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12/11/2013 PowerPoint® Lecture Slides prepared by Janice Meeking, Mount Royal College CHAPTER The Axial Skeleton • Consists of 80 bones • Three major regions 7 • Skull • Vertebral column • Thoracic cage The Skeleton: Part A Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Skull Thoracic cage (ribs and sternum) Vertebral column Sacrum Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. The Skull Cranium Facial bones Clavicle Scapula Sternum Rib Humerus Vertebra Radius Ulna Carpals • 1. Cranial bones Phalanges Metacarpals Femur Patella Tibia Fibula (a) Anterior view Two sets of bones • Enclose the brain in the cranial cavity • Provide sites of attachment for head and neck muscles Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.1a The Skull Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Bones of cranium (cranial vault) 2. Facial bones • Framework of face • Cavities for special sense organs for sight, taste, and smell • Openings for air and food passage • Sties of attachment for teeth and muscles of facial expression Coronal suture Squamous suture Lambdoid suture Facial bones (a) Cranial and facial divisions of the skull Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.2a 1 12/11/2013 Cranial Bones Anterior cranial fossa • Frontal bone • Parietal bones (2) Middle cranial fossa • Occipital bone • Temporal bones (2) • Sphenoid bone Posterior cranial fossa • Ethmoid bone (b) Superior view of the cranial fossae Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.2b Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Frontal Bone Frontal bone Glabella Frontonasal suture Supraorbital foramen (notch) Supraorbital margin Superior orbital fissure Optic canal Inferior orbital fissure Middle nasal concha Ethmoid Perpendicular bone plate Inferior nasal concha Vomer Parietal bone • Anterior portion of cranium • Most of anterior cranial fossa • Superior wall of orbits • Contains air-filled frontal sinus Squamous part of frontal bone Nasal bone Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Temporal bone Ethmoid bone Lacrimal bone Zygomatic bone Infraorbital foramen Maxilla Mandible Mental foramen (a) Anterior view Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Parietal Bones and Major Associated Sutures • Superior and lateral aspects of cranial vault • Four sutures mark the articulations of parietal bones with frontal, occipital, and temporal bones: 1. Coronal suture—between parietal bones and frontal bone 2. Sagittal suture—between right and left parietal bones 3. Lambdoid suture—between parietal bones and occipital bone Mandibular symphysis Figure 7.4a Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Frontal bone Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Coronal suture Parietal bone Ethmoid bone Temporal bone Lacrimal bone Lambdoid suture Lacrimal fossa Squamous suture Occipital bone Zygomatic process Occipitomastoid suture External acoustic meatus Mastoid process Styloid process Nasal bone Zygomatic bone Maxilla Alveolar margins Mandibular condyle Mandibular notch 4. Squamous (squamosal) sutures—between parietal and temporal bones on each side of skull Mandible Mental foramen Mandibular ramus Mandibular angle Coronoid process (a) External anatomy of the right side of the skull Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.5a 2 12/11/2013 Occipital Bone Sagittal suture Parietal bone • Most of skull’s posterior wall and posterior cranial fossa Sutural bone • Articulates with 1st vertebra Lambdoid suture • Sites of attachment for the ligamentum nuchae and many neck and back muscles Occipital bone Superior nuchal line External occipital protuberance Occipitomastoid suture (b) Posterior view Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. External occipital crest Occipital condyle Mastoid process Inferior nuchal line Figure 7.4b Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Incisive fossa Intermaxillary suture Median palatine suture Maxilla (palatine process) Hard Palatine bone palate (horizontal plate) Infraorbital foramen Maxilla Zygomatic bone • Inferolateral aspects of skull and parts of cranial floor Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Temporal bone (zygomatic process) Foramen ovale • Four major regions Foramen spinosum Vomer Mandibular fossa Styloid process Mastoid process Temporal bone (petrous part) Pharyngeal tubercle of basilar region of the occipital bone Parietal bone External occipital crest External occipital protuberance (a) Inferior view of the skull (mandible removed) Temporal Bones Foramen lacerum Carotid canal External acoustic meatus Stylomastoid foramen Jugular foramen • Squamous • Tympanic • Mastoid Occipital condyle Inferior nuchal line • Petrous Superior nuchal line Foramen magnum Figure 7.6a Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Ethmoid Cribriform plate Crista galli bone Anterior cranial fossa Frontal bone Olfactory foramina Optic canal External acoustic meatus Mastoid region Sphenoid Lesser wing Greater wing Squamous region Hypophyseal fossa of sella turcica Middle cranial fossa Temporal bone (petrous part) Foramen rotundum Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Foramen lacerum Internal acoustic meatus Jugular foramen Hypoglossal canal Mastoid process Zygomatic process Posterior cranial fossa Mandibular fossa Parietal bone Tympanic region Occipital bone Styloid process Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Foramen magnum View (a) Superior view of the skull, calvaria removed Figure 7.8 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.7a 3 12/11/2013 Sphenoid Bone Optic canal • Complex, bat-shaped bone Greater wing Hypophyseal fossa of sella turcica • Keystone bone • Articulates with all other cranial bones Body of sphenoid Lesser wing Superior orbital fissure Foramen rotundum Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum • Three pairs of processes • Greater wings • Lesser wings • Pterygoid processes (a) Superior view Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.9a Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Ethmoid Bone • Deepest skull bone • Superior part of nasal septum, roof of nasal cavities Olfactory foramina Crista galli Cribriform plate • Contributes to medial wall of orbits Orbital plate Left lateral mass Ethmoidal air cells Perpendicular plate Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Ethmoid Cribriform plate Crista galli bone Anterior cranial fossa Sphenoid Lesser wing Greater wing Hypophyseal fossa of sella turcica Middle cranial fossa Temporal bone (petrous part) Middle nasal concha Figure 7.10 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Facial Bones Frontal bone Olfactory foramina Optic canal • Mandible • Lacrimal bones (2) Foramen rotundum Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum • Maxillary bones (maxillae) (2) • Palatine bones (2) Foramen lacerum Internal acoustic meatus Jugular foramen • Zygomatic bones (2) • Nasal bones (2) • Vomer • Inferior nasal conchae (2) Hypoglossal canal Posterior cranial fossa Foramen magnum View Parietal bone Occipital bone (a) Superior view of the skull, calvaria removed Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.7a Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 4 12/11/2013 Mandible Maxillary Bones • Lower jaw • Medially fused to form upper jaw and central portion of facial skeleton • Largest, strongest bone of face • Temporomandibular joint: only freely movable joint in skull Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. • Keystone bones • Articulate with all other facial bones except mandible Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Articulates with frontal bone Frontal process • Cheekbones • Inferolateral margins of orbits Orbital surface Zygomatic process (cut) Zygomatic Bones Infraorbital foramen Anterior nasal spine Alveolar margin (b) Maxilla, right lateral view Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.11b Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Nasal Bones and Lacrimal Bones Palatine Bones and Vomer • Nasal bones • Palatine bones • Form bridge of nose • Lacrimal bones • In medial walls of orbits • Lacrimal fossa houses lacrimal sac (tear ducts) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. • Posterior one-third of hard palate • Posterolateral walls of the nasal cavity • Vomer • Plow shaped • Lower part of nasal septum • Small part of the orbits Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 5 12/11/2013 Incisive fossa Intermaxillary suture Median palatine suture Maxilla (palatine process) Hard Palatine bone palate (horizontal plate) Infraorbital foramen Maxilla Zygomatic bone • Roof, lateral walls, and floor formed by parts of four bones Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Temporal bone (zygomatic process) • Ethmoid Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Vomer Foramen lacerum Carotid canal External acoustic meatus Stylomastoid foramen Jugular foramen Mandibular fossa Styloid process Mastoid process Temporal bone (petrous part) Pharyngeal tubercle of basilar region of the occipital bone Parietal bone External occipital crest External occipital protuberance (a) Inferior view of the skull (mandible removed) Nasal Cavity Occipital condyle • Palatine bones • Maxillary bones • Inferior nasal conchae • Nasal septum of bone and hyaline cartilage Inferior nuchal line • Ethmoid Superior nuchal line • Vomer Foramen magnum • Anterior septal cartilage Figure 7.6a Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Frontal sinus Superior, middle, and inferior meatus Superior nasal concha Ethmoid Middle bone nasal concha Ethmoid bone Crista galli Cribriform plate Frontal sinus Sella turcica Inferior nasal concha Nasal bone Nasal bone Sphenoid Sphenoid sinus Pterygoid bone process Palatine bone (perpendicular plate) Anterior nasal spine Maxillary bone (palatine process) Palatine bone (horizontal plate) (a) Bones forming the left lateral wall of the nasal cavity (nasal septum removed) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone Sphenoid sinus Figure 7.14a Septal cartilage Palatine Vomer bone Alveolar margin Hard Palatine process of maxilla palate of maxilla (b) Nasal cavity with septum in place showing the contributions of the ethmoid bone, the vomer, and septal cartilage Figure 7.14b Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Paranasal Sinuses • Mucosa-lined, air-filled spaces Frontal sinus Ethmoidal air cells (sinus) Sphenoid sinus Maxillary sinus • Lighten the skull • Enhance resonance of voice • Found in frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones (a) Anterior aspect Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Frontal sinus Ethmoidal air cells Sphenoid sinus Maxillary sinus (b) Medial aspect Figure 7.15 6 12/11/2013 Hyoid Bone • Not a bone of the skull • Does not articulate directly with another bone • Site of attachment for muscles of swallowing and speech Greater horn Lesser horn Body Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.12 7