meaning
NUANCE: subtle different
PERSPECTIVE: writer’s/speaker’s point of view about a subject (influence by his/her beliefs)
REFINE: make improvements
RESTATEMENT: rephrase; say in a different way; used as a context clue
RHETORICAL STRATEGY: plan of the author to deliver message
VIEWPOINT: writers’ opinion on an issue
CIRCUMLOCUTION: an indirect way of expressing something
DECONSTRUCT: interpret by carefully examining a work's ideas and language
DICTATION: an authoritative direction or instruction to do something
RHETORICAL QUESTION: statement/question not supposed to be answered
SATIRE: witty language used to convey scorn/insult/commentary on a social group/time period/concept
Craft and Structure 2
AFFIX: syllable or part of a word added to a root word
DERIVATION: process by which a word is created from other words
ETYMOLOGY: a word’s origin
GLOSSARY: list of definitions for words found in the text
IMPLIED: suggested but not stated
INFORMAL LANGUAGE: everyday speech; short sentences and simple vocabulary
MULTIPLE MEANING: one word with more than one definition
PHRASE: group of words used as a single part of speech
ROOT WORD: part of the word after all affixes are removed
SUFFIX: added to the end of a word to change word’s meaning
TECHNICAL WRITING: writing to communicate specific information/ideas on specific subject
THESAURUS: book of synonyms and antonyms
COGNATE: words that have the same origin
Craft and Structure 3
ALLUSION: reference to person/place/event/literature/religion with which the reader is likely familiar
ANALOGY: comparison based on a similarity between things otherwise not alike
CONNOTATION: symbolic definition; feelings beyond the dictionary definition
DENOTATION: literal definition
DICTION: writers’ word choice
EUPHEMISM: nicer way of saying something
FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE: beyond the literal meaning- creates effect or feelings
IDIOM: phrase that cannot be understood by literal meaning
JARGON: specialized language (dealing with specific area/topic)
METAPHOR: direct comparison; one thing is/becomes another
OXYMORON: contradiction (seemingly cannot be)
PERSONIFICATION: human qualities given to non-human things
TONE: attitude author takes towards subject/audience/character
WORD CHOICE: diction (reveals tone, style, and connotations)
ALLITERATION: use of the same consonant sound at the beginning of each word
ASSONANCE: repetition of similar vowel sounds in successive words
CONSONANCE: the property of sounding harmonious
DICTION: word choice
HYPERBOLE: extreme exaggeration
SARCASM: witty language used to convey insult
Key Ideas and Details 1
ARCHETYPAL CHARACTER: a character that represents a type of person
CHARACTERIZATION: combination of ways an author presents what a person if like
CONFLICT: antagonistic relationship; drive the plot in literature
DIRECT CHARACTERIZATION: character is revealed with clear/obvious descriptions
DYNAMIC: a character who changes throughout the literature
FLAT CHARACTER: a character in literature who is never fully developed by the author
INDIRECT: when a character is described through his/her words or what other think/say about him/her
INTERNAL: a problem the character her within him or herself
LITARARY NARRATIVE: collection of events that tell a story
STATIC: a character who does not change
SUMMARIZE: to state briefly
THEME: message (usually about society) that the author wants the reader to understand
COHESION: sticking together (making sense together)
EMPHASIS: intensity of expression
INCONGRUITY: quality of disagreeing
INTERIOR MONOLOGUE: a character’s sequence of thought
NUANCE: subtle difference in meaning, opinion, or attitude
RED HERRING: diversion used to distract attention from the main issue
Key Ideas and Details 2
ARGUMENT: one or more reasons presented to lead an audience to a belief/conclusion
CITATION: notation of a used source
IMPLIED: suggested but not stated
INFERENCE: putting together something you read with something you know for a new understanding (reading
between the lines)
INFORMATIONAL TEXT: real-world writing (non fiction)
MORAL: theme that can be applied to the reader’s life
PARAPHRASE: restate in one’s own words but keeps the basic meaning
SEQUENCING: arranging things in an order that can be connected in a series
STRUCTURE: writer’s arrangement or overall design of a literary work- organization
SUPPORTING: strengthen ideas and opinions with examples or facts
ALLEGORY: short story told for the purpose of its moral/ deeper meaning
AMBIENCE: atmosphere or environment
ANECDOTE: short account of an event (usually a personal story)
COHERENCE: sticking together (making sense together)
CONTEXT: set of facts or circumstances that surround a situation
COUPLET: stanza consisting of two lines of verse
THESIS: unproved statement put forth as a premise in an argument
UNDERSTATEMENT: said in a restrained way to show ironic contrast
Integration of Knowledge 1
COMPARE AND CONTRAST: way of relating two or more things
COUNTER ARGUMENT: expresses the view of a person who disagrees with you
MEDIUM: the way of communicating ideas
MULTIMEDIA: using more than one type of medium
MYTH: traditional tale about gods, goddesses, heroes
MYTHOLOGY: collection of tales addressing people’s origin, history, heroes. It explains actions of gods, natural
phenomena, and supernatural information
VALIDITY: when information is accurate, up-to-date, written by a reliable author, in a reputable publicationtrustworthy
ACRONYM: word formed from first letters of several words
BALLAD: popular narrative poem
EPIC: long narrative poem about a hero
LITERARY CRITICISM: informed analysis and evaluation of a piece of literature
LYRIC POEM: short song-like poem
ODE: complex poem with complex stanzas
PARABLE: short moral story
PARODY: composition that imitates/misrepresents a style
PROPAGANDA: information that is spread to promote a cause (usually negative)
SOLILOQUY: speech a character makes to him/herself
Integration of Knowledge 2
ADAPTATION: a version of the original that is modified
BIAS: prejudice; personal judgement or opinion
CIRCULAR REASONING: when two ideas are used to prove each other
DEDUCTIVE LOGIC: forming a specific consequence from general observations
EITHER-OR FALLACY: propaganda technique when only two choices are given (you are either for or against
something) also called “black-and-white thinking”
FALLACIOUS REASONING: reasoning based on false/invalid arguments
FALLACY: when the premises do not justify the conclusion
LOGICAL FALACY: part of the argument that is flawed and makes the argument invalid; error in reasoning
PERSUASIVE APPEAL: writing or speech that attempts to convince a reader to think or act
PERSUASIVE TECHNIQUE: techniques used to convince- include: repetition, sentence structure, overstatement
AMBIGUITY: unclear because it has more than one meaning
ARTICULATION: manner in which things come together / are connected
CENSORSHIP: deleting parts to hide something
CREDIBILITY: believable / trustworthy
EXCERPT: passage taken from a longer work
LOGICAL FALLACY: statement that is false (find a better definition for this one)
NARRATOR: someone who tells a story
STREAM OF CONSCIOUSNESS: continuous flow of ideas and feelings
Language and Editing 1
ADJECTIVE CLAUSE: group of words (with subject and predicate) that modifies a noun or pronoun
ADVERB: word that modifies a verb, another adverb, or an adjective
ADVERB CLAUSE: group of words (with a subject and predicate) that modifies a verb, another adverb, or an
adjective
CLAUSE: a group of words that have a subject and predicate- can be independent or dependent
CONJUNCTION: part of speech that links two words, phrases, or clauses
CONJUNCTIVE ADVERB: used with a semicolon to connect independent clauses
INDEPENDENT CLAUSE: group of words that state the main thought of the sentence and can stand on its own
PHRASE: group of words functioning as a single part of speech
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE: set of words that begin with a preposition
SUBORDINATE CLAUSE: dependent clause; cannot stand alone and conveys an incomplete thought
VERBAL PHRASE: main verb with any auxiliaries
COLLECTIVE NOUN: a noun that is singular in form but refers to a group of people/things
NOUN PHRASE: a phrase that can act as the subject or object of a sentence (a group of words that function as
a noun)
REFLECTIVE PRONOUN: personal pronoun added to “-self”
Language and Editing 2
COHERENCE: when ideas are clear and logical in writing
COLON: punctuation mark used before a list, before a summary of previous statement, or before a long quote
DIRECT QUOTATION: exact repetition of someone’s words
HOMONYM: word with multiple meanings and is spelled the same way
HOMOPHONES: words that are pronounced the same but have different meanings
PARALLELISM: when author’s sentences/writing is balanced by reusing the same word structure
PARTICIPIAL PHRASE: participial with its objects and modifiers- acts as an adjective or adverb
RELATIVE CLAUSE: clause having a subject and verb that relates to something else in the sentence
SEMICOLON: punctuation mark used between independent clauses in a single sentence when a conjunction is
not used; used before conjunctive adverbs; or in a series when the series already contains commas
SEMICOLON: punctuation mark used to connect independent clauses