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8th grade Midterm Study Guide 2016
Hello, 8th grade! The science midterm will include material from chapters 1 and 2 and the work we did in September on
the scientific method, measurement, and naming (Scientific nomenclature—Genus species). There is also some material
from notes: food webs; amoebas, paramecium, and how they eat; cilia, flagellum, and pseudopods; how to read a chemical
equation and count up atoms; that pigments absorb photons and that we see the colors they do NOT absorb.
A good way to study is to make sure you know the definitions of all the bolded vocabulary in your book, can understand
all the figures, have memorized the organelles and their functions, and can answer the questions below.
Please ask me if you have any questions! You can see me during lunch, after school, or you can email me (ccing your
parents) or have your parents call or text me. You have learned a lot and I’m sure you are going to do very well!
Completion
Complete each statement.
1. A light microscope that has two or more lenses is called a(n) ____________________ microscope.
2. The microscope allowed Hooke to see “tiny rectangular rooms,” which he called ____________________.
3. The cell theory states that cells are the basic unit of structure and ____________________ in living things.
4. According to the cell theory, all organisms are made of ____________________.
5. The sharpness of an image produced by a microscope is called ____________________.
6. A lens that is thicker in the center than at the edges is called a(n) ____________________ lens.
7. The structure that allows materials to pass into and out of a cell is the ____________________.
8. The nucleus of a cell has thin strands of ____________________ that contain genetic material.
9. Small grainlike bodies called ____________________ produce proteins inside cells.
10. Organelles known as ____________________ contain chemicals that break down food particles and old cell
parts.
11. Unlike in an animal cell, the genetic material in a bacterial cell is not found in a(n) ____________________.
12. A structure found in plant and bacterial cells but not in animal cells is the cell ____________________.
13. In a many-celled organism, cells of different sizes and structures perform different ____________________.
14. Sugars and starches are examples of organic compounds known as ____________________.
15. DNA and RNA belong to the group of organic compounds known as ____________________.
16. The diffusion of ____________________ molecules is called osmosis.
17. Unlike passive transport, active transport requires the cell to use ____________________.
18. Proteins are made up of ______________acids.
19. The amoeba creates a “false foot” to surround its prey. The scientific name for a false foot is a
_______________________.
20. Paramecium are surrounded by tiny hair-like structures called _________________
21. A single-celled organism has _____________cell.
22. A multi-celled organism has ___________cells in it.
23. Small openings called ____________________ allow carbon dioxide to enter a leaf.
24. Plants make their own food using energy that comes from the ____________________.
25. During respiration, glucose is combined with ____________________, releasing energy.
26. The energy from glucose is released in the process of ____________________.
27. The main difference between respiration and fermentation is that respiration uses ____________________ to
obtain energy from food.
28. The process in which yeasts break down sugars and produce carbon dioxide and alcohol is called
____________________ fermentation.
29. The products of respiration are energy, carbon dioxide, and ____________________.
30. Chloroplasts contain a pigment called ____________________ that captures the energy in light.
31. The questions that follow are for after Christmas:
A cell’s nucleus divides to form two identical nuclei during the stage of the cell cycle known as
____________________.
32. The final stage of the cell cycle, during which the cytoplasm divides, is called ____________________.
33. The sides of the DNA ladder are made of molecules of deoxyribose and ____________________.
Short Answer
34. After Christmas: What happens during mitosis?
35. After Christmas: What happens during cytokinesis in animal cells?
36. After Christmas: During DNA replication, adenine (A) always pairs with what nucleic acid? (REMEMBER
“AT”
37. After Christmas: Each rung of the DNA ladder has how many nitrogen bases?
38. After Christmas: What are chromatids?
39. What are the products of photosynthesis?
40. The stage of respiration that releases most of the energy in glucose occurs in what organelle?
41. Which term refers to the production of energy by a cell without using oxygen?
42. What causes lactic-acid fermentation?
43. What is the total magnification of a microscope with two lenses when one lens has a magnification of 10, and
the other lens has a magnification of 4?
44. What does an electron microscope use to make magnify images? Name an organelle that is too small to see
with light microscopes (like we us at school) but that we can see with an electron microscope.
45. How does a microscope lens work? How does it increase the size of the image we see? What does it do to
light?
46. What does the term resolution refer to?
46 (a). How do you make a scientific drawing of a microscopic image? Pen or pencil, arrows or lines to point out parts of
your specimen?, how do you write resolution?, draw a field of view, how often do you look at the specimen?
47. What is the function of a cell membrane?
48. Which organelle is the control center of a cell?
49. Which organelle breaks down sugar and produces most of the energy needed by an animal cell?
50. Which organelles produce proteins in the cell?
51. How does a bacterial cell differ from a plant or animal cell?
52. Which organelles found in plant and animal cells are also found in bacterial cells?
53. Which element do ALL organic compounds contain?
54. List all the organelles in the organelle song (or your book) and their functions
55. Which term refers to the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower
concentration?
56. Which term refers to the movement of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane?
57. Which term refers to the movement of materials through a cell membrane when energy is required?
58. Which term refers to proteins that speed up chemical reactions in living things? Which one breaks down
lipids? Which breaks down proteins? Remember how they are shaped like puzzles to fit the molecules they
are breaking down.
59. What is the function of a cell wall?
60. Where is chromatin found in a eukaryotic cell? Eukaryotic means animal or plant cell.
61. Which organelles store food and other materials needed by the cell?
62. Which organelles release chemicals that break down large food particles into smaller ones?
63. What is starch made up of?
64. Who was the first scientist to see and name cells?
65. If a cell is 60 percent water, and it is put in a solution of 95 percent water, will water go into or out of the cell?
If a cell is 60 percent water, and it is put in a solution of 40 percent water, will the water go into or out of the
cell?
Use the diagram to answer each question.
66. Name two structures that are not found in the cell shown here but that are found in plant cells.
67. Identify structure A and describe its function.
68. Identify the structures labeled B and describe their function.
69. Identify structure C and describe its function.
70. Identify the large round structure labeled D and describe its function.
71. Is the cell shown a bacterial cell? Explain your reasoning.
Use the diagram to answer each question.
72. Explain what would happen if some of the red blood cells were placed in beaker A. These red blood cells
have more salt in them than is in the water of the beaker.
73. Explain what would happen if some of the red blood cells were placed in beaker B.
74. What does equilibrium mean?
75. Why did Hooke call what he saw under the microscope “cells”?
EC:
76. Draw a concave lens.
77. How many hydrogen atoms are in one molecule of water?
78. What does protese break down in a cell?
79. How does an ameba capture its food? Remember the dissolving, hapless paramecium from the video.
80. How does a paramecium eat?
81. What is a flagellum? How does it help some cells move?
82. What is active transport? What are protein gates?
83. Why does salt water kill most plants?
84. There is 40 percent water outside a cell and 60 percent water inside the cell. Will water move into or out of
the cell?
85. Membranes are made out of what organic molecules?
86. What organelle is under the calcium carbonate shell of an egg?
87. If you dissolve the shell of an egg and place it in water, will the egg grow bigger or smaller? Why?
88. Can you see cell walls using a light microscope?
89. Can you see ribosomes using a light microscope?
90. List the levels of classification for organisms. (Think of King Phillip.)
91. In the classification of organisms, what kingdom does Harombe the guerrilla belong to, what kingdom do
roses belong to, what kingdom do you belong to?
92. What two levels of classification are used in scientific nomenclature (naming)?
93. What is the scientific method?
94. Put the steps of the scientific method in order: analyze the data, make a hypothesis, design an experiment,
gather background information, draw a conclusion, improve the experiment or suggest another (optional)
95. What is a hypothesis?
96. Which is better: a large sample size or small sample size?
97. Give an example of a virtue scientists need and explain why they need it.
98. What does it mean to say correlation does not equal causation?
For example, every time I wear red socks like Father Val’s, the Steelers win. Red socks and victory are
correlated. Do my socks cause the victory?
Give your own example of correlation not equaling causation.
99. After Christmas:
We are going to design an experiment on what affects the growth of mold on bread. We will keep some bread
just as it is. We will soak other bread in water and still other bread in sugar water. Is the bread we keep as is
part of the control group or the variable group?
100. How many atoms of oxygen are in 5 CO2 ? How do you know?
101. I want to test fertilizer. I put one kind next to my oak tree in the sun and one kind next to my weeping willow
in the shade. My oak tree grows taller! That fertilizer is better! What is the mistake in my experimental
design?
102. List the metric prefixes in order. How many centimeters are in 10 kilometers?
103. What is the metric unit for length?
104. What is the metric unit for mass?
105. Which organelle turns sugar into energy we can use?
106. Which organelle captures light energy and turns it into sugar?
106 (a) Carbon dioxide enters leaves through small holes. What are those holes called? What are the cells called that open
and close those holes?
107. Which organelle was probably its own organism before it became an organelle?
This is a diagram of cellular respiration. It might help you think about the questions below, but the answers
are in your book.
108. What are the raw materials for respiration?
109. Where do organisms get those raw materials?
110. What are the products of respiration?
111. Is oxygen required for the stage of respiration that takes place in the cytoplasm? Is oxygen required for the
stage of respiration that takes place in mitochondria? Which stage releases the most energy?
112. How are photosynthesis and respiration related? Think of the cow breathing in and out and the plants he eats
breathing in and out. How are they related to each other?
114. What are the inputs into the process of photosynthesis? Where do plants and other organisms get them?
115. What is the opening in leaves called that lets in carbon dioxide?
116. Do stomata always stay open? Why might a stomata close if it is very hot outside?
117. What is a photon?
118. What is glucose?
119. What is H2O?
120. Which of your body tissues have more mitochondria, your muscle or your skin? (Hint: Mitochondria are
energy factories. Which tissue needs more energy?)
121. What color do green leaves NOT absorb?
122. What is an autotroph? Give an example of one.
123. What does heterotroph mean? Give an example of one.
124. What does the prefix “auto” mean?
125. Which “mailman” organelle packages the products of a cell?
126. Which organelle transports objects around the cell?
127. Which type of endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes attached to it: Rough ER or Smooth ER?
128. Which clear organelle do the other organelles float in or “stream” through?
129. In a scientific drawing, a person should look back at the specimen every few seconds, every few minutes as
they draw?
130. You are now a hard working scientist. You are looking at another scientist’s work. Underneath the field of
view, the scientist has written “X400” What does that mean? How much bigger is the drawing compared to
the specimen?
131. What is a flagellum?
132. The owl who expelled the owl pellet you dissected is called a Tyto alba? What is his genus? What is his
species?
After Christmas: This will be multiple choice. Use the diagram to answer each question.
133. List drawings 1-5 in their correct order, beginning with the drawing that represents interphase.
135. Identify the stages of the cell cycle represented by drawings 1–5.
136. Identify structure A and describe its function.
138. Explain what is happening in drawing 1.
138 a. Draw a food web for Tyto alba (your owl). What did your owl eat? What did that eat? What did that eat? Get down
to the sun. What eats your owl?
Essay
139. How did the invention of the electron microscope help scientists learn more about the internal structures of
cells?
140. You are looking at the inside of a cell. Explain how you can tell whether the cell is animal, bacterial, or plant.
141. Compare and contrast mitochondria and chloroplasts.
142. How does a burger you eat turn into part of you? Describe what happens to the protein in the meat, the fat in
the meat and cheese, the sugar in the tomato, and the carbohydrate in the bun?
143. Explain the following statement: Plant cells and animal cells recycle each other’s waste products.
144. Extra Credit: Memorize and write the formulas for photosynthesis and for cellular respiration.
145. After Christmas:
Suppose one side of a piece of DNA contains the following series of nitrogen bases: A-C-G-C-T-T. What is
the series of nitrogen bases on the other side of that piece of DNA? Explain how you arrived at your answer.
8th grade Midterm Study Guide 2016
Answer Section
COMPLETION
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compound
cells
function
cells
resolution
convex
cell membrane
chromatin
ribosomes
lysosomes
nucleus
wall
functions
carbohydrates
nucleic acids
water
energy
amino
pseudopod
cillia
one
many (or more than one)
stomata
sun
oxygen
respiration
oxygen
alcoholic
water
chlorophyll
mitosis
cytokinesis
phosphate
SHORT ANSWER
34.
35.
36.
37.
the cell’s nucleus divides into two new nuclei.
Two new daughter cells are formed.
thymine (T).
a pair of nitrogen bases.
38.
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identical strands of chromosomes
oxygen and sugars
mitochondria.
fermentation
too little oxygen in muscle cells
40
An electron beam creates a high resolution image.
Each convex lens bends light to make the object appear larger.
how sharp an image is
to control what enters and leaves the cell
nucleus
mitochondria
ribosomes
It does not have a nucleus.
ribosomes
carbon.
nucleic acids.
diffusion
osmosis
active transport
enzyme
to protect and support the cell
contains instructions that direct the functions of a cell.
vacuoles
lysosomes
starches.
cells.
Anton von Leeuwenhoek
cell wall, chloroplast
A is a Golgi body. Golgi bodies package proteins and other newly formed materials and distribute them to
other parts of the cell.
The structures are mitochondria. Mitochondria produce most of the energy the cell needs to carry out its
functions.
C is the endoplasmic reticulum, which transports proteins to the Golgi bodies.
D is the nucleus, which directs all of the cell’s activities.
No, because it contains a nucleus and other organelles and does not have a cell wall.
In A, the concentration of water outside the cells would be greater than the concentration of water inside the
cells. Water would move into the cells by osmosis, causing them to swell.
In B, the concentration of water outside the cells would be lower than the concentration of water inside the
cells. Water would move out of the cells by osmosis, causing them to shrink.
In C, the concentration of water would be the same inside and outside the cells because plasma is the normal
environment for the cells. The cells would keep their normal shape.
They looked like the “cells” that monks and nuns lived in. Tiny rooms.
See book. Chapter 1. Section 1
2
Proteins
Engulphs it
80.
81.
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118.
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120.
121.
Uses cilia to push food into its oral cavity
Enzymes
Protein gates
Salt water has a lower percentage of water molecules than a cell, so water leaves the cell to go out to the salt
water until the percentage water molecules is the same inside and outside the cell. The plant dries out.
Out of the cell
Lipids and proteins
Membrane
Bigger. Water will move through the membrane of the egg cell.
cork cells. (Plant)
No, they are too small.
Animalia
Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genius, Species
Genus species
The methodical investigation of scientific questions using logic and observation
Develop a question, research, hypothesis, experiment, analyze results, draw conclusions, re-do if need.
An educated and testable prediction
Large
Control group
10
I changed too many variables at once. I can’t know which variable caused my tree to grow taller.
See teacher
Meter
gram
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts
Mitochondria
A is glucose. B is oxygen.
Plants and other organisms that undergo photosynthesis make their own glucose. Animals and other
heterotrophs get glucose from the food they consume. Oxygen comes from the surrounding air or water.
C and D are water and carbon dioxide.
No, oxygen is not required for the stage of respiration that takes place in the cytoplasm. Yes, oxygen is
required for the stage of respiration that takes place in mitochondria.
Much more energy is released by the stage of respiration in the mitochondria than in the stage in the
cytoplasm.
No, you cannot tell whether the cell is a plant cell or an animal cell, since both types of cells have
mitochondria and carry out respiration.
Carbon dioxide from the air, water from ground, photons from sun
Stomata
It might close to keep water from evaporating
Energy from light
Sugar
Water
muscle
Green
122.
123.
124.
125.
126.
127.
128.
129.
130.
131.
132.
133.
134.
135.
136.
137.
138.
Eats food it makes
Eats other things
Self
Golgi apparatus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Rough ER
Cytoplasm
Every few seconds
400 times as big
A single hair-like structure attached to a cell membrane that helps it move
Genus: Tyto
Species: alba
1 is anaphase. 2 is prophase. 3 is interphase. 4 is telophase. 5 is metaphase.
1, 2, 4, and 5 represent parts of mitosis.
The correct order is 3, 2, 5, 1, 4.
A is a centromere, which holds the two chromatids of a chromosome together.
The structures are chromatids. They contain condensed chromatin.
A new nuclear membrane is forming around the chromosomes in each end of the cell. The cell membrane is
beginning to pinch in around the middle of the cell.
ESSAY
139. The resolution of electron microscopes is much better than that of light microscopes. This better resolution
enabled scientists to examine structures inside cells in more detail.
140. The cell is an animal cell if it has a nucleus but not a cell wall. The cell is a bacterial cell if it has no nucleus.
The cell is a plant cell if it has a nucleus and a cell wall.
141. Mitochondria use food to produce energy. They are found in both plant and animal cells. Chloroplasts use
energy to produce food. They are found in plant cells but not in animal cells.
142. See teacher
143. During photosynthesis, plant cells use carbon dioxide and water. These substances are the waste products of
respiration from plants and animals. During respiration, animal cells use oxygen, which is the waste product
of photosynthesis.
144. See book
145. The series of nitrogen bases on the other side would be T-G-C-G-A-A. T always pairs with A, and G always
pairs with C.