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Chapter 19
Food Resources: A Challenge For
Agriculture
Overview of Chapter 19
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Food and Nutrition
World Food Problems
Principle Types of Agriculture
Challenges of Producing More Crops and
Livestock
Environmental Impact of Agriculture
Solutions to Agricultural Problems
Fisheries of the World
Food and Nutrition
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Carbohydrates
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Proteins
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Large, complex molecules composed of amino
acids that perform critical roles in body
Lipids
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Sugars and starches metabolized by cellular
respiration to produce energy
Include fats and oils and are metabolized by
cellular respiration to produce energy
Vitamins and Minerals
Human Foods
World Food Problems
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Feeding a growing population is difficult
Annual grain production (left) has increased since
1970
Grain per person has not (right)
World Food Problems
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Famine
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Failure of crops caused by drought, flood or
catastrophic event
Temporary but severe shortage of food
Maintaining World Grain Carryover
Stockpiles
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Amounts of rice, wheat, corn and other grains
remaining from previous harvest
Provides measure of food security
Decreased each year since 1987
UN feels carryover stock should not fall below
70 days
World Grain
Carryover Stock
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Why the decline?
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Rising temperatures
Falling water tables
and droughts
Ethanol production
More grain is going
towards feeding
livestock
World Food Problems
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Poverty and Food
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1.3 billion people are so poor they cannot
afford proper nutrition
More common in
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Rural than urban areas
Infants, children and the elderly
Economics and Politics
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Cost money to store, produce, transport and
distribute food
Getting food to those who need it is political
Principle Types of Agriculture
Industrialized
agriculture
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Modern
agriculture
methods
require large
capital input,
less land and
less labor
Principle Types of Agriculture
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Subsistence Agriculture
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Traditional agricultural methods, which are
dependent on labor and large amounts of land
Examples:
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Shifting cultivation
Slash and burn agriculture
Nomadic herding
Intercropping
Challenges of Producing More Crop and
Livestock
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Domestication and Genetic Diversity
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Domestication of crops and livestock causes a
loss of genetic diversity
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Farmer selects and propagates animals with
desirable agricultural characteristics
Many high yielding
crops are genetically
uniform
High likelihood that
bacteria, fungi, viruses,
etc. will attack and
destroy entire crop
Challenges of Producing More Crop and
Livestock
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Increasing Crop Yield
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Food production
increased in
developed
countries (wheat)
Pesticides
Selective
breeding
Case-In-Point Green Revolution
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High Yielding Rice Varieties
Challenges of Producing More Crop and
Livestock
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Increasing Livestock Yields
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Hormone supplements
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US and Canada do this
Europe does not citing human health concerns
Antibiotics
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40% of antibiotics produced in US are used in
livestock operations
Problems with increased bacteria resistance
Antibiotic Use and Resistance
Genetic Engineering
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Manipulation of genes by taking a specific gene from a cell of
one species and placing it into the cell of an unrelated species
Issue with Genetically Modified
Organisms (GMOs)
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Determined to be safe for human
consumption
Concerns about GMO seed or pollen
spreading in wild
Backlash against GMOs
GMOs are not currently labeled
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FDA finds it would be counterproductive and
expensive to label
Environmental Impacts of Agriculture
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High use of fossil fuels and
pesticides
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Untreated animal wastes and
agricultural chemicals
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Air pollution
Water pollution
Harms fisheries
Insects, weeds, and diseasecausing organisms developing
resistance to pesticides
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Contaminate food supply
Environmental Impact of Agriculture
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Land degradation
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Habitat fragmentation
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Decreases future ability of land to support
crops or livestock
Breakup of large areas of habitat into small,
isolated patches
Cultivating marginal lands
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Irrigating dry land
Cultivating land prone to erosion
Solutions to Agricultural ProblemsSustainable Agriculture
Sustainable Agriculture
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Examples:
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Natural Predator-prey relationships instead of
pesticides
Crop selection
Crop rotation and conservation tillage
Supplying nitrogen with legumes
Organic agriculture
Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
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Limited use of pesticides with sustainable
agriculture practices
Fisheries of the World- Problems
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No nation lays claim to
open ocean
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Resource susceptible to
overuse and degradation
Overharvesting
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Many species are at point
of severe depletion
Cod (right)
62% of world’s fish stock
are in need of
management action
Fisheries of the World- Problems
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Overharvesting
(continued)
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Sophisticated
fishing equipment
Bycatch killed
off
Magnuson
Fisheries
Conservation Act
Fisheries of the World- Problems
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Ocean Pollution - dumping ground
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Oil
Heavy metals
Deliberate litter dumping
Stormwater runoff from cities and agricultural
areas
Aquaculture
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Growing of aquatic organisms for human
consumption
Great potential to supply food
Fisheries of the World- Problems
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Aquaculture (continued)
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Locations of fisheries may hurt natural
habitats
Produce waste that pollutes adjacent water