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Chapter 6-The Loyalists (1776-1815) A steady stream of political refugees (person who leaves home or country to seek safety elsewhere), called Tories went to the British colonies of Quebec, Nova Scotia from the 13 American colonies. These people were called the Loyalists. The Tories had been physically mistreated (tarring, feathering and beating) by the Patriots. The Patriots had taken away their homes, destroyed their businesses and even killed some Tories. Other Tories escaped and travelled north to be in a safer place. There Were Many Kinds of Loyalists-(Where people where originally from) Patriots called the Tories, Loyalists because they thought that they were too loyal to Britain. Some of the Loyalists were English, Irish, Scottish, Dutch, French, Iroquois and African. The reasons why some left the 13 Colonies: -they were being tormented to support the American cause. -they wanted Britain to protect their special customs and traditions. -they knew that if they stayed in the United States that they would be forced to accept democratic ideas. -the British offered Black slaves their freedom if they helped the British cause. -the Iroquois believed that they had more to fear from American farmers, who wanted to move onto their lands -Loyalists(people who where loyal to Britain -England) were offered free land in British North American -they wanted to be on the winning side and expected that Britain would win (Britain did not win). Where the Loyalists Went By 1785- 100 000 Loyalists(people who where loyal to Britian- England) had left the United States Some went to Britain, the West Indies, around 45 000 went North to British North America. During the American Revolutions, Loyalist brought about 2 000 slaves with them to British North America. Over 3 000 Black people gained their freedom by fighting for the British, settled in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. During the war of 1812, slaves in the United States were told that they would get freedom and free land in British North America (New Brunswick, Nova Scotia) if they fought in the war. When they arrived in British North America, many did not receive land grants as promised and also had to face discrimination. The British Colony of Nova Scotia Loyalist from New York were offered a choice by the British government, they could be sent back to New York with three months pay or be transported to Nova Scotia. Most decided to go to Nova Scotia, were it would be safer. Unfortunately, some were very disappointed after moving to Nova Scotia, the winters were much colder and there was a lack of food. Many complained about how poorly the British government had rewarded them. Areas Where the Loyalists Settled Halifax- A well established community –however, few Loyalists chose to settle there Shelburne-Had an excellent harbour and few people- Loyalists believed that it would be nice could they could run their own lives there. The problem was that he land in the area was unsuitable for farming, so people left because of the lack of food. They either shipped their home to Halifax or their home was destroyed for firewood. About 10 000 Loyalists settled there. The St. John River Valley-(New Brunswick)-Their arrival was not that inviting, some Loyalists had to cut down trees just to make room to set-up their tents, this made some of them cry. Some women and children died that winter because they did not have enough materials to build homes and there also was a lack of food. The land was not divided into lots and this caused problems later because 1500 frame houses and 400 log huts had been build on an area that the government later said was for new arrivals. New arrivals were upset because some of their lots were 1/16 the size of the Loyalists who had arrived earlier. These settlers wanted make their colony separate from the others. About 15 000 Loyalists settled there. The British Colony of New Brunswick In 1784, Nova Scotia New Brunswick was formed. The Loyalists wanted to create a new colony “New Brunswick” because they felt that they were too far from the government of Halifax. They didn’t want people so far away making up rules for them. The Loyalists felt that it was difficult for them to live with people who had not taken part in the revolution. How could the people of Halifax understand what they went through? The people from Halifax weren’t affected during the revolution, where as the Loyalists had been forced to leave their homes. The Loyalists also like the idea of having their own area because the soil was fertile, there was lost of fish, and forests, and it looked like a place where new settlers could live prosperously. Fortunately, the British Government agreed that allowing the Loyalists to have their own colony would be a good idea. Activity #7 “The Loyalists” Answer Questions using Textbook *Complete sentences or marks will be deducted! Pages 138-145. 1. Provide two statements for each. (Page 138) The Loyalists (Tories The Patriots? 2. Explain three of the ten kinds of Loyalists and reasons for their loyalty. (Page 139) _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 3. In which three areas did the Loyalists settle in Nova Scotia? Briefly summarize the Loyalist experience in each of these places. (Page 142) _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 4. Why did the Loyalists in the St. John River Valley want the British government to create a new colony for them? (Page 142) _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 5. Why did the British government agree that a new colony should be created in the St. John River Valley? (Page 143) _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 6. Explain the landholding system on St. John Island (later called Prince Edward Island) at the time of the arrival of the Loyalists. (Page 144) _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ Category Understanding Level 1 Demonstrates limited understanding of who took part in the loyalist migration and their areas of settlement Level 2 Demonstrates some understanding of who took part in the loyalist migration and their areas of settlement Level 3 Demonstrates considerable understanding of who took part in the loyalist migration and their areas of settlement Level 4 Demonstrates thorough understanding of who took part in the loyalist migration and their areas of settlement The British Colony of Quebec The Loyalists started coming to Quebec in 1776, 7000 had arrived by 1783. The government didn’t know what to do with them, so 6000 were in crowded refugee camps waiting. The British Governor was supposed to encourage them to go back home, but Governor Haldimand didn’t think they would. Their farms, homes and businesses which they had left behind would have been taken by Patriots. The Loyalists had given up everything and expected the British Government to make up for their losses. Governor Haldimand decided to give the Loyalists land on the frontier of the west, far from the French. He didn’t want them to influence the French-speaking populations. They would also be the first defence in the case of an American attack. The Loyalists knew that they would need many things, so they made of a list of all the things they wanted in a petition to Governor Haldimand. Government Help-Provisions and Tools The Loyalists in Quebec were not given all the items they had requested in their petition. Each family was given: Every five men Each man was given: Small groups of families were given: Community Members 1 Tent Clothes for three years’ wear Flour Pork Beef Salt Butter Musket An axe A spade A hoe An ox A plough Building tools 2 kg of onion seed 5 kg Dutch cabbage 4 kg early Dutch turnip 5 kg large Dutch cabbage 6 kg celery see 8 kg orange carrot 2 kg short top radish 1 kg parsley seed 36 dm3 marrowfat peas Land Grants The government decided to divide the land into lots of about 80 hectares and each was given a number. The numbers were written pieces of paper and then placed in a hat. Each man picked one of the lot numbers out of the hat. Land near water was the most favorable, because no roads existed at that time. What Life Was Like in English Canada Building a New Life Most of the Loyalists were forced to become farmers because there wasn’t any other work. When they moved they had to live in tents until they got a hut made for winter. They spent most of their time building houses, clearing land, and planting crops. Eyewitness Account The Hungry Year The winter of 1787-1788 was extremely cold. The summer that followed, there was a drought and that caused the crops to wither and die. This was the year that the British government ended it’s assistance to the Loyalists. A few of the settlers starved to death. Most survived until 1789, when emergency supplies arrived. Half the Loyalist population would have died if the supplies hadn’t arrived. Native People During the American Revolution, most of the Iroquoian people lived in the Thirteen Colonies were loyal to the British and fought on their side. When the revolution was over, Britain invited the Iroquoian people to move to British North America. Many of them did. Activity #8 Life in English Canada-Concept Map Using the computer program, Inspiration, you will create a Concept Map to show what all areas of life in English Canada were like after the American Revolution. 1. Family Life 2. Economic Life 3. Social Life 4. Growth and Development of early institutions 5. Transportation 6. Relations with First Nations people and French Settlers 7. Compare life in English Canada to life in Canada today Category Knowledge Organization/Research Application-Life in English Canada compared to Life in Canada today Level 1 Demonstrates limited knowledge of how people living in English Canada who were loyal to Britain met the physical, social and economical challenges after the American Revolution Uses planning skills to create an organized concept map using research from the internet with limited effectiveness Makes connections between past and present with limited effectiveness The Constitutional Act, 1791 Level 2 Demonstrates some knowledge of how people living in English Canada who were loyal to Britain met the physical, social and economical challenges after the American Revolution Uses planning skills to create an organized concept map using research from the internet with some effectiveness Makes connections between past and present with some effectiveness Level 3 Demonstrates considerable knowledge of how people living in English Canada who were loyal to Britain met the physical, social and economical challenges after the American Revolution Uses planning skills to create an organized concept map using research from the internet with effectiveness Level 4 Demonstrates thorough knowledge of how people living in English Canada who were loyal to Britain met the physical, social and economical challenges after the American Revolution Makes connections between past and present with considerable effectiveness Makes connections between past and present with a high degree of effectiveness Uses planning skills to create an organized concept map using research from the internet with a high degree effectiveness Acknowledged the problem of a bicultural Quebec by dividing it into two colonies: Upper Canada and Lower Canada. This would help to satisfy both British and French people requests. Activity #9 Honoring Your Community’s History-Role Play Research the key personalities and contributions of various cultural groups in your community’s history. Create a skit to demonstrate what you learned. 1. Why and how did your community form? 2. Who made important contributions to the community? 3. What important events have occurred throughout history? Category Knowledge Level 1 Demonstrates limited knowledge of community’s key personalities and contributions of various cultural groups from history Level 2 Demonstrates some knowledge of community’s key personalities and contributions of various cultural groups from history Communication/ Organization Expresses and organizes information with limited effectiveness Expresses and organizes information with some effectiveness Presentation Method (Role Play) Speakers can be heard clearly a limited amount of the time, students read from notes. Speakers can be heard clearly some of the time, students read from notes. Level 3 Demonstrates considerable knowledge of community’s key personalities and contributions of various cultural groups from history Expresses and organizes information with considerable effectiveness Presentation is enjoyable, speakers can be heard most of the time and notes aren’t used frequently. Level 4 Demonstrates thorough knowledge of community’s key personalities and contributions of various cultural groups from history Expresses and organizes information with a high degree of effectiveness Presentation is fun and engaging to watch. Easy to hear all the speakers, and mostly memorized. Activity #10-The Causes of the War of 1812-Puppet Show After reading from the wikipedia notes and page 166 of text-attached notes researching please fill in this Planning Sheet in preparation for your puppet show (maximum 3 people): Major causes of War of 1812: ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Using the information you have found in your research, create a little puppet show to share the 4 major causes of the war of 1812 in your own words. Category Knowledge Level 1 Demonstrates limited knowledge of the major causes of the War of 1812 Level 2 Demonstrates some knowledge of the major causes of the War of 1812 Communication/ Organization Expresses and organizes information with limited effectiveness Expresses and organizes information with some effectiveness Presentation Method (puppet show) Speakers can be heard clearly a limited amount of the time, students read from notes. Puppets were not constructed well. Puppeteers acted silly or showed off. Speakers can be heard clearly some of the time, students read from notes. Puppets were constructed fairly well. Puppeteers tried to stay in character through some of the performance. Level 3 Demonstrates considerable knowledge of the major causes of the War of 1812 Expresses and organizes information with considerable effectiveness Presentation is enjoyable, speakers can be heard most of the time and notes aren’t used frequently. Puppets were original and constructed well. Puppeteers stayed in character through almost all of the performance. Level 4 Demonstrates thorough knowledge of the major causes of the War of 1812 Expresses and organizes information with a high degree of effectiveness Presentation is fun and engaging to watch. Easy to hear all the speakers, and mostly memorized. Puppets were original, creative, and constructed well. Puppeteers stayed in character throughout the performance. Reasons for the war of 1812 from Wikipedia Main article: Origins of the War of 1812 The United States declared war on Britain for a number of reasons. Trade tensions In 1807, Britain introduced a series of trade restrictions to impede on-going American trade with France, with which Britain was at war. The U.S. contested these restrictions as illegal under international law.[3] The British did not wish to allow the Americans to trade with France, regardless of their theoretical right as neutrals to do so. As author Reginald Horsman explains, "a large section of influential British opinion, both in the government and in the country, thought that America presented a threat to British maritime supremacy."[4] The American merchant marine had come close to doubling between 1802 and 1810, making it by far the largest neutral fleet. Britain was the largest trading partner, receiving 80% of all U.S. cotton and 50% of all other U.S. exports. The British public and press were resentful of the growing mercantile and commercial competition.[5] The United States' view was that Britain was in violation of a neutral nation's right to trade with others it saw fit. Impressment During the Napoleonic Wars, the Royal Navy expanded to 175 ships of the line and 600 ships overall, requiring 140,000 sailors.[6] While the Royal Navy could man its ships with volunteers in peacetime, in war, it competed with merchant shipping and privateers for a small pool of experienced sailors and turned to impressment when it was unable to man ships with volunteers alone. It was estimated that there were 11,000 naturalized sailors on U.S. ships in 1805 and U.S. Secretary of the Treasury Albert Gallatin stated that 9,000 were born in Britain.[7] The Royal Navy went after them by intercepting and searching U.S. merchant ships for deserters. Such actions, especially the Chesapeake–Leopard Affair, incensed the Americans. Americans saw impressment as a particular outrage, because it represented an infringement of the national sovereignty and a denial of America’s ability to naturalise foreigners.[8] The United States believed that British deserters had a right to become United States citizens. Britain did not recognise naturalised United States citizenship, so in addition to recovering deserters, it considered United States citizens born British liable for impressment. Exacerbating the situation was the widespread use of forged identity papers by sailors. This made it all the more difficult for the Royal Navy to distinguish Americans from non-Americans and led it to impress some Americans who had never been British. (Some gained freedom on appeal.)[9] American anger at impressment grew when British frigates stationed themselves just outside U.S. harbors in U.S. territorial waters and searched ships for contraband and impressed men in view of U.S. shores.[10] "Free trade and sailors' rights" was a rallying cry for the United States throughout the conflict. Indigenous raids The Northwest Territory, comprising the modern states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin, had been an area of contention between the Indian Nations and the United States since the passage of the Northwest Ordinance in 1787.[11] The British Empire had ceded the area to the United States in the Treaty of Paris in 1783. The Indian Nations followed Tenskwatawa (the Shawnee Prophet and the brother of Tecumseh, who had a vision of purifying his society by expelling the "children of the Evil Spirit" (the American settlers).[12] Tenskwatawa and Tecumseh formed a confederation of numerous tribes to block American expansion. The British saw the Indian nations as valuable allies and a buffer to its Canadian colonies and provided arms. Attacks on American settlers in the Northwest further aggravated tensions between Britain and the United States.[13] The Confederation's raids hindered American expansion into potentially valuable farmlands in the Northwest Territory.[14] The British had the long-standing goal of creating a large "neutral" Indian state that would cover much of Ohio, Indiana and Michigan. They made the demand as late as the fall of 1814 at the peace conference, but lost control of western Ontario at key battles on Lake Erie, thus giving the Americans control of the proposed neutral zone.[15][16] United States expansionism American expansion into the Northwest Territory was being obstructed by indigenous leaders like Tecumseh, who were supplied and encouraged by the British. Americans on the western frontier demanded that interference be stopped.[17] Before 1940, some historians[18][19]held that United States expansionism into Canada was also a reason for the war; however, one subsequent historian wrote, "Almost all accounts of the 1811–1812 period have stressed the influence of a youthful band, denominated War Hawks, on Madison's policy. According to the standard picture, these men were a rather wild and exuberant group enraged by Britain's maritime practices, certain that the British were encouraging the Indians and convinced that Canada would be an easy conquest and a choice addition to the national domain. Like all stereotypes, there is some truth in this tableau; however, inaccuracies predominate. First, Perkins has shown that those favoring war were older than those opposed. Second, the lure of the Canadas has been played down by most recent investigators".[20] Some Canadian historians propounded the notion in the early 20th century,[21] and it survives in public opinion in Ontario. According to Stagg (1981) and Stagg (1983), Madison and his advisers believed that conquest of Canada would be easy and that economic coercion would force the British to come to terms by cutting off the food supply for their West Indies colonies. Furthermore, possession of Canada would be a valuable bargaining chip. Frontiersmen demanded the seizure of Canada not because they wanted the land, but because the British were thought to be arming the Indians and thereby blocking US settlement of the West.[22][23] As Horsman concluded, "The idea of conquering Canada had been present since at least 1807 as a means of forcing England to change her policy at sea. The conquest of Canada was primarily a means of waging war, not a reason for starting it".[24] Hickey flatly stated, "The desire to annex Canada did not bring on the war".[25] Brown (1964) concluded, "The purpose of the Canadian expedition was to serve negotiation, not to annex Canada".[26] Burt, a leading Canadian scholar, agreed completely, noting that Foster—the British minister to Washington—also rejected the argument that annexation of Canada was a war goal.[27] The majority of the inhabitants of Upper Canada (Ontario) were either Revolutionary-era exiles from the United States (United Empire Loyalists) or postwar American immigrants. The Loyalists were hostile to union with the U.S., while the other settlers seem to have been uninterested. The Canadian colonies were thinly populated and only lightly defended by the British Army. Americans then believed that many in Upper Canada would rise up and greet a United States invading army as liberators, which did not happen. One reason American forces retreated after one successful battle inside Canada was that they could not obtain supplies from the locals.[28] But the Americans thought that the possibility of local assistance suggested an easy conquest, as former President Thomas Jefferson seemed to believe in 1812: "The acquisition of Canada this year, as far as the neighborhood of Quebec, will be a mere matter of marching, and will give us the experience for the attack on Halifax, the next and final expulsion of England from the American continent." Some British officials – and some dissident Americans – charged that the goal of the war was to annex part of Canada, but they did not specify which part. The states nearest Canada strongly opposed the war.[29] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_1812 Activity #11 War of 1812-Impact on the Development of Canada Using the Internet and your notes, research and explain show how the war led to 4 of the events below. 1. Defence Related Construction -Fort Henry _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ 2. Defence Related Construction -The Rideau Canal _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ 3. Movement of the Capital Bytown (Ottawa) _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ 4. Building Roads- Kingston Road and Yonge Street _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ 5. The shipping industry in the Maritimes _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ 6. Emergence of National Pride _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ Activity #12 Who won the war of 1812? Debate What is your opinion on who won the war of 1812? Explain. We will debate in class after everyone has had time to reflect on this question. _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ Category Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Knowledge Demonstrates limited knowledge of key personalities and major causes of the War of 1812 Demonstrates some knowledge of key personalities and major causes of the War of 1812 Demonstrates thorough knowledge of key personalities and major causes of the War of 1812 Application-Evaluation of Historical Data Evaluates historical data related to the war of 1812 with limited effectiveness Evaluates historical data related to the war of 1812 with some effectiveness Demonstrates considerable knowledge of key personalities and major causes of the War of 1812 Evaluates historical data related to the war of 1812 with considerable effectiveness Evaluates historical data related to the war of 1812 with a high degree of effectiveness Culminating Activity #13 Biographical Sketches-Hockey cards You will research Historical People from the period 17591812, and display the information in a hockey card format. You need to make a minimum of 6 Hockey cards -a picture of the person on the back -the name of the person at the top -the role they played -the strengths/achievements/contributions of the person -their relevance to Canada today -other interesting facts Historical People: Louis-Joseph Marquis de Montcalm General James Wolfe Governor James Murray Sir Guy Carleton (Lord Dorchester) George Washington Sir. John Graves Simcoe Lady Elizabeth Simcoe Joseph Brant (Thayendanegea) Laura Secord Isaac Brock Tecumseh Thomas Peters Category Knowledge Level 1 Demonstrates limited knowledge of the historical person from the period 1759-1812 Level 2 Demonstrates some knowledge of the historical person from the period 1759-1812 Level 3 Demonstrates considerable knowledge of the historical person from the period 1759-1812 Expresses and organizes information with considerable effectiveness Level 4 Demonstrates thorough knowledge of the historical person from the period 17591812 Communication/ Organization Expresses and organizes information with limited effectiveness Expresses and organizes information with some effectiveness ApplicationExplain the relevance of the person to Canada today Makes connections between past and present with limited effectiveness Makes connections between past and present with some effectiveness Makes connections between past and present with considerable effectiveness Makes connections between past and present with a high degree of effectiveness Hockey Card Format (all questions answered) Hockey card contains limited information, it lacks neatness and detail.(4) Hockey card contains some of the information, it lacks neatness and detail. (5) Hockey card contains all the information. (6) Hockey card contains all the information, it is neat and detailed. (7-8) Expresses and organizes information with a high degree of effectiveness History Review -Chapter 6 1. What is a refugee? Ans: _________________________________________________ 2. What is a Loyalist? Ans: ______________________________________ 3. What were the Loyalists backgrounds? Ans: ______________________________________ 4. Why did the Loyalists leave the American colonies? Ans:___________________________________________________________ _________________ 5. What is a Tory? Ans:___________________________________________________________ _________________ 6. Why did some people leave the 13 Colonies? Ans: ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ 7. How many Loyalists left the USA by 1785? Ans: ________________ 8. How many Black people gained their freedom? Ans: __________________ 9. Why were the Black people given freedom? Ans:___________________________________________________________ _________________ 10. Did the Black people get free land? Ans:___________________________________________________________ _________________ 11. What were Loyalist from New York offered? Ans:___________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ 12. Where the Loyalists happier living in Nova Scotia? Ans:___________________________________________________________ _________________ 13. Why was Shelburne not a great place to settle? Ans: ______________________________________ 14. What was it like in the St. John River Valley? Ans:___________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 15. Why was New Brunswick formed? Ans:___________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________ 16. What was good about the New area of New Brunswick? Ans:___________________________________________________________ 17. What went wrong in the colony of Quebec? Ans: ______________________________________ 18. Why did British Governor Haldimand think that it would be unfair to send the Loyalists out of Quebec? Ans:___________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 19. Where did Governor Haldimand give the Loyalists’ some land? Ans:___________________________________________________________ 20. Who made a petition? Ans: ________________________ 21. What were the Loyalist living in Quebec given? Ans: ______________________________________ 22. How were land grants given out? Ans: ______________________________________ 23. What did most Loyalists end up doing for work? Ans: ______________________________________ 24. What was the hungry year? Ans:___________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ 25. What is a petition? Ans: ______________________________________