Download Skull Notes

12/11/2013
PowerPoint® Lecture Slides
prepared by
Janice Meeking,
Mount Royal College
CHAPTER
The Axial Skeleton
• Consists of 80 bones
• Three major regions
7
• Skull
• Vertebral column
• Thoracic cage
The Skeleton:
Part A
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Skull
Thoracic cage
(ribs and
sternum)
Vertebral
column
Sacrum
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The Skull
Cranium
Facial bones
Clavicle
Scapula
Sternum
Rib
Humerus
Vertebra
Radius
Ulna
Carpals
•
1. Cranial bones
Phalanges
Metacarpals
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
(a) Anterior view
Two sets of bones
•
Enclose the brain in the cranial cavity
•
Provide sites of attachment for head and
neck muscles
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
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Figure 7.1a
The Skull
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Bones of cranium (cranial vault)
2. Facial bones
•
Framework of face
•
Cavities for special sense organs for sight,
taste, and smell
•
Openings for air and food passage
•
Sties of attachment for teeth and muscles
of facial expression
Coronal
suture
Squamous
suture
Lambdoid
suture
Facial
bones
(a) Cranial and facial divisions of the skull
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7.2a
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Cranial Bones
Anterior cranial
fossa
• Frontal bone
• Parietal bones (2)
Middle cranial
fossa
• Occipital bone
• Temporal bones (2)
• Sphenoid bone
Posterior cranial
fossa
• Ethmoid bone
(b) Superior view of the cranial fossae
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Figure 7.2b
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Frontal Bone
Frontal bone
Glabella
Frontonasal suture
Supraorbital foramen
(notch)
Supraorbital margin
Superior orbital
fissure
Optic canal
Inferior orbital
fissure
Middle nasal
concha
Ethmoid
Perpendicular bone
plate
Inferior nasal concha
Vomer
Parietal bone
• Anterior portion of cranium
• Most of anterior cranial fossa
• Superior wall of orbits
• Contains air-filled frontal sinus
Squamous part
of frontal bone
Nasal bone
Sphenoid bone
(greater wing)
Temporal bone
Ethmoid bone
Lacrimal bone
Zygomatic bone
Infraorbital foramen
Maxilla
Mandible
Mental
foramen
(a) Anterior view
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Parietal Bones and Major Associated
Sutures
•
Superior and lateral aspects of cranial vault
•
Four sutures mark the articulations of parietal
bones with frontal, occipital, and temporal bones:
1. Coronal suture—between parietal bones and frontal
bone
2. Sagittal suture—between right and left parietal bones
3. Lambdoid suture—between parietal bones and
occipital bone
Mandibular symphysis
Figure 7.4a
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Frontal bone
Sphenoid bone
(greater wing)
Coronal suture
Parietal bone
Ethmoid bone
Temporal bone
Lacrimal bone
Lambdoid
suture
Lacrimal fossa
Squamous
suture
Occipital
bone
Zygomatic
process
Occipitomastoid
suture
External acoustic
meatus
Mastoid process
Styloid process
Nasal bone
Zygomatic
bone
Maxilla
Alveolar
margins
Mandibular condyle
Mandibular notch
4. Squamous (squamosal) sutures—between parietal
and temporal bones on each side of skull
Mandible
Mental foramen
Mandibular ramus
Mandibular angle
Coronoid process
(a) External anatomy of the right side of the skull
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Figure 7.5a
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Occipital Bone
Sagittal suture
Parietal
bone
• Most of skull’s posterior wall and posterior
cranial fossa
Sutural
bone
• Articulates with 1st vertebra
Lambdoid
suture
• Sites of attachment for the ligamentum
nuchae and many neck and back muscles
Occipital bone
Superior nuchal line
External
occipital
protuberance
Occipitomastoid
suture
(b) Posterior view
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External
occipital
crest
Occipital
condyle
Mastoid
process
Inferior
nuchal
line
Figure 7.4b
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Incisive fossa
Intermaxillary suture
Median palatine suture
Maxilla
(palatine process)
Hard Palatine bone
palate
(horizontal plate)
Infraorbital foramen
Maxilla
Zygomatic bone
• Inferolateral aspects of skull and parts of
cranial floor
Sphenoid bone
(greater wing)
Temporal bone
(zygomatic process)
Foramen ovale
• Four major regions
Foramen spinosum
Vomer
Mandibular
fossa
Styloid process
Mastoid process
Temporal bone
(petrous part)
Pharyngeal tubercle
of basilar region of
the occipital bone
Parietal bone
External occipital crest
External occipital
protuberance
(a) Inferior view of the skull (mandible removed)
Temporal Bones
Foramen lacerum
Carotid canal
External acoustic meatus
Stylomastoid
foramen
Jugular foramen
• Squamous
• Tympanic
• Mastoid
Occipital condyle
Inferior nuchal line
• Petrous
Superior nuchal line
Foramen magnum
Figure 7.6a
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Ethmoid Cribriform plate
Crista galli
bone
Anterior cranial fossa
Frontal bone
Olfactory foramina
Optic canal
External
acoustic
meatus
Mastoid
region
Sphenoid Lesser wing
Greater wing
Squamous
region
Hypophyseal fossa
of sella turcica
Middle cranial
fossa
Temporal bone
(petrous part)
Foramen rotundum
Foramen ovale
Foramen spinosum
Foramen lacerum
Internal acoustic
meatus
Jugular foramen
Hypoglossal canal
Mastoid
process
Zygomatic process
Posterior
cranial fossa
Mandibular fossa
Parietal bone
Tympanic region
Occipital bone
Styloid process
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Foramen magnum
View
(a) Superior view of the skull, calvaria removed
Figure 7.8
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Figure 7.7a
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Sphenoid Bone
Optic canal
• Complex, bat-shaped bone
Greater
wing
Hypophyseal
fossa of
sella turcica
• Keystone bone
• Articulates with all other cranial bones
Body of sphenoid
Lesser wing
Superior
orbital fissure
Foramen
rotundum
Foramen
ovale
Foramen
spinosum
• Three pairs of processes
• Greater wings
• Lesser wings
• Pterygoid processes
(a) Superior view
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Figure 7.9a
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Ethmoid Bone
• Deepest skull bone
• Superior part of nasal septum, roof of nasal
cavities
Olfactory
foramina
Crista galli
Cribriform
plate
• Contributes to medial wall of orbits
Orbital
plate
Left lateral mass
Ethmoidal
air cells
Perpendicular
plate
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Ethmoid Cribriform plate
Crista galli
bone
Anterior cranial fossa
Sphenoid Lesser wing
Greater wing
Hypophyseal fossa
of sella turcica
Middle cranial
fossa
Temporal bone
(petrous part)
Middle nasal concha
Figure 7.10
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Facial Bones
Frontal bone
Olfactory foramina
Optic canal
• Mandible
• Lacrimal bones (2)
Foramen rotundum
Foramen ovale
Foramen spinosum
• Maxillary bones
(maxillae) (2)
• Palatine bones (2)
Foramen lacerum
Internal acoustic
meatus
Jugular foramen
• Zygomatic bones (2)
• Nasal bones (2)
• Vomer
• Inferior nasal conchae
(2)
Hypoglossal canal
Posterior
cranial fossa
Foramen magnum
View
Parietal bone
Occipital bone
(a) Superior view of the skull, calvaria removed
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Figure 7.7a
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Mandible
Maxillary Bones
• Lower jaw
• Medially fused to form upper jaw and central
portion of facial skeleton
• Largest, strongest bone of face
• Temporomandibular joint: only freely movable
joint in skull
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• Keystone bones
• Articulate with all other facial bones except
mandible
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Articulates with
frontal bone
Frontal process
• Cheekbones
• Inferolateral margins of orbits
Orbital
surface
Zygomatic
process
(cut)
Zygomatic Bones
Infraorbital
foramen
Anterior nasal
spine
Alveolar
margin
(b) Maxilla, right lateral view
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Figure 7.11b
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Nasal Bones and Lacrimal Bones
Palatine Bones and Vomer
• Nasal bones
• Palatine bones
• Form bridge of nose
• Lacrimal bones
• In medial walls of orbits
• Lacrimal fossa houses lacrimal sac (tear
ducts)
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• Posterior one-third of
hard palate
• Posterolateral walls of
the nasal cavity
• Vomer
• Plow shaped
• Lower part of nasal
septum
• Small part of the orbits
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Incisive fossa
Intermaxillary suture
Median palatine suture
Maxilla
(palatine process)
Hard
Palatine bone
palate
(horizontal plate)
Infraorbital foramen
Maxilla
Zygomatic bone
• Roof, lateral walls, and floor formed by parts of four
bones
Sphenoid bone
(greater wing)
Temporal bone
(zygomatic process)
• Ethmoid
Foramen ovale
Foramen spinosum
Vomer
Foramen lacerum
Carotid canal
External acoustic meatus
Stylomastoid
foramen
Jugular foramen
Mandibular
fossa
Styloid process
Mastoid process
Temporal bone
(petrous part)
Pharyngeal tubercle
of basilar region of
the occipital bone
Parietal bone
External occipital crest
External occipital
protuberance
(a) Inferior view of the skull (mandible removed)
Nasal Cavity
Occipital condyle
• Palatine bones
• Maxillary bones
• Inferior nasal conchae
• Nasal septum of bone and hyaline cartilage
Inferior nuchal line
• Ethmoid
Superior nuchal line
• Vomer
Foramen magnum
• Anterior septal cartilage
Figure 7.6a
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Frontal sinus
Superior, middle, and
inferior meatus
Superior
nasal concha Ethmoid
Middle
bone
nasal concha
Ethmoid
bone
Crista galli
Cribriform
plate
Frontal
sinus
Sella turcica
Inferior nasal
concha
Nasal bone
Nasal bone
Sphenoid
Sphenoid sinus
Pterygoid
bone
process
Palatine bone
(perpendicular plate)
Anterior nasal spine
Maxillary bone
(palatine process)
Palatine bone
(horizontal plate)
(a) Bones forming the left lateral wall of the nasal cavity
(nasal septum removed)
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Perpendicular
plate of
ethmoid bone
Sphenoid
sinus
Figure 7.14a
Septal cartilage
Palatine
Vomer
bone
Alveolar margin
Hard Palatine process
of maxilla
palate of maxilla
(b) Nasal cavity with septum in place showing the contributions
of the ethmoid bone, the vomer, and septal cartilage
Figure 7.14b
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Paranasal Sinuses
• Mucosa-lined, air-filled spaces
Frontal
sinus
Ethmoidal
air cells
(sinus)
Sphenoid
sinus
Maxillary
sinus
• Lighten the skull
• Enhance resonance of voice
• Found in frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and
maxillary bones
(a) Anterior aspect
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Frontal
sinus
Ethmoidal
air cells
Sphenoid
sinus
Maxillary
sinus
(b) Medial aspect
Figure 7.15
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Hyoid Bone
• Not a bone of the skull
• Does not articulate directly with another bone
• Site of attachment for muscles of swallowing
and speech
Greater horn
Lesser horn
Body
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7.12
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