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The Skeletal System The Appendicular Skeleton Limbs (appendages) Pectoral girdle Pelvic girdle Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide The Appendicular Skeleton Figure 5.6c Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle Composed of two bones Clavicle – collarbone Scapula – shoulder blade These bones allow the upper limb to have exceptionally free movement Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 5.33 Bones of the Shoulder Girdle Figure 5.20a, b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Scapulae (Shoulder Blade) • Situated on the dorsal surface of rib cage, between ribs 2 and 7 • Flat and triangular, with three borders and three angles • Seven large fossae, named according to location Acromion Suprascapular notch Superior border Coracoid process Glenoid cavity Lateral border Superior angle Subscapular fossa Medial border (a) Right scapula, anterior aspect Inferior angle Figure 7.25a Suprascapular notch Coracoid process Superior angle Supraspinous fossa Spine Infraspinous fossa Acromion Glenoid cavity at lateral angle Medial border Lateral border (b) Right scapula, posterior aspect Figure 7.25b Supraspinous fossa Acromion Coracoid process Supraspinous fossa Infraspinous fossa Posterior Spine Glenoid cavity Subscapular fossa Anterior (c) Right scapula, lateral aspect Inferior angle Figure 7.25c The Upper Limb • 30 bones form the skeletal framework of each upper limb – Arm • Humerus – Forearm • Radius and ulna – Hand • 8 carpal bones in the wrist • 5 metacarpal bones in the palm • 14 phalanges in the fingers Humerus The arm is formed by a single bone Humerus • Largest, longest bone of upper limb • Articulates superiorly with glenoid cavity of scapula • Articulates inferiorly with radius and ulna Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.21a, b Slide Radius and Ulna • The forearm has two bones • Ulna • Radius Figure 5.21c Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide Radius & Ulna • Ulna – Medial bone in forearm – Forms the major portion of the elbow joint with the humerus • Radius – Lateral bone in forearm – Interosseous membrane connects the radius and ulna along their entire length Figure 5.21c Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide Head Olecranon process Trochlear notch Neck Radial tuberosity Proximal radioulnar joint Interosseous membrane Ulna Head of radius Neck of radius Radius Ulnar notch Radius of the radius Head of ulna Styloid Styloid process of ulna process Distal radioulnar Styloid process of radius joint of radius (a) Anterior view (b) Posterior view Figure 7.27a-b Bones of the Upper Limb The hand Carpals – wrist Metacarpals – palm Phalanges – fingers Figure 5.22 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 5.36 Hand: Carpals • Eight bones in two rows – Proximal row – Distal row • The scaphoid is the most broken bone in the wrist. Figure 5.22 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hand: Metacarpals and Phalanges • Metacarpals – Five metacarpal bones (#1 to #5) form the palm • Phalanges – Each finger (digit), except the thumb, has three phalanges—distal, middle, and proximal – Fingers are numbered 1–5, beginning with the thumb (pollex) Figure 5.22 – Thumb has no middle phalanx Bones of the Pelvic Girdle (Coxal) Hip bones Composed of three pair of fused bones Ilium Ischium Pubic bone The total weight of the upper body rests on the pelvis Protects several organs Together with the sacrum and the coccyx, these bones form the bony pelvis Ilium Posterior superior iIiac spine Posterior inferior iliac spine Greater sciatic notch Ischial body Ischium Ischial tuberosity Iliac crest Anterior superior iliac spine Anterior inferior iliac spine Acetabulum Pubic body Pubis Obturator foramen (a) Lateral view, right hip bone Figure 7.30a The Pelvis Figure 5.23a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide Bones of the Lower Limb • Carries the weight of the body • Subjected to exceptional forces • Three segments of the lower limb – Thigh: femur – Leg: tibia and fibula – Foot: 7 tarsal bones in the ankle, 5 metatarsal bones in the metatarsus, and 14 phalanges in the toes Neck Fovea capitis Greater trochanter Head Lesser trochanter Apex Anterior Facet for medial condyle of femur Facet for lateral condyle of femur Lateral condyle Lateral epicondyle Surface for patellar Posterior ligament (a) Patella (kneecap) Medial condyle Lateral epicondyle Patellar surface Medial epicondyle Anterior view Posterior view (b) Femur (thigh bone) Figure 7.31 Femur • Largest and strongest bone in the body • Articulates proximally with the acetabulum of the hip and distally with the tibia and patella Bones of the Leg • Tibia – Medial leg bone – Receives the weight of the body from the femur and transmits it to the foot • Fibula – Not weight bearing; no articulation with femur – Site of muscle attachment – Connected to tibia by interosseous membrane Lateral condyle Head Proximal tibiofibular joint Medial condyle Tibial tuberosity Interosseous membrane Fibula Tibia Distal tibiofibular joint Lateral malleolus Medial malleolus (a) Anterior view Figure 7.32a Bones of the Foot (Tarsals) • Seven tarsal bones form the posterior half of the foot • Talus transfers most of the weight from the tibia to the calcaneus • Other tarsal bones: cuboid, navicular, and the medial, intermediate, and lateral cuneiforms Intermediate cuneiform First metatarsal Talus Facet for medial Navicular malleolus Sustentaculum tali (talar shelf) Calcaneus Medial cuneiform (b) Medial view PLAY Calcaneal tuberosity Animation: Rotatable bones of the foot Figure 7.33b Foot: Metatarsals and Phalanges • Metatarsals: – Five metatarsal bones (#1 to #5) – Enlarged head of metatarsal 1 forms the “ball of the foot” • Phalanges: – The 14 bones of the toes – Each digit (except the hallux) has three phalanges – Hallux has no middle phalanx Distal Middle Proximal 1 Medial cuneiform Intermediate cuneiform Navicular Talus Trochlea of talus (a) Superior view 2 3 4 5 Phalanges Metatarsals Lateral cuneiform Cuboid Tarsals Calcaneus Figure 7.33a