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The EOC is worth
30% of your
semester grade, so
study hard and you
will do great!
The pictures were obtained from various websites. Most web addresses are below the
pictures if you would like to use them or look at them.
The Goal of Science:
1) deals only with the natural world
2) to collect and organize information
3) propose explanations that can be tested
Science - using evidence to learn about the natural world; a body of knowledge
Always begins with __________________________________.
Data- information gathered from observations.
1. Quantitative- numbers
2. Qualitative- descriptive
The Scientific Method: List the steps!
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
If you analyze your results and find that your hypothesis was incorrect or false, try again. Reconstruct /
fix your hypothesis and start over!
Why is it important to replicate or duplicate your results?
1. Instrumental error
2. Personal error
3. Sample size is too small or it isn’t a good mix
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Page 1
4. Inconsistency and inaccuracy
5. Experimental design is flawed or messed up.
6. Measurement error
Hypothesis
Theory
Law
Definition
Example
Independent Variable: what the scientist manipulates or changes. For example, different types of
fertilizer.
Dependent Variable: the variable that changes as a result of the independent variable. This is the data
you are collecting. For example, plant height.
Constant: the variable that does not change during the experiment, such as the same amount of water or
light.
Control group: to study the effects of an independent variable, a scientist uses a control group. Subjects
in a control group are treated exactly like experimental subjects except for the independent variable being
studied. The IV is manipulated in experimental groups. For example,
Practice- Use the question to fill in the IV, DV, CV, and constant.
Question / Scenario
Independent
Variable
Dependent Variable
Constant
Control Variable
Three redwood trees are kept
at different humidity levels
inside a greenhouse for 12
weeks. One tree is left
outside in normal conditions.
Height of the tree is
measured once a week.
Pea plant clones are given
different amounts of water
for a three-week period. First
pea plant receives 400
milliliters. Second pea plant
receives 200 milliliters. Third
pea plant receives 100
milliliters. Fourth pea plant
does not receive any extra
water; the plant only receives
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natural ways of receiving
water. The height of the pea
plants is recorded daily.
You decide to clean the
bathroom. You notice that
the shower is covered in a
strange green slime. You
decide to try to get rid of this
slime by adding lemonade
juice. You spray half of the
shower with lemonade juice
and spray the other half of
the shower with water. After
3 days of “treatment”, there is
no change in the appearance
of the green slime on either
side of the shower.
A scientist notices that a local
population of frogs has
started to develop
deformities. He designs an
experiment to identify the
source of the deformities,
using unhatched frog eggs
and a variety of
environmental stimuli, such
as water temperature and
pH. He will measure the
growth rate in mm. every day
for 30 days.
Graphing
y-axis= Dependent
Variable.
x-axis = Independent Variable
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Types of Microscopes
Directions: Using the terms and descriptions in the box, write the correct description in the
correct column.
a.)
b.)
c.)
d.)
Not used with living specimens (this is used twice).
Scans the surface of a specimen with a beam of electrons.
We use this type in school.
Transmits electrons through a thin slice of a specimen to produce a magnified image of
the internal details.
e.) Light passes through the specimen and the objective lens.
f.) Can be used to study living or dead specimens.
g.) Produces a 3D image and has the greatest magnification.
h.) Uses a bulb or mirror as its light source.
i.) Stains are often used to make details stick out.
j.) Specimens are sprayed with a fine, gold metal coating.
k.) The magnified image is projected up through the body tube to the ocular lens, where it’s
magnified 10X further.
l.) Viewed specimens are always in black and white (this is used twice).
m.) Images are viewed in color.
Compound Light Microscope
Scanning Electron
Microscope (SEM)
Transmission Electron Scope
(TEM)
Label the microscope using the word back below:







Body tube
High power objective
Rotating nosepiece
Mirror or bulb
Eyepiece / ocular lens
Base
Diaphragm
Low power objective
Scanning objective
Stage
Stage clips
Coarse adjustment knob
Fine adjustment knob
Arm
Diagram from www.biologycorner.com
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Questions:
1. If you are viewing a specimen under high power (40X), what is the total magnification?
__________________________
2. If you are viewing a specimen under low power (10X), what is the total magnification?
__________________________
3. If you are viewing a specimen using the scanning objective (4X), what is the total
magnification? __________________________
4. An osmosis investigation was conducted using chicken eggs to represent cells with
semipermeable membranes. The mass of each egg was measured to determine how
much water diffused into or out of the eggs. The eggs were first soaked in vinegar to
dissolve the shell. Each egg was then placed in one of three different solutions for 24
hours. The table below shows the results of the investigation.
Osmosis in Cells
Solution
Average Mass of Average Mass of
Eggs Before
Eggs After
Soaking (grams)
Soaking
(grams)
Difference in
Average Mass
(grams)
Percent
Change in
Average
Mass
Vinegar (95% water)
71.2
98.6
27.4
+38.5
Corn Syrup (5% water)
98.6
64.5
34.1
-34.6
Distilled Water (100% water)
64.5
105.3
40.8
+63.3
Based on this experiment, which of the following should be inferred about cells with
semipermeable membranes?
A. Substances other than water may also cross the cell membrane.
B. Substances other than water may block pores in the cell membrane.
C. Water enters the cell when placed in environments of high water concentration.
D. Water leaves the cell when placed in environments with a low concentration of solutes
5. The graph below shows atmospheric carbon dioxide levels since the year 1880.
Which of the following conclusions can be
drawn from this graph?
A. Atmospheric carbon dioxide levels are responsible
for global temperature change.
B. Atmospheric carbon dioxide levels have been rising
at about the same rate for the past century.
C. Atmospheric carbon dioxide levels have remained
the same over the past century.
D. Atmospheric carbon dioxide levels have been rising
at an increasingly higher rate as the past century has
progressed.
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Characteristics of all Living Things:
1. Made up of cellsa. __________________________- single or one celled= prokaryotes, like bacteria
b. ________________________- many cells= eukaryotes, like plants and animals
c. Cells-> tissues-> organs-> organ systems-> organism
2. Reproductiona. _______________________- one parent, offspring is genetically identical to the parent.
i. Budding= hydra
ii. Fragmentation= sea star
iii. Binary Fission= bacteria
b. ______________________- two parents, gametes (sperm and egg). Offspring are genetically
different.
3. ___________________________- chemical process that breaks down or builds up materials.
a. __________________________- make their own food through photosynthesis.
b. __________________________- make their own food through chemosynthesis.
c. __________________________- rely on others for food and energy through cellular
respiration.
4. ___________________________- maintenance or regulation of internal body conditions. Body is at a
balance- temperature, blood sugar levels, and water.
a. Normal body temperature is ____________F and ______________C.
5. ____________________- deoxyribonucleic acid
a. Stores genetic information
b. Made up of nucleotides (4 nitrogenous base pairs-AGCT), sugars, and phosphates.
c. Adenine (A) pairs up with Thymine (T)
d. Guanine (G) pairs up with Cytosine (C)
e. The sequence of the bases is what codes for the order of amino acids in the protein sequence
(amino acids).
6. ____________________________________- responding to factors in the environment.
a. ______________- non-living such as water, sand, temperature
b. __________________- Living such as plants and animals.
7. Growth and Developmenta. Growth- increase in the amount of living things through cell division or cell enlargement.
b. Development- Changing from conception to death.
8. _____________________________- species changing over time. Adapting to survive- behaviors,
structures, processes that increase its chances of survival that are passed on from parent to
offspring.
9. Chemical Uniquenessa. Macromolecules: ___________________________, ____________________________,
_________________________________, and _________________________________
b. All have three main elements: ___________________________
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Biochemistry
Atom- smallest basic unit of matter.
Element- one particular type of atom and it cannot be broken down into simpler substances. Ex- Oxygen
Compound- substance made up of atoms of different elements bonded together in certain ratio. Ex- H2O
Molecule- two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds. Ex- CO2
Protons- Positively charged particles located in the nucleus.
Neutrons-Neutral particles located in the nucleus with protons.
Electrons-Negatively charged particles located outside the nucleus in the electron cloud / energy levels.
http://wikis.lawrence.edu/display/CHEM/3.1+Periodic+Table+%28Ashley+Vokral%29
If you are asked to find the PEN of an
element:
Atomic number equals the number of
protons and electrons in a neutral atom.
There are 6 protons and 6 electrons.
Atomic Mass is the sum of protons and
neutrons. Therefore, if you know you have 6
protons there must be 6 neutrons because 6
+ 6 =12.
Ion- an atom that has gained or lost one or more electrons.
Ionic Bond- oppositely charged ions, which equals opposites attract (+ / -). Ex- Na+Cl-. Outermost energy
level needs to be full and stable.
Covalent Bond- atoms share a pair of electrons and forms a very strong bond. Ex- CO2
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Hydrogen Bonds: attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen and slightly negative oxygen. Very
weak bond.
Label the water molecule; label both the hydrogen and covalent bonds.
Properties of Water Table: Fill it in using your notes!
Property of
Water
Cohesion
Explanation of Property
Phenomenon / Examples
Adhesion
Surface Tension
Capillary Action
High Specific
Heat
High Heat of
Vaporization
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Lower density
when solid
** Solvent / Solute= the solvent is the substance that is present in the greatest amount and is the
substance that dissolves the solute. Solute is the substance that dissolves
What is considered the UNIVERSAL SOLVENT? _______________________________
WHY?____________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
The element that is considered the building block of life is ____________________. It has a unique
atomic structure because it has __________________________ on the outer energy level, and can
form ______________________ bonds with up to ___________________ other atoms!
Four Macromolecules are:
1.______________________
2.____________________ 3.______________________
4._____________________
Polymers contain many monomers bonded together.
Name the molecule! Which one am I?
_____________
_______________
www.indiana.edu
_________________
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_______
Page 9
Complete the chart using your notes.
Macromolecule
Carbohydrates
Basic
Formula &
Functional
Group
Monomer
Sub-groups and
Polymers
Examples
Functions / Uses
Monosaccharides=
simple sugars
Disaccharides=
double sugars
Polysaccharides=
many sugars
Lipids
Saturated= all single
bonds, full of H
Monounsaturated=
One double bond
Polyunsaturated=
two or more double
bonds
Phospholipids
(phosphate replaces
a fatty acid)
Steroids (4 fused
rings)
Proteins
Waxes (-OH replaces
a fatty acid)
Dipeptide= two
amino acids
Polypeptide= many
amino acids
Nucleic Acids
DNA and RNA
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Know the terminology!
Four Macromolecules / Carbon Based Molecule
1._________________________
2.__________________________
3._________________________
4.__________________________
Directions: Using the four macromolecules above, write which one is represented
by the description. Put a C for carbohydrate, P for protein, NA for nucleic acid, and
L for lipid.
Stores and transmits
genetic information
_____
Main component of cell
membranes_____
Deoxyribonucleic
Acid_____
The only one that
contains phosphorus
(sugar, phosphate,
nitrogenous base) _____
Ribonucleic Acid______
Glycerol ____
Ends in “ose” ______
Collagen_____
Olive oil______
Polyunsaturated____
Cellulose______
Triglycerides_____
Antibodies____
Long term energy
storage______
Enzyme substrate
complex_____
Main source of
energy______
Phospholipid
Bilayer_____
Cholesterol ______
Makes Enzymes____
Insulin_____
Sucrose____
Saturated _____
Fatty Acids____
Glucose_____
Contains nitrogenous
bases_____
Amino Acids_____
Fructose ______
Monosaccharides_____
Steroids______
Fatty Acids______
Has an “R” group ____
Monomers are
nucleotides____
Hemoglobin_____
Adenine, guanine,
cytosine, thymine_____
C6H12O6 ______
Double Helix-____
Disaccharides _____
Hormones_____
Starches _______
Lactose______
Unsaturated
Fats______
ATP____
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Page 11
Biology EOC Review Guide
ENZYMES
Directions: answer the questions based on your knowledge of enzymes.
1. What are enzymes made of: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, or nucleic acids?
___________________________
2. What is the function of an enzyme?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
3. Enzymes typically end in what three letters? ______________________________
4. True or False. Enzymes are only used once.
5. Enzymes control the rate of ____________________________ in the body.
6. Enzymes lower _______________________ (energy needed to get a reaction
started).
7. True or false. Enzymes are highly specific, and catalyze only one chemical
reaction due to substrate specificity.
8. The reactant in the reaction is also known as the ______________________
9. The __________ ________ is the region on the enzyme where the substrate
attaches.
10. True or false. The shape of the active site changes based on the substrate.
11. What is created after the chemical reaction has occurred? ________________
12. ____________________________
13. What happens to an enzyme if body temperature is too high? _______________
14. Optimal enzymatic temperature is _____________________
15. What happens if enzyme concentration or substrate is low?
________________________________________________________________________
Label the diagram!
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Biology EOC Review Guide
Explain what is happening in the graphs below.
a.
b.
http://www.rsc.org/Education/Teachers/Resources/cfb/enzymes.htm

A few popular ones:
o Catalase-> breaks down
o Amylase-> human saliva,
hydrogen peroxide in
breaks down starch (amylose)
eukaryotic cells
o Lactase-> Lactose (milk sugar)
o Sucrose (table sugar) ->
o DNA helicase-> unzips the
sucrase
double stranded molecule for
o Lipids-> lipase
replication
o Proteins-> Proteases
o DNA polymerase-> enzymes that create DNA molecules by assembling nucleotides
Adenosine Triphosphate



Our main _____________________________________________________________________
Molecule that transfers energy from the breakdown of food to cell processes.
Cells use ATP to:
o 1.Carry energy
o 2. Build molecules
o 3. Move materials by active transport
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Biology EOC Review Guide








Made up of the:
o Sugar:_____________________
o Nitrogenous Base: ______________
o Three _____________________
Third bond is unstable so it is easily broken. When the 3rd is removed, it releases
energy for cellular function, and turns into ADP.
ATP Process:
o Step 1- The energy carried by ATP is released when a phosphate group is
removed from the molecule. The third bond is unstable and is easily broken.
o Step 2- Reaction takes place and the energy is released for cell functions;
meaning the third phosphate fell off.
o Step 3- ATP (high energy) then becomes ADP (lower energy molecule)
because it just lost a phosphate (think of it like having a fully charged cell
phone battery, and then that energy is used up because you spent a lot of
time texting, snap chatting, etc., and now your battery is only half charged,
the only way to get it full again, is to recharge it. We recharge by eating and
resting).
o Step 4-The molecules get broken down and energy gets added.
o Step 5- Phosphate is added and it’s back to ATP!
Importanceo The food we eat doesn’t contain ATP.
o The number of ATP produced depends on what you eat- carbohydrates,
proteins, or lipids.
Carbohydrates yield- 36 ATP per glucose molecule broken down.
Lipids yield 146 ATP.
The number of ATP molecules depends on the number of carbohydrates, lipids, or
proteins broken down.
The organic compound most commonly broken down to make ATP = carbohydrates.
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Page 14
Biology EOC Review Guide
Cell Theory:
1. ________________________________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________________________________
3. ________________________________________________________________________
Contributors to the Cell Theory
a. Late 1500’s: Zacharias Janssen- The invention of the compound microscope.
b. 1665: Robert Hooke- first to identify cells and name them.
c. 1674: Anton van Leewenhoek- observed living cells in greater detail when he
observed numerous single celled organisms swimming around in a sample of pond
water. He called them “animalcules.”
d. 1838: Schleiden- first to note that plants are made up of cells.
e. 1839: Schwann- stated that all living things are made of cells.
f. 1855: Virchow- proposed that cells come from pre-existing cells.
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Biology EOC Review Guide
Compare and Contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Use the word bank to
assist.
Has a nucleus
Does not have a nucleus
Single celled Multicellular or single celled
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
Some sort of DNA
DNA is located in the nucleus
DNA is suspended in the cytoplasm
Ribosomes
Bacteria
No membrane bound organelles
Has membrane bound organelles
Plants and Animals
Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic Cells
Both
http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/cells/common.html
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Biology EOC Review Guide
Cell Organelles: Label them!!!!
Label the Plant and Animal Cell
7
1.__________________________
8.____________________________________
2.__________________________
9.____________________________________
3.__________________________
10. ___________________________________
4.__________________________
11.____________________________________
5.__________________________
12.____________________________________
6.__________________________
13.____________________________________
7.__________________________
14.____________________________________
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Biology EOC Review Guide
A.______________________________
I.________________________________
B.______________________________
J.________________________________
C.______________________________
K.________________________________
D.______________________________
L._________________________________
E.______________________________
M._________________________________
F.______________________________
N.__________________________________
G.______________________________
H.______________________________
http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&
docid=OXSaJol9XPt31M&tbnid=It2UUCsU0jFOqM:&ved=0CAUQjB0&url=http%3A%2F%
2Fmarialombardic.blogspot.com%2F2011%2F12%2Fanimal-celllabelled.html&ei=fRkfU_i3BofpkAfuIGADQ&bvm=bv.62788935,d.eW0&psig=AFQjCNEjPnLtmjtxglu-wMUAbMfUxlbbA&ust=1394633467769504
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Biology EOC Review Guide
Organelle
Cell Membrane
AKA Plasma
Membrane
Cell Wall
Cytoskeleton
Centrioles
Centrosome
Lysosomes
Vesicles (small)
Cytoplasm
Golgi Apparatus
Mitochondria
Function
Plant /
Animal or
Both
Forms a boundary between a cell and the outside
environment. Regulates what enters and leaves
the cell. Selectively permeable, key
characteristic is the phospholipid bilayer.
Rigid, outer surface that supports, protects, and
gives shape to the cell. Made of cellulose.
Network of proteins that constantly changes to
meet the needs of the cell. Helps the cell
maintain its shape, and helps some cell parts
move about the cell.
a. Microtubules
b. Intermediate Filaments
c. Microfilaments
Short cylinders that may aid in cell reproduction
/ cell division. Also organize microtubules to form
cilia and flagella.
Small region of cytoplasm that produces
microtubules.
Organelles that contain enzymes, which
breakdown and digest old cell parts, as well as
defend a cell from invading bacteria and viruses.
Membrane bound sac that stores and transports
substances (think endocytosis and exocytosis)
around the cell. They are kind of like the cells
taxi.
After a protein has been made, part of ER
pinches off to form a vesicle surrounding the
protein. The protein is then transported to the
Golgi apparatus.
Jellylike substance that contains dissolved
molecular building blocks- such as proteins,
nucleic acids, minerals, and ions. Surrounds all
of the organelles, helps transport nutrients
throughout the cell, as well as serves as a
protective cushion.
Processes, sorts, packages, and delivers proteins
and carbohydrates into vesicles for export out of
the cell. Kind of like the “UPS” of the cell.
Membrane contains enzymes.
Powerhouse of the cell that supplies energy to
the cell.
Converts food into energy (glucose into ATP)
Have ribosomes and DNA
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Biology EOC Review Guide
Ribosomes
Site of Cellular or Aerobic Respiration
Make proteins and carry out protein synthesis.
Link amino acids together.
Little ball like structures of proteins and RNA.
Smooth
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Rough ER
Nucleus
Nuclear Envelope
Nucleolus
Nuclear Pore
Vacuole
Cilia
Flagella
Chloroplast
Central Vacuole
No ribosomes
Lots of folds, inner membrane= lumen
Makes lipids
Controls calcium levels in muscles
Breaks down drugs and alcohol
Covered in ribosomes and site for attachment of
ribosomes.
Attached to the nucleus
Produces, transports enzymes and proteins
throughout the cell.
Control Center of the cell.
Storehouse of DNA
Double membrane around the nucleus
Protects the nucleus
Has pores around it for molecules to pass in and
out
Dense region in the middle of the nucleus
Ribosomes are made here
Allows large molecules to pass between the
nucleus and cytoplasm.
Fluid filled sacs / storage site for needed
materials.
Materials include water, nutrients, food,
enzymes, and waste that is on its way out.
Hair like projections that aid in movement.
Whip-like tail projection that aids in movement.
Carries out photosynthesis by capturing and
converting solar energy. Converts carbon dioxide
and water into glucose and oxygen.
Contains chlorophyll (pigment).
Large, fluid filled sac used for storage of
materials needed by the cell such as water, food,
enzymes, and inorganic molecules.
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Page 20
Biology EOC Review Guide
Cell organelle questions:
Which organelles are specific to plant cells? Which organelles are specific to
animal cells?
Identify the organelle: organelles can be used more than once
Structure/Function
Cell Part
Rigid, outer layer that supports, protects, and gives the plant cell
shape.
Control center of the cell; DNA is made here.
The sites of protein synthesis.
Supplies energy to the cell.
The jellylike region inside the cell except for the nucleus, where
dissolved building blocks are transported.
Organelle that manages or controls all the cell functions in a
eukaryotic cell.
Contains chlorophyll, a green pigment that traps energy from
sunlight and gives plants their green color.
Digests excess or worn-out cell parts, food particles, and invading
viruses or bacteria.
Small round ball like structures located on the rough endoplasmic
reticulum.
Provides temporary storage of food, enzymes and waste products.
Made up of cellulose.
Makes lipids.
Packages proteins for transport out of the cell.
Large, fluid filled sac used for storage of materials needed by the
cell such as water, food, enzymes, and inorganic molecules.
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Biology EOC Review Guide
Site where ribosomes are made.
The membrane surrounding the cell.
Short cylinders that may aid in cell division.
Network of proteins that constantly changes to meet the needs of
the cell, as well as help the cell maintain its shape.
Double membrane that protects the nucleus.
Small, hair-like structures used for movement or sensing things.
Composed of a phospholipid bilayer.
Long, whip-like structures used for movement
Main Functions








Regulates materials ____________________________________________________
Provides a large surface area on which specific chemical reactions can occur.
Site for receptors containing specific cell identification markers that
differentiate one cell from another.
Separates cells from one another.
Protects the inside of the cell.
The membrane doesn’t completely protect the cell because many substances
that aren’t beneficial to the cell can still enter through diffusion.
Membranes allow cells to create and maintain internal environments that
differ from external environments.
_____________________________________________- Some materials can pass
through and others cannot.
o Permeability depends on:
 1. Lipid solubility
 2. Size
 3. Charge
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Biology EOC Review Guide

 4. Presence of channels and transporters
Also known as the _____________________________ - a membrane that is a
fluid (can move easily) structure with a “mosaic” of various proteins and
carbohydrates embedded in it.
o Phospholipids are made up of polar ________________ and
_______________hydrophilic heads and ___________ ________
hydrophobic tails.
 Lipid bilayer is stable because of waters affinity for hydrogen
bonding never stops.
o Some proteins that extend through the entire membrane are called
_______________________because they have both hydrophilic and
hydrophobic regions.
o Many proteins and lipids are attached to carbohydrates. Together they
function in cell recognition and communication.
Label the diagram
using the
structures listed
in the table.
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Biology EOC Review Guide
Structure
Function
Glycoproteins
Glycolipids
Carbohydrate Chains
Peripheral Proteins
Cytoskeleton
Hydrophobic Fatty Acid
Tails
Hydrophilic Heads
Phospholipid Bilayer
Cholesterol
Carrier Proteins (a type of
transport)
Channel Protein (a type of
transport)
Receptor Proteins
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Page 24
Biology EOC Review Guide
Integral Proteins
Practice Questions
A cell membrane is composed of a double layer of lipids in which many kinds of proteins are
embedded. Many of these proteins act like gates, allowing only certain particles to enter or
leave the cell.
When a particle has to go against its concentration gradient through one of these gates,
energy is supplied by the cell to the correct protein to move the particle through the
membrane. A sodium‐potassium ion pump is an example of a type of carrier protein that
uses a large portion of the cell’s energy to move sodium ions through the cell membrane.
1. The sodium‐potassium ion pump found in some cell membranes is made of
which of the following basic structural components?
A. amino acids
B. fatty acids
C. monosaccharides
D. nucleotides
2.
A.
B.
C.
D.
What is a primary function of the cell membrane?
determining genetic traits
defending against foreign particles
breaking down proteins for energy
generating energy from mineral nutrients
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3. Why does the study of cell membranes lead to a better understanding of
cell function?
A.
B.
C.
D.
All cell functions occur in the cell membrane.
All energy transfers occur at the cell membrane.
All cell membranes contain the information for making proteins.
All materials needed for cell functions must pass through the cell membrane.
Cellular Transport
Two Types: Passive and Active
Diffusion
Passive= No
energy
Osmosis
Passive= No
energy
Facilitated
Diffusion
Passive= No
energy
Active
Transport
Active=
Requires
energy
Bulk Transport
Active= Requires
energy
The diffusion of
molecules
across a
membrane
through a
transport
protein (carrier
or channel).
Drives
molecules
across a
membrane
from a region
of lower
concentration
to a region of
higher
concentration.
The cell membrane
making vesicles to
bring materials in
and out of the cell.
See table below
Particles move
from areas of
high to low
concentration
until
equilibrium is
met.
Example:
squirting food
dye into a
beaker of water.
The diffusion of
water molecules
across a semipermeable
membrane,
through
aquaporins; from
an area of higher
water
concentration to
an area of lower
water
concentration.
The higher the
concentration of
dissolved
particles
(solutes) in a
solution, the
lower the
concentration of
water molecules
in the same
solution.
Against the
gradient so
that cells can
maintain
homeostasis.
Powered by
chemical
energy / ATP.
Endocytosis: process
of taking liquids or
fairly large
molecules into the
cell by engulfing
them in a
membrane.
Phagocytosis: “Cell
eating" – key role in
your immune
system
Engulf and destroy
particles (bacteria
and food).
Examples: White
blood cells /
macrophages
Pinocytosis: “cell
drinking”
The process of
taking up liquid
(just a pinch) from
the surrounding
environment. Tiny
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Biology EOC Review Guide
pockets form along
the membrane, fill
with liquid, and
pinch off.
Exocytosis: the
release of
substances out of a
cell by the fusion of
a vesicle with the
membrane.
Sodium Potassium Pump
•
Exchanges sodium ions for potassium ions across the cell membrane of
animal cells.
•
Uses ATP to pump molecules through a carrier protein.
•
“Pumping” the molecules through.
•
Three sodium ions bind with the protein pump inside the cell. In doing so, it
pumps the three sodium ions out of the cell. At that point, two potassium ions
from outside the cell bind to the protein pump. The potassium ions are then
transported into the cell, and the process repeats
(http://www.ck12.org/biology/Sodium-Potassium-Pump/lesson/SodiumPotassium-Pump-BIO/) .
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Label the diagram with the correct type of transport.
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Biology EOC Review Guide
COMPARE/CONTRAST
the kinds of transport
Active (ATP)
or Passive
(KINETIC
ENERGY)
What does it use to
help:
Membrane proteins?
Vesicles? Needs no
help
(phospholipids)?
Example of
substance(s) that use
this kind of transport
in cells
DIFFUSION
FACILITATED
DIFFUSION
OSMOSIS
SODIUM-POTASSIUM
(NA+ -K+) PUMP
(ANIMALS)
ENDOCYTOSIS
(PHAGOCYTOSIS)
ENDOCYTOSIS
(PINOCYTOSIS)
EXOCYTOSIS
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Three Types of Osmosis:
Remember SALT AND SUGAR SUCKS WATER.
Where the solute concentration is the highest, that is where the water will go.
Isotonic
Hypertonic
Hypotonic
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Compare / Contrast Table
COMPARE/CONTRAST
the kinds of transport
Active
(ATP)
or
Passive
(KINETIC
ENERGY)
What does it use
to help:
Membrane
proteins?
Vesicles?
Needs no help
(phospholipids)?
Example of
substance(s)
that use this
kind of
transport in
cells
DIFFUSION
FACILITATED
DIFFUSION
OSMOSIS
SODIUM-POTASSIUM
(NA+ -K+) PUMP
(ANIMALS)
ENDOCYTOSIS
(PHAGOCYTOSIS)
ENDOCYTOSIS
(PINOCYTOSIS)
EXOCYTOSIS
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Biology EOC Review Guide
OSMOSIS Practice.
Label the pictures below (isotonic, hypertonic, or hypotonic environments)
_________________
__________________
_________________
______________ means there is a GREATER concentration of solute molecules OUTSIDE
the cell than inside.
________________means there is a LOWER concentration of solute molecules OUTSIDE the
cell than inside.
________________ means there is the SAME concentration of solute molecules outside the
cell as inside.
The pressure inside a plant cell caused by water pushing against the cell wall is called
___________________ pressure.
The SWELLING AND BURSTING of animal cells when water enters
is called ____________________. This happens when a cell is
placed in a _________tonic solution.
Placing plant cells in a HYPOTONIC solution causes the osmotic
pressure to increase or decrease (circle one).
The SHRINKING of plant cells when water leaves so that the cell membrane pulls away
from the cell wall is called __________________________. It happens when a plant cell is
placed into __________tonic solution.
When water leaves a plant cell, the osmotic pressure will increase or decrease (circle
one).
The shrinking of ANIMAL cells that are placed in a HYPERTONIC
solution is called ______________________.
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