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Chapter 19 Optical Instruments Reading Quiz 1. The units of refractive power are A. watts. B. m2. C. m–1. D. joules. Topics: • • • • • • • The thin-lens equation The camera The human eye The magnifier The microscope The telescope Resolution of optical instruments Sample question: This anablepsis is called the “four-eyed “four fish.” How must the top half of its eye differ from the lower half so that it has clear vision both above and below the waterline at the same time? Copyright © 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley. Slide 19-1 Copyright © 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley. Answer Reading Quiz 1. The units of refractive power are 2. Accommodation of the eye refers to its ability to A. focus on both nearby and distant objects. B. move in the eye socket to look in different directions. C. see on both the brightest days and in the dimmest light. D. see both in air and while under water C. m–1. Copyright © 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley. Slide 19-3 Copyright © 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley. Slide 19-2 Slide 19-4 Answer Reading Quiz 2. Accommodation of the eye refers to its ability to A. focus on both nearby and distant objects. 3. The magnification of a microscope is increased when A. the focal length of the objective lens is increased. B. the focal length of the objective lens is decreased. C. the focal length of the eyepiece is increased. D. the distance between the objective lens and eyepiece is decreased. Copyright © 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley. Slide 19-5 Copyright © 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley. Slide 19-6 Answer Reading Quiz 3. The magnification of a microscope is increased when 4. The fundamental resolution of an optical instrument is set by A. the accuracy to which lenses can be polished. B. the fact that white light is composed of all visible colors. C. the fact that all types of glass have nearly the same index of refraction. D. the wave nature of light. C. the focal length of the eyepiece is increased. Copyright © 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley. Slide 19-7 Copyright © 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley. Slide 19-8 Answer The Thin-Lens Equation 4. The fundamental resolution of an optical instrument is set by D. the wave nature of light. 1 1 1 + = s s′ f Thin-lens lens equation (also works for mirrors) relating object and image distance to focal length Copyright © 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley. Slide 19-9 Sign Conventions for Lenses and Mirrors Copyright © 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley. Copyright © 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley. Slide 19-10 The Camera Slide 19-11 Copyright © 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley. Slide 19-12 Focusing a Camera Digital Cameras A digital image is made up of millions of pixels. A CCD chip records the digital image. Copyright © 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley. Slide 19-13 The Human Eye Copyright © 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley. Copyright © 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley. Slide 19-14 Focusing and Accommodation Slide 19-15 Copyright © 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley. Slide 19-16 Correcting Myopia Myopia and Hyperopia Copyright © 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley. Slide 19-17 Slide 19-18 Copyright © 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley. The Magnifier Apparent Size Largest angular size without a magnifier is θ0 ≈ h 25 cm With a magnifier, the angular size is h θ0 ≈ f Copyright © 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley. Slide 19-19 Copyright © 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley. The magnification is thus M= θ 25 cm = θ0 f Slide 19-20 The Microscope The Microscope M = MoMe = − Slide 19-21 Copyright © 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley. L 25 cm f0 fe Copyright © 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley. Slide 19-22 Lens Aberrations: Spherical Aberration The Telescope M =− Copyright © 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley. The Hubble space telescope originally suffered from spherical aberration. f0 fe Slide 19-23 Copyright © 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley. Slide 19-24 Chromatic Aberration Copyright © 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley. Resolution and the Wave Nature of Light Slide 19-25 Rayleigh’s Criterion Slide 19-26 Copyright © 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley. The Resolution of a Microscope Two objects are resolvable if their angular separation is greater than Numerical aperturre NA = nsin φ0 1.22 λ θ1 = D Copyright © 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley. Resolving power RP P = dmin = Slide 19-27 Copyright © 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley. 0.61λ0 NA Slide 19-28 Optical and Electron Micrographs of e. coli Copyright © 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley. Slide 19-29