Download FINAL REPORT ON HYDROGRAPHICAL ACTIVITIES

“NETWORK OF DANUBE WATERWAY ADMINISTRATIONS”
South-East European Transnational Cooperation Programme
FINAL REPORT ON HYDROGRAPHICAL ACTIVITIES –
COMPILATION OF NATIONAL SQR
Document ID:
Activity:
Author / Project Partner:
Stefan Polhorsky/SVP, s.p.
(Slovakia)
Activity 3.1: Improve methods, processes and procedures
for hydrographical and hydrological activities
Date:
Version:
1.0
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1
SCOPE OF DOCUMENT .......................................................................................................... 11
2
ASSIGNED REGION OF INTEREST – GENERAL INFORMATION .............................................. 12
2.1.
Austria – general information ....................................................................................... 12
2.1.1.
Geographical position of Austria .......................................................................... 12
2.1.2.
Water river network – main basins and sub basins of Austria ............................. 12
2.2.
Slovakia – general information ..................................................................................... 16
2.2.1.
Geographical position in Slovakia ......................................................................... 16
2.2.2.
Water river network in Slovakia ........................................................................... 16
2.2.3.
Water river network - main basins and subasins in Slovakia ............................... 18
2.2.4.
Stream flow network in Slovakia .......................................................................... 19
2.2.5.
Sub basin the Váh river basin in Slovakia............................................................. 20
2.2.6.
Sub basin the Hron River basin in Slovakia ........................................................... 21
2.2.7.
Sub basin the Ipeľ River basin in Slovakia ............................................................. 21
2.2.8.
Sub basin of the Morava River basin in Slovakia .................................................. 21
2.2.9.
Water river network – main basin and sub-basin in Slovakia .............................. 22
2.3.
Hungary – general information..................................................................................... 26
2.3.1.
Geographical position of Hungary ........................................................................ 26
2.3.2.
Economic position of Hungary .............................................................................. 27
2.3.3.
Area of Hungary .................................................................................................... 28
2.3.4.
Main river network – main basins and sub-basins of Hungary ............................ 29
2.4.
Serbia – general information ........................................................................................ 31
2.4.1.
Geographical position of Serbia ............................................................................ 31
2.4.2.
Economical position of Serbia............................................................................... 32
2.4.3.
Area and water river network in Serbia................................................................ 33
2.5.
Bulgaria – general information ..................................................................................... 37
2.5.1.
Geographical position and area of Bulgaria ......................................................... 37
2.5.2.
Economical position of Bulgaria ........................................................................... 38
2.5.3.
2.6.
Water river network – main basins and sub basins in Bulgaria ............................ 40
Romania – general information .................................................................................... 43
2.6.1.
Geographical position and area of Romania ........................................................ 43
2.6.2.
Economical position and area of Romania ........................................................... 43
2.6.3.
Water river network – main basins and sub basins in Romania.......................... 45
2.7.
Romania – Danube-Black See canal – general information.......................................... 47
2.7.1.
Geographical position of Danube-Black See canal ............................................... 47
2.7.2.
Economical position of Danube-Black See canal .................................................. 48
2.7.3.
Area presentation of Danube-Black See canal ..................................................... 51
2.7.4.
Water river network – main basins and sub – basins of Danube-Black See canal
55
3
CLIMATOLOGICAL CONDITIONS - GENERAL INFORMATION ................................................ 59
3.1.
Austria – general information ....................................................................................... 59
3.1.1.
Climatological Conditionsin Austria ...................................................................... 59
3.1.2.
Air Temperature in Austria ................................................................................... 59
3.1.3.
Precipitation in Austria ......................................................................................... 60
3.1.4.
Evaporation in Austria .......................................................................................... 60
3.2.
Slovakia – general information ..................................................................................... 61
3.2.1.
Climatological Condition in Slovakia ..................................................................... 61
3.2.2.
Air temperature in Slovakia .................................................................................. 61
3.2.3.
Precipitation in Slovakia........................................................................................ 62
3.2.4.
Snow in Slovakia.................................................................................................... 63
3.3.
Hungary – general information..................................................................................... 63
3.3.1.
Monitoring network in Hungary ........................................................................... 63
3.3.2.
Temperature in Hungary....................................................................................... 69
3.3.3.
Precipitation in Hungary ....................................................................................... 70
3.3.4.
Long-time variation of climatological elements in Hungary ................................. 73
3.4.
Serbia – general information ........................................................................................ 76
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3.4.1.
Air Temperature in Serbia ..................................................................................... 78
3.4.2.
Precipitation in Serbia ........................................................................................... 80
3.4.3.
Wind condition in Serbia....................................................................................... 83
3.5.
Bulgaria – general information ..................................................................................... 83
3.5.1.
Network in Bulgaria .............................................................................................. 83
3.5.2.
Temperature in Bulgaria ....................................................................................... 84
3.5.3.
Precipitation in Bulgaria ........................................................................................ 85
3.5.4.
Long-time variations climatological elements in Bulgaria .................................... 86
3.6.
Romania – general information .................................................................................... 88
3.6.1.
Network in Romania ............................................................................................. 88
3.6.2.
Temperature in Romania ...................................................................................... 89
3.6.3.
Precipitation in Romania....................................................................................... 90
3.6.4.
Long-time variation climatological elements in Romania .................................... 90
3.7.
Romania – Danube-Black See canal – general information.......................................... 91
3.7.1.
Precipitation in area of Danube-Black See canal .................................................. 92
3.7.2.
Temperature in area of Danube-Black See canal ................................................. 92
3.7.3.
The winds in area of Danube-Black See canal ...................................................... 92
3.7.4.
The perspiration evaporation in area of Danube-Black See canal ....................... 93
The perspiration evaporation ............................................................................................... 93
3.7.5.
4
Geomorphology in area of Danube-Black See canal ............................................ 93
MAIN BASIN DESCRIPTION – GENERAL INFORMATION........................................................ 95
4.1.
Austria – general information ....................................................................................... 95
4.1.1.
Physio-geographical classification in Austria ........................................................ 95
4.1.2.
Geological overview in Austria ............................................................................. 96
4.1.3.
Land use in Austria ................................................................................................ 97
4.1.4.
Water engineering and management in Austria .................................................. 97
4.2.
Slovakia – general information ................................................................................... 100
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4.2.1.
Geographical position of Slovakia ....................................................................... 101
4.2.2.
Geological overview of Slovakia ......................................................................... 101
4.2.3.
Prevailing soil in Slovakia .................................................................................... 104
4.2.4.
Vegetation in Slovakia......................................................................................... 104
4.2.5.
Land use of Slovakia ............................................................................................ 105
4.2.6.
Climatological conditions in Slovakia .................................................................. 105
4.2.7.
Economical position of Slovakia ......................................................................... 105
4.3.
Hungary – general information................................................................................... 106
4.3.1.
Oropraphic, geological and morphometric conditions in Hungary .................... 106
4.3.2.
Hydrogeological conditions in Hungary .............................................................. 108
4.3.3.
Prevailing soil condition in Hungary ................................................................... 108
4.3.4.
Land use and vegetation in Hungary .................................................................. 109
4.3.5.
Sensivity of sub-basins to creation of flood extremes in Hungary ..................... 109
4.3.6.
Stream flow network and major lakes in Hungary ............................................. 110
4.4.
Serbia – general information ...................................................................................... 116
4.4.1.
Topography, Geology, Prevailing soils in Serbia ................................................. 118
4.4.2.
The Danube River (Danube Corridor) Sub-basin in Serbia ................................. 118
4.4.3.
Typical Land Use in the Mountainous Parts of the Catchment and on the
Floodplain in Serbia ............................................................................................................ 123
4.4.4.
4.5.
Sensitivity of Basins to Creation of the Flood Extreme in Serbia ....................... 125
Bulgaria – general information ................................................................................... 125
4.5.1.
Orographic, geomorphic and morphometric conditions in Bulgaria.................. 125
4.5.2.
Hydrogeological conditions in Bulgaria .............................................................. 125
4.5.3.
Prevailing soil condition in Bulgaria .................................................................... 126
4.5.4.
Vegetation in Bulgaria......................................................................................... 126
4.5.5.
Sensitivity of basins to creation the flood extreme in Bulgaria .......................... 126
4.6.
Romania – general information .................................................................................. 127
4.6.1.
Geomorphic and morphometric conditions of Romania .................................... 127
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4.6.2.
Vegetation in Romania........................................................................................ 128
4.6.3.
Sensitivity of basins to creation the flood extreme in Romania ......................... 128
4.7.
Romania – Danube-Black See canal – general information........................................ 128
4.7.1.
Orographic, geomorphologic and morphological conditions in area of Danube-
Black See canal .................................................................................................................... 128
5
4.7.2.
General hydrogeological considerations in area of Danube-Black See canal .... 132
4.7.3.
Prevailing soil condition in area of Danube-Black See canal .............................. 134
4.7.4.
Land use in area of Danube-Black See canal ...................................................... 135
4.7.5.
Vegetation in area of Danube-Black See canal ................................................... 136
4.7.6.
Sensitivity of basinsto creation the flood extreme in area of Danube-Black See
canal
139
HYDROGRAPHICAL MEASUREMENTS – GENERAL INFORMATION ..................................... 142
5.1.
Austria – general information ..................................................................................... 142
5.1.1.
River bed measurements with echo-sounders in Austria .................................. 142
5.1.2.
Echo sounding equipment in Austria .................................................................. 143
5.1.3.
Interval of measurements in Austria .................................................................. 144
5.1.4.
Processing of sounding data in Austria ............................................................... 146
5.1.5.
Discharge and current measurements in Austria ............................................... 148
5.1.6.
Terrestrial surveying in Austria ........................................................................... 151
5.1.7.
Geographic Information System in Austria......................................................... 151
5.2.
Slovakia – general information ................................................................................... 152
5.2.1.
Discharge measurements in Slovakia ................................................................. 152
5.2.2.
Measuring equipment in Slovakia ...................................................................... 152
5.2.3.
Interval of measurements in Slovakia ................................................................ 155
5.2.4.
River bed measurements in Slovakia .................................................................. 156
5.2.5.
Monitoring of the riverbed in Slovakia ............................................................... 156
5.2.6.
Frequency of monitoring of the river bed in Slovakia ........................................ 159
5.2.7.
Data processing in Slovakia ................................................................................. 160
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5.3.
5.3.1.
Riverbed measurement in Hungary .................................................................... 162
5.3.2.
Types of used equipment for measurement in Hungary .................................... 164
5.3.3.
Processing of data in Hungary ............................................................................ 167
5.4.
Serbia – general information ...................................................................................... 170
5.4.1.
River bed measurements in Serbia ..................................................................... 170
5.4.2.
Types of used equipment for measurement in Serbia ....................................... 170
5.4.3.
Data processing in Serbia .................................................................................... 172
5.4.4.
Long-time data elaboration in Serbia ................................................................. 173
5.5.
Bulgaria – general information ................................................................................... 175
5.5.1.
River bed measurements in Bulgaria .................................................................. 175
5.5.2.
Types of used equipments for measurements in Bulgaria ................................. 175
5.5.3.
Processing of data in Bulgaria ............................................................................. 175
5.6.
Romania – general information .................................................................................. 176
5.6.1.
River bed measurements in Romania ................................................................. 176
5.6.2.
Types of used equipments for measurements in Romania ................................ 176
5.6.3.
Processing of data in Romania ............................................................................ 178
5.7.
6
Hungary – general information................................................................................... 162
Romania – Danube-Black See – general information ................................................. 181
5.7.1.
River bed measurements in Danube-Black See canal ........................................ 181
5.7.2.
Discharge and current measurements in Danube-Black See canal .................... 184
LEGISLATIVE MEASURES – GENERAL INFORMATION ......................................................... 188
6.1.
Austria – general information ..................................................................................... 188
6.2.
Slovakia – general information ................................................................................... 188
6.2.1.
6.3.
Institutional and Legislative Measures in Slovakia ............................................. 188
Hungary – general information................................................................................... 190
6.3.1.
For monitoring network in Hungary ................................................................... 190
6.3.2.
Warning systems in Hungary .............................................................................. 192
6.3.3.
Transboundary cooperation in Hungary ............................................................. 193
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6.4.
Serbia – general information ...................................................................................... 195
6.5.
Bulgaria – general information ................................................................................... 197
6.6.
Romania – general information .................................................................................. 198
6.7.
Romania – Danube-Black See canal – general information........................................ 199
6.7.1.
For the monitoring network in Danube-Black See canal .................................... 199
6.7.2.
Avertisment and alarm systems in Danube-Black See canal .............................. 199
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
Hungary
ABBR.
Abbreviation
OMSZ
Hungarian Meteorological Service
OVISZ
National Water Management IT Service
WMO
World Meteorological Organization
KvVM
Ministry of Environment and Water
Serbia
AGN
European Agreement on Main Inland Waterways of International
Importance
FDI
Foreign direct investments
GDP
Gross Domestic Product
GOS
Global Observation System
GTS
Global Telecommunications System
HS DTD
Hydro System DTD
ICPDR
International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River
IMF
International Monetary Fund
IWW
Inland waterways
MMS
Main Meteorological Stations
MOSS
Meteorological Observation System of Serbia
RHMZ
Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia
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UTC
Coordinated Universal Time
WMO
World Meteorological Organization
Bulgaria
TRACECA
Transport Corridor Europe-Caucasus-Asia
GDP
Gross Domestic Product
NIMH
National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology
IPCC
DGPS
Romania
ABBR.
Abbreviation
AFDJ
River Administration OF the Lower Danube
DXF
Drawing exchange format (data file format-Autodesk)
DC
Danube Commission
DGPS
Differential Global Positioning System
RIS
River Information Services
WGS
World Geodetic System
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1 SCOPE OF DOCUMENT
The purpose of this document is to describe the main tasks of the hydrographical
department in waterway management companies within the project. It contains information
about surveying activities, measurement equipment and interval of measurements, data
processing and management.
Introductorily this report gives an overview about the geographic and climatologically
conditions in all countries within the project, which are associated with hydrological and
hydrographical processes.
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2 ASSIGNED REGION OF INTEREST – GENERAL INFORMATION
2.1. Austria – general information
2.1.1. Geographical position of Austria
Austria is a landlocked country in Central Europe with a total area of 83.872 km2.
Austria borders in the north to Germany and the Czech Republic, in the east to Slovakia and
Hungary, in the south to Slovenia and Italy and in the west to Switzerland and Lichtenstein.
Austria’s landscape is very heterogeneous. Most significant are the high mountains of the
Alps in the west and the Danube region with wide-open plains in the east of the country.
2.1.2. Water river network – main basins and sub basins1 of Austria
All together about 100.000 km of running waters can be found in Austria. The main
stream is the river Danube with a length of 350 km. During its course between Passau
(Germany) and Bratislava (Slovakia) the gradient is 156 m, the average gradient is 0.04
percent. The common boundary section to Germany is 21.43 km long (River-km 2223,20 to
2201,77), to Slovakia it is 7.5 km (River-km 1880,20 to 1872,70).
Total length Right river bank
Both banks
Left river bank
in Austria
km
River-km
km
km
River-km
350,5
350,5
2223,20 - 1872,70
321,5
321,5
2201,77-1880,26
The Inn, with a length of 515 km is the Danube’s longest tributary. This river has at its river
mouth in Germany a discharge of approximately 735 m³/sec by a medium water level. The
extent of the catchment basin is 26.068 km².
1
Republic of Austria, Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Environment and Water
Management (2005): EC Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EG – Summary report of the
characterisation, impacts and economics analyses required by Article 5
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Figure 1: Power plants and main tributaries
(VERBUND-Austrian Hydro Power AG (2007): The power plants on the Austrian Danube)
The most important Danube tributaries in Austria are on the right river bank (see
figure 1) the river Traun with a length of 146 km and the river Enns with a length of 349 km.
The Traun flows from the Northern Limestone Alps through the lakes of the Salzkammergut.
The extent of the catchment basin is 4.277 km², the discharge is 155 m³/sec at its confluence
with the Danube.
The Enns, with a catchment area of 6.080 km², has its source in the Alps (Lower
Tauern), where the annual precipitation is high. The Enns brings a discharge of 200 m³/sec.
Further Danube tributaries on the right river bank are the following rivers: Ybbs,
Erlauf, Pielach, Traisen, Schwechat, Fischa and Leitha.
On the left river bank are the main tributaries: Große Mühl, Aist, Krems, Kamp and
along the Austrian-Slovakian border the river March.
The March, with a river length of 329 km and a catchment area of 26.658 km², has at
its confluence with the Danube a discharge of 110 m³/sec.
The catchment area of the Danube increases from about 81.300 km² to 130.800 km² during
its course through Austria.
The discharge is at the German-Austrian border (confluence with river Inn) about
1400 m³/s and at the Austrian-Slovakian Border it is 1955 m³/s.
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Austria takes share at three international „River basin districts” – Danube, Rhine and
Moldau (see figure 2). According to the European Water Framework Directive 2000/60 a
River basin district means the area of land and sea, made up of one or more neighbouring
river basins together with their associated ground waters and coastal waters, which is
identified under Article 3(1) as the main unit for management of river basins.
Figure 2: River basin districts Danube, Rhine and Moldau with national units for the
management of river basins
(Republic of Austria, Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Environment and Water
Management (2005): EC
Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EG - Summary report of the characterisation, impacts
and economics analyses required by Article 5))
The purpose of this Directive is to establish a framework for the protection of inland
surface waters, transitional waters, coastal waters and ground water.
Round 96% of the national territory is drained by the river Danube (rd. 80.565 km² from
Austria’s national territory), 3% by river Rhine (2366 km²) and rd. 1 % by the river Moldau
(921 km²).
The following table contents the river basin districts with their sub basins.
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River basin
Rhein (1)
Area in Austria (km²)
2.366
Danube (1)
- Danube before Jochenstein (2)
Danube before the Inn
2.420
Inn before the Salzach
8.392
Salzach
5.543
Inn beyond the Salzach
1.976
- Danube beyond Jochenstein (2)
Danube between the Inn and the Traun
2.455
Traun
4.274
Enns
6.075
Danube between the Traun and the Kamp (without Enns)
7.478
Donau between Kamp (included) and the Leitha (without March)
7.358
Moldau (1)
9.21
- Leitha (2)
2.145
- Rabnitz und Raab (2)
6.649
- Mur (2)
10.313
- Drau (2)
11.815
National Territory
83.850
(1) River Basin District
(2) National Management Unit
Figure 3: River basin districts with sub basins
(Hydrological Central Office (2006): “Hydrographisches Jahrbuch von Österreich 2006“, 114. Band)
The river basin district Danube includes 19 countries, the river basin district Rhine 9
and the river basin district Moldau 4 countries.
Austria’s part of the Danube’s entire basin area (rd. 800.000 km²) amounts to approximately
10 %.
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2.2. Slovakia – general information
2.2.1. Geographical position in Slovakia
The Slovakia is located in the middle Europe and borders on five states: Czech
Republic, Austria, Hungary, Ukraine and Poland. The area country is 49 036 km2 and the
number of inhabitants is approximately 5.38 mil.
2.2.2. Water river network in Slovakia
Within the Slovak territory, the Danube river basin is covered by watershed contour
line divided into two parts:
River from the western part flow directly into the Danube (Morava, Váh, Nitra,
Hron, Ipeľ) – all together 63, 86% from all territory of Slovakia
Rivers from the eastern part are tributaries of the Tisa river system (Slaná,
Bodva, Hornád, Bodrog) – 32.16% territory of Slovakia
In the northeast part of Slovakia territory, the Poprad River, which is tributary of the
Dunajec, belongs to the Baltic Sea’s drainage area – 3, 98%.
The Cech
Republic
The Ukraine
Austria
Hungary
Fig. 1 River basins in the Slovak Republic
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In presented contribution the attention will be devoted primarily to the part of
country (63, 86%) which drainages water directly to the Danube River. For better
understanding and description hydrographical and hydrological activities that region was
divided into three main hydrological units:
-
The Pannonian Danube (Žitný ostrov – inland delta – the Danube’s left bank)
-
Morava river
-
Rivers – Váh, Hron, Ipeľ
Fig. 2 The river basin of interest region – The Pannonian Danube, Rivers – Váh, Hron, Ipeľ,
Morava River
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Fig. 3 The River basin of interest region
2.2.3. Water river network - main basins and subasins in Slovakia
The Danube River channel is trained in the whole section from the mouth of the
Morava River (the state border with the Austria) to the mouth of the Ipeľ River (the state
border with the Hungary). The flood protection dykes are built on the river bank/banks.
Other types of flood protection structures are applied on the short stretches in Bratislava
city centre and in the town Komárno. The dykes are stretched between the villages
Marcelová and Radvaň. The total length of the dykes on the left bank of the Danube River
channel in Slovakia is 160.341 km. and on the right bank 22.707 km.
The rivers and creeks, the springs of which are located on the south-eastern slope of
the Malé Karpaty Mountains range (the Little Carpathian Mountains), have the natural
character in the mountains parts only. They are trained in the inhabited areas and either
downstream to their mouths. Some stretches of the creeks are closed from top in the
villages, which creates potential for hazardous situation during floods, because of
insufficient flow capacity.
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Number and length of the watercourses in the Pannonian Central Danube River basin –
Slovak territory
River Sub-
Total number
Number of
Total length of
Length of
basin
of water
important water
water courses
important water
courses
courses
(km)
courses (km)
502
319
1 107.33
874
Danube
Basic characteristics of the Pannonian Central Danube basin at the Slovak territory
River Sub-
Watershed
basin
area
Share
Long-term
Average
Mean
Annual
Discharge
Precipitation
Annual Precipitation
Runoff
Evaporation
Danube
Km2
%
m3.s-1
mm
%
1 138
2.32
2 348
550
6
%
94
2.2.4. Stream flow network in Slovakia
Creeks flow from the left bank of the territory into the Malý Dunaj River. They flow
from the mountain ranges of the first stretch of the West Carpathian’s bend and the artificial
canals from the area of Žitný ostrov. The drainage basin area at the point of confluence with
the Váh River is 3642 km2.
There are only a few natural creeks on the territory of Žitný ostrov, which are not
significant. More important is the large system of drainage and irrigation canals, which are
controlled by pumping stations at the periphery of the area.
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Sub-basin The Rivers Váh, Hron , Ipeľ and Morava in Slovakia
Sub-basin of the Váh, Nitra, Hron, Ipeľ Rivers consist from the following parts:
The Váh river basin, with the sub-basins of the Nitra River, the Orava River,
the Kysuca River and some smaller creek and brooks. The negligible parts of
the Váh River basin are situated at the territories of the Poland and the Czech
Republic
The Hron river basin, situated completely at the territory of Slovakia.
The northern and north-western part of the international Ipeľ River basin. It’s the
south - eastern and southern parts are situated in the Hungary.
All tributaries are on the left-hand tributary of the Danube.
Basic hydrological characteristic of the river basins of interest can be found in the next Table
River sub-
Watershed
basin
Area
[ km2 ]
Share
Long-term
Average
mean
Annual
discharge
precipitation
[ mm ]
[%]
Annual Precipitation
Runoff
Evaporation
[ %]
[%]
3 -1
[ m .s ]
Váh
18 756
38.25
198.80
879
33
67
Hron
5 465
11.15
55.20
869
37
63
Ipeľ
3 649
7.44
21.70
686
19
81
2.2.5. Sub basin the Váh river basin in Slovakia
The longest river in Slovakia, the Váh, is a left-hand tributary of the Danube. It enters
the Danube at river kilometer 1766, in the town of Komárno. The Váh river basin lies on the
western and northern parts of Slovakia. It includes two basic hydrological catchments: the
Váh River basin and the Nitra River basin. The whole catchment area (except for the Malý
Dunaj river basin) is 15,755 km2. It constitutes 32 % of Slovakia’s total area.
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2.2.6. Sub basin the Hron River basin in Slovakia
The Hron river catchment has a total of 5,286 km of natural rivers and creeks, and
they form a network density of 0.96 km·km-2.
2.2.7. Sub basin the Ipeľ River basin in Slovakia
The Ipeľ River flows into the Danube from the left–hand side at river kilometer 1708.
It is a border river; of its total length of 248 km, 151 km of the river is the Slovakia –
Hungarian border. The Ipeľ river basin’s area totals 5,151 km2; of this area, 3,649 km2 are in
Slovak territory, and 1502 km2 are situated in Hungary. The river catchment has a
rectangular shape with a maximum length of 110 km and a width of about 70 km.
2.2.8. Sub basin of the Morava River basin in Slovakia
The international Morava River basin at the territory of Slovakia consists from the
following main parts (sub-basins):
The area on the left side bank of the Morava River from the state border with Czech
Republic (near the town Skalica in the western Slovakia) to the mouth of the river
into the Danube River in the village Devín (suburb of the capital Bratislava),
River basins of the Chvojnica, the Myjava, the Rudava and the Malina rivers.
Basic characteristics of the Morava River basin in the territory of Slovakia
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Watersh
River Sub-Basin
Morava
ed Area
Share of
Long-term
Average
country
Mean
Annual
Annual Precipitation
Runoff
Evaporatio
area
Discharge
Precipitation
[km2]
[%]
[m3·s-1]
[mm]
[%]
[%]
2 282
4.65
118.70
634
22
78
n
2.2.9. Water river network – main basin and sub-basin in Slovakia
The main residential settlements are situated along the Morava River and the
Chvojnica River channels, the north-eastern foot of the Malé Karpaty mountain range (the
Little Carpathian Mountains) and in the highlands Myjavská a Chvojnická pahorkatina. The
land use map of the Morava river basin at the territory of Slovakia (according to Corine
landcover 2000) is given in the Appendix 2.
The channel of the Morava River was systematically trained in the stretch from
mouth to the Danube River upstream to the confluence with the Dyje River earlier and from
the Dyje River to the town Hodonín (the Czech Republic) later. The freeboard of flood
protection dykes is determined according to the water level of Q100 flood. The more
important left side tributaries of the Morava River –on the Slovak part of the Morava river
basin are the rivers Chvojnica (125 km2), Myjava (745 km2), Rudava (418 km2) and Malina
(517 km2).
Chvojnica, Myjava, Rudava and Malina rivers – were trained in the lower stretches
and also there are the dykes on the safety levels of the discharge Q100. The middle stretches
of these rivers were trained either, but without the construction of the flood protection
dykes. The upper stretches of the Morava River tributaries are not systematically trained,
but shorter stretches of the river channel regulations and the local flood protection
measures according to various concepts can be found here.
In the upper regions of the Slovakian part of the Morava River basin are situated
several water management reservoirs, the most important of which are the Kunov, Lozorno
and Buková reservoirs (see Table 2.3 for details). The main purposes of these reservoirs are
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irrigation of agricultural land and increase of discharges during the dry seasons. Their
importance in the flood protection system is particular only, because of lacking significant
retention volume.
The important water reservoirs in the Slovakian part of the Morava River basin
Volume
Catchment area
Name
River
Total
Retention
[km2]
[106·m3]
[106·m3]
Brestovec
Myjava
17.7
0.454
0.127
Buková
Hrudky
10.8
1.420
0.185
Kunov
Teplica
93.6
3.050
0.760
Lozorno
Suchý potok
18.9
2.051
0.140
Stará Myjava
Myjava
6.1
0.069
0.013
Several polders are already constructed or planned in the highly vulnerable river
basins of Chvojnica (existing polder in Oreske) and Myjava (existing polder in Myjava).
The detailed survey of watercourses in towns and villages from the viewpoint of the flood
protection has been carried out by the Slovak Water Management Enterprise, s. e., in the
period from 1999, April to 2002, March. The results of the survey are updated according to
the floods occurrence in the individual river sub-basins annually. The results of evaluation
are summarized in the next Tables:
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List of hydrological and prognosis stations in the sub-basin Morava
Distribution of water gauging stations in the Slovak part of the Morava River basin
Sub-basin
Number of
among them: number of telemetric
stations
stations
25
13
Morava
List of the hydrological prognosis stations in the Slovak part of the Morava river basin
№
Name
5040
Moravský Svätý Ján
River
Morava
№
5085
Name
Záhorská Ves
River
Morava
Sensitivity of basin to creation the flood extreme (K)
It can be seen from both Annex , that the spots of areas, which are very sensitive to
the creation of flood extremes can be found in the Slovak part of the Morava river basin–
especially upper parts of the Myjava, Chvojnica river basin as well as of small water courses
in the Little Carpathian Mountains.
The flash floods are the main sources of flood risk in the basins of the Morava River
tributaries, especially in the areas located on the slopes and by foot of the mountains which
range from the town Myjava to the village Borinka near the north-western boundary of the
capital Bratislava. The lowland areas along the Morava River itself can be endangered in the
case of flood protection structures failure. Dangerous are large –scale floods (whole basinwide) of large volume and long duration, like the floods from 1997 and 2006.
Due this reason LWS has been constructed in the Myjava river basin (close to Vrbové
village) in order to provide the local authorities with sufficient lead-time warning on
originating of floods and to eliminate their destructive consequences.
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Extreme flows and flood disaster
Summary of significant floods in the Morava River basin (period 1997-2008)
period
affected territory
flood characteristics and consequences
flood caused with regional heavy
July 1997
Morava river and floodplains
rainfall which affected large territory,
evacuation plans prepared but not
carried out
July 1997
Myjava river basin
flash flood which affected Myjava town
and numerous smaller settlements
flash flood caused with local intensive
June 1999
Myjava river basin
rainfall which affected Myjava town
and numerous smaller settlements
sudden increase of water level because
January 2001
Morava river and adjacent
territory
of snowmelt and rainfall, extraordinary
high groundwater levels, pumping
stations activated in January, March
and April
January 2002
Morava river
winter flood caused with ice jams
March 2005
Myjava and Chvojnica river basins
floods caused with snowmelt
May 2005
Myjava river basin
flash floods cause with local rainfall
February
2006
Malina river basin
flood caused with combination of
snowmelt and rainfall
significant flood caused with
March/April
2006
Morava river and floodplains
combination of snowmelt and regional
rainfall, historical maximum water
levels exceeded, breaches of Austrian
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flood protection dykes, flooding of
large territory
March/April
Morava river and adjacent
sudden increase of water level because
2007
territory
of rainfalls, high groundwater levels
2.3. Hungary – general information
2.3.1. Geographical position of Hungary
The Danube with a total length of 2 857 km and a longterm daily mean discharge of
about 6500 m3/s is listed immediately after the River Volga (length 3740 km, daily mean
discharge 8500 m3/s) as the second biggest river in Europe. In terms of length it is listed as
the 21st biggest river in the world, in terms of drainage area it ranks as 25th with a drainage
area of 817 000 km2.
The Danube Catchment extends in a westerly direction from the Black Sea into
central and southern Europe. The limits of the basin are outlined by line of longitude 8° 09'
at the source of the Breg and Brigach streams in the Schwarzwald Massif to the 29° 45 ' line
of longitude in the Danube delta at the Black Sea. The maximum length of the river basin is
1630 km.
The extreme southern point of the Danube Catchment is located on the 42° 05' line
of latitude within the source of the Iskar in the Rila Mountains, the extreme northern point
being the source of the River Morava on the 50° 15' line of latitude.
19 countries share the Danube Catchment, though more than 70% of the catchment
lies within four countries. One of the latter is Hungary, its national area of 90.300 km2,
totally included in the Danube Catchment, covering 11% of the latter.
Hungary is situated within the drainage basin of the River Danube, in the lowest part
of the Carpathian Basin that consists mostly of low-land plains. The territory country is
enveloped by parallels 45.7 0N and 48.6 0N with meridians 16.1 0E and 22.9 0E.
Hungary borders seven countries: Austria, Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Croatia and
Slovenia.
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2.3.2. Economic position of Hungary
Hungary is a land-locked country located at the heart of Europe. With its extensive
low-lying, fertile plains (the Great Hungarian Plain), the Hungarian economy prior to World
War II was primarily oriented toward agriculture and small-scale manufacturing. Hungary’s
strategic position in Europe and its relative high lack of natural resources also have dictated
a traditional reliance on foreign trade.
In 1968 Hungary was the first country in Central and Eastern Europe to start political
and economic reforms by introducing the “New Economic Mechanism”. By the late 1980s
and early 1990s the fundamental laws on the banking system, on foreign investments, on
the foundation of companies, on trade, on competition, on labour, on intellectual property,
on bankruptcy were laid down; imports, prices, wages were liberalised.
Hungary was the first country in the region to launch market-based privatisation
(including strategic sectors such as energy and banking) and the reform of public sectors
(health, education). The number of foreign direct investments rapidly increased.
In 1996 the Hungarian currency became convertible. The same year Hungary became
a member of the OECD. By the end of the nineties, the privatisation process has practically
been completed, with less than 20% of state assets – mainly in strategic industries –
remaining in state ownership. Hungary joined the European Union in May 2004.
Foreign ownership of and investment in Hungarian firms are widespread, with
cumulative foreign direct investment totalling more than EUR 70 billion ($90 billion) since
1989. Foreign capital is attracted by skilled and relatively inexpensive labour, tax incentives,
modern infrastructure, and a good telecommunications system.
GDP growth in Hungary has been driven by the expansion of export and investments.
Between 2001 and 2008 export growth was exceptionally high (11.5%) and the structure of
export showed a favourable trend: after 1998 the share of technology-intensive and high
value added sectors such as machinery, transportation equipments, and ICT products grew
significantly.
By 2006 Hungary’s economic development slowed down and GDP growth remained
below 4%. Fiscal consolidation has become the focus of economic policy. The government’s
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austerity program has reduced Hungary’s large budget deficit, but the reforms have
dampened domestic consumption, slowing GDP growth to less than 2% in 2007. In 2007,
Hungary eliminated a trade deficit that had persisted for several years. Inflation declined
from 14% in 1998 to 3.7% in 2006, but increased to 6.1% in 2008. Unemployment has
reached 10% in 2009.
Hungary is an open, export-driven economy, therefore the global slowdown and
decreasing demand on its main export markets has had a negative impact on economic
growth, especially in the export-orientated sectors including automobile industry and
consumer electronics.
Heavy borrowings from the IMF and other financial institutions at the end of 2008
have helped to balance a large current account and budget deficit, prop up a partially
overvalued currency, support a low stock of foreign reserve and secure a high level of shortterm foreign currency debt.
Hungary’s macroeconomic outlook is likely to remain weak in 2009 on falling demand
in its main European export markets and slowing domestic consumption. However, the
country's growth prospects are likely to improve beyond 2009, owing to the loan offered by
the IMF and European Union funds – EU subsidy of 22.4 billion Euro is available to Hungary
until 2013 – and the country’s traditional growth factors including relatively low wages, high
skills, advanced infrastructure and an advantageous geographical position.
2.3.3. Area of Hungary
The total surface area of the country is 93.036 km2 with population approximately 10.31
million.
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Fig. HU-1. Hungary in the Danube Catchment
Area of Hungary
93.036 km2
Over 200 m a.s.l.
16 %
Over 400 m a.s.l.
2%
The lowest point
75.8 m a.s.l.
The highest point
1014 m a.s.l.
Areal mean temperature
10.5 ºC
Areal mean precipitation
total 550 mm . a -1
2.3.4. Main river network – main basins and sub-basins of Hungary
The entire territory of Hungary belongs to the Danube Catchment (Fig. HU-1). The
Danube enters into Hungary from Slovakia at Rajka rkm 1 850.2 and leaves the country to
Serbia and Croatia near Mohacs rkm 1433. The entire length of the Hungarian Danube
including the joint Hungarian Slovak section is 417.2 chainage/river kilometres. Within the
territory of Hungary the Danube River Basin is basically subdivided into three parts:
Streams entering or the region drained directly by the main river Danube;
Catchment of River Drava;
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Catchment of River Tisza
All major and medium size rivers in Hungary are dominated by transit flow generated
by runoff entering into Hungary from upstream regions (95-97% of the total flow). Only two
catchments exceeding 4000 km2, namely that of the Sió-Balaton and Zagyva are within
national borders all others are transboundary river basins. Alltogether 24 notable streams
enter into the country and three: the Danube, Dráva and Tisza leave the country (see Fig.
HU-2).
The rivers arriving at the Hungarian border convey the runoff from 290.000 km2,
which is an area three times as large as the territory of Hungary. The flow regime in these
rivers is controlled therefore overwhelmingly by the hydrometeorological events over the
headwater sections.
Fig. HU- 2. Normal multi-annual in- and outflows in the major rivers of Hungary (10 9
m3/year)
The multi-annual surface water budget of the country is displayed in Fig. HU-3.
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Fig. HU-3. The average annual surface water budget of Hungary (10 9 m3/year)
2.4. Serbia – general information
2.4.1. Geographical position of Serbia
The Republic of Serbia is located at the crossroads between East and West, between
the Balkan Peninsula and the Pannonian Plain. Serbia offers an outstanding potential for
river transportation. Although landlocked, there is around 2,000 km of navigable inland
waterways, among which the largest are Danube, Sava, Tisza Rivers, as well as system of
canals Danube-Tisza-Danube, (Figure 1).
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Figure 1: Danubean countries
2.4.2. Economical position of Serbia
In the period between 2001 and 2008 Serbia had strong economic growth (real GDP
between 5% and 6% per year). That growth a result of reduced inflation, rising domestic
demand and export, FDI inflow, and reduction in public debt.
However, the growth based on consumption led to the increase of import, which was
more than two times higher than export. Foreign direct investments (FDI) inflow decreased
dramatically in 2008, which made Serbia vulnerable to the negative impact of global financial
crisis. In 2009 Stand-by arrangement with IMF was signed (of nearly 3 billion EUR), which is a
good signal for future investors.
The other problem is that the economic growth in the past 5 years was not followed
by the creation of new jobs. Official unemployment rate remains high, focused on youth,
older workers, women and minorities. Long-term unemployment is endemic, but a large
gray economy is present.
GDP per person is more than doubled since 2001, but it is still quite low in
comparison with EU standards (€4,650 against EU-27 average €23,500).
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The population in Serbia is in constant decline, especially working-age, largely due to
the emigration and a low birth rate. That leads to the conclusion that Serbia has the aging
population.
The internal disparities within Serbia exist due to the fact that the impact of growth
has been concentrated in the major cities in the northern and western part of the country. It
is a problem which must be dealt with in the future. As a first step, a new Law on Regions is
prepared, focusing on preventing further disparities between the regions.
It is expected that Serbia will have negative growth rate in 2009, and that 2010 will
be a year of stagnation or small growth. However, it is expected that the strong positive
growth will be achieved in 2011 and the following years. GDP per capita, labor productivity
and employment rate will have the similar positive dynamics.
Figure 2: Sava River Confluence
Figure 3: Kazan - Where the Danube River is Deepest
2.4.3. Area and water river network in Serbia
Area of the Republic of Serbia is 88,361km2 and of that area 81,660km2 is within the
Danube River Basin, (more then 92%).
As a Pan-European "Corridor VII", the Danube River is an important transport route.
Navigation on the Serbian sector of the Danube River is divided into two sections: from
Hungarian-Serbian-Croatian border to Belgrade and from Belgrade to Serbian-RomanianBulgarian border. In the first sector navigation for the convoys according to the AGN class VIc
is possible, and at the downstream section navigation for the convoys according to the AGN
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class VII is possible, which allows for the sea going vessels to arrive to Belgrade from the
Black Sea.
The stretch of the Danube River in Serbia (from Bezdan to Timok River) is 588 km
long, of which 137.5 km is a borderline with Croatia, and 229km is a borderline with
Romania. By performing large river training works, on what once used to be a natural flow of
the river, navigation was secured in line with the recommendations of the Danube
Commission.
From the territory of Serbia waters flow in three directions: predominantly to the
Black Sea (Danube River Basin), Adriatic Sea (Drim and Plavska River), and Aegean Sea (Pčinj,
Dragovištica, and Lepenac Rivers), Figure 4.
As mentioned above the largest and most important river in Serbia is the Danube
River. With its length of 588km it connects Serbia both with West and East. Coming from
Hungary largest tributaries to Danube River are: Drava, Tisza, Sava, and Velika (Great)
Morava Rivers (Figure 4).
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Figure 4 Hydrography of the Republic of Serbia
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Figure 5: Drainage Basins in Serbia
2
Largest left tributary to the Danube River is the Tisza River with the drainage area of
157,200km2. It comes to the Serbian territory from Hungary, at village Djale, and has its
confluence with the Danube River near city of Slankamen. Largest tributary to the Tisza River
in Serbia is the Begej River.
2
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Serbia
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Right tributary to the Danube River is the Sava River, the largest tributary of the
Danube on Serbian territory. The drainage area of the Sava River Basin is 96,400km2. The
total length of the Sava River on Serbian territory is 211km (from Jamena to the confluence
in Belgrade). Along its course, the Sava River has several tributaries: Drina, Kolubara, and
Bosut Rivers.
Second largest right tributary of the Danube River in Serbia is the Velika (Great)
Morava (drainage area of 37,400km2), established from two rivers: Juzna (South) Morava
(15,400km2) and Zapadna (West) Morava (15,680km2).
Other tributaries of the Danube River at Serbian territory are: left tributaries Tamis,
Karas, and Nera Rivers, and right tributaries Mlava, Pek, Porecka, and Timok Rivers.
In order to present the sizes of some of the abovementioned rivers the drainage areas and
average annual discharge for selected gauging stations are presented in Table 1, (Water
Master Plan of Serbia, 2001).
Table 1 Drainages areas and mean annual discharges for selected gauging stations
River
Gauging Station
Danube
Drainage area (km2)
Mean annual discharge
(m3/s)
Bezdan
210,250
2,263
Veliko Gradiste
570,375
5,466
Tisza
Novi Becej
145,415
766
Sava
S. Mitrovica
87,996
1,532
Drina
Radalj
17,493
371
Velika Morava
Ljubicevski most
37,320
230
2.5. Bulgaria – general information
2.5.1. Geographical position and area of Bulgaria
Bulgaria is situated in the Eastern part of the Balkan Peninsula and takes 22% of its
territory. Its area is 110 843 km², 110 510 km² of which is land and 333 km² water. The
natural boundary with Romania is the Danube River which is navigable for cargo, commercial
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and passenger vessels along the entire boundary stretch. The eastern boundary is the Black
Sea with a coastline of 378 km and two main bays – the Varna and Bourgas Bays. The
southern boundary is with Greece and Turkey and the Western – with the Republic of
Macedonia and Serbia. The total state boundary length is 2245 km as 1181 of them are land,
686 are river kilometers (mainly along the Danube River) and 378 are sea kilometers.
Figure 1 Location of Bulgaria
2.5.2. Economical position of Bulgaria
Bulgaria has unique transport location. As a part of Eastern Europe Bulgaria is a
transport crossroad and a transit territory between Western Europe, the Near and the
Middle East and the Mediterranean. The roads from the former Soviet republics to Southern
Europe and Africa are crossing here. Five Pan-European transport corridors pass through the
territory of Bulgaria, as determined at the Common European conferences of the transport
ministers in Crete (1994) and Helsinki (1997), namely: Pan-European Transport Corridor IV,
Pan-European Transport Corridor VII, Pan-European Transport Corridor VIII, Pan-European
transport corridor IX and Pan-European transport corridor X.
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Figure 2 Transport corridors passing through Ruse
The main transport directions crossing the country are doubled with railroads. The
access of Bulgaria to the Black sea connects the country with all other Black sea countries.
This gives great opportunities for developing the transport and the loading and discharging
activities in the big ports of Bourgas and Varna. The East European countries are connected
to the inland waterways of West Europe through the Danube River. The meaning of the river
has significantly increased after the completion of the navigation channel Rhine – Mein –
Danube. Combined river – land and river – sea transportation of goods is performed along
the river.
The crossroad location of Bulgaria is very important for its development as a world
tourist destination. There are great opportunities for development of both the transit and
the active recreational international tourism. These are facilitated by the significant number
of natural and cultural and historical sights.
Currently the Bulgarian foreign trade has European orientation. Bulgaria gets a good
advantage from: being a member of the World Trade Organization /since the autumn of
1996/, being associated to the European Union, being a member of the Black sea economical
zone for cooperation and the economical organizations within the UN.
Bulgaria stands alone among the EU’s eastern members as the only one yet to show
an improvement in GDP performance. Unlike its fellow east-central European countries,
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Bulgaria saw its year-on-year decline in real GDP worsen to -5.8% in the third quarter of
2009.
Figure 3 Real GDP growth 2005 – 2010
2.5.3. Water river network – main basins and sub basins in Bulgaria
The Bulgarian stretch of the Danube, which is part of the Lower Danube, is along the
right bank of the river starting from the outfall of the Timok river and reaching the city of
Silistra downstream the Danube with total length of 471 km. The catchment area of the river
increases with 105 000 km² 43 000 km² from which are in the Bulgarian sector (the
Predbalkan Mountains, the north slopes of the Balkan Mountines and a part of the Rila
Mountain).
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Figure 4 - Catchment area of the Danube in Bulgaria
The catchment area of the Danube in the Bulgarian section of the river has the
following boundaries: from north – Romania, from east – The Black sea region, from west –
Serbia, and from south – East and West Aegean sea basin regions.
It includes the rivers Erma, Nishava, Ogosta and west from Ogosta, Iskar, Vit, Osam,
Yantra, Rusenski Lom and the rivers of Dobrudzha.
Length of the
river network
River
/main river plus
all trubutries /
km.
Length of the
river network
Length of
main river plus
the main
main trubutries
river
/
km
km.
West rivers
3594.388
1086.484
Ogosta
2880.603
747.155
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Iskar
7358.285
1318.481
350.705
Vit
2454.087
509.098
167.999
Osam
2036.285
357.569
204.457
Yantra
6426.084
1291.984
222.49
2175.456
874.543
244.528
26925.188
6185.314
1332.652
Rusenski lom and the
rivers of Dobrudzha
Total
Table 1 Length of the Bulgarian Danube tributaries
Iskar River is the longest river entirely running in Bulgaria. Its length is 368 km, and
the catchment area together with its tributaries - 8647 km2. Its location has the following
coordinates: between 42° 05’ and 43° 45’ north longitude and 22° 50’ and 24° 30’ east
latitude. The river network density is 1,1 km/km2. It had 25 tributaries with total length over
15 km
Vit River is 189 км long. Its catchment area is 3220 km2 with average river network
density about 0,5 km/km2 . The river has 10 tributaries with total length of 10 km. Its
location has the following coordinates: between 42°45' and 43°40' north longitude and 24°
10' and 24° 45' east latitude.
Ogosta river and the rivers west from Ogosta (Topolovets, Woinishka, Vidbol,
Archar, Skomlia, Lom, Tsibritsa, Ogosta and Skat) have a total area of 8 022 km2. The total
annual discharge if these river is 1 254.106m3. Ogosta River is the biggest one among them
with about 40 tributaries.
Osam River is 314 km long. Its catchment area is 2824 km2 and has just few
tributaries. Its river network density is 0,4 km/km2, and at some places to 0,15 km/km2 . Its
location has the following coordinates: between 42° 35' and 43° 13'north longitude and 24°
30' and 25° 20' east latitude.
Yantra River is the river that has biggest area of catchment area after Iskar (7869
km2). It is 285 km long and has 30 tributaries with total length about 10 km. The river
network density varies as for the river itself it is 0.7 km/km2 and for the tributaries – from 0.3
km/km2 to 1.5 km/km2. Its location has the following coordinates: between 42° 40' and
43°40’ north longitude and 24° 45' and 26° 30' east latitude.
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2.6. Romania – general information
2.6.1. Geographical position and area of Romania
Romania is located in the SE of Central Europe, on the Lower Danube and on the
Black Sea, between 43°37΄07˝ and 48°15΄06˝ N latitude and 20°15΄44˝ şi 29°41΄24˝ E
longitude.
Figure 1: location of Romania
Its extreme length is 789 km (E-W) and its greatest breadth is 475 km (N-S). Its altitudinal
range is from 3.5 m below sea level to 2 545 m.Limits: in NE is Ucraina, in E Black Sea and
Republic of Moldavia , in S Bulgaria, in SW Iugoslavia and in W Ungary.
The surface of Romania is 238391 km² , population 23 816 000 and Danube catchment area
= 817,000 sq km, and from this 29% in Romania and 37.7% in length.
2.6.2. Economical position and area of Romania
Danube is an important international river road, flowing through 10 countries
(Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Germany, Hungary, Moldova, Slovakia, Romania, Ukraine and
Serbia) and has tributaries in seven other countries.
Through four state capitals: Vienna, Bratislava, Budapest and Belgrade.
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Danube Black Sea Canal is a waterway which connects the ports of Constanta and Cernavoda
on the Danube south of the Black Sea, and is part of the important European waterways of
the Black Sea and North Sea (channel Rhine - Main - Danube)-figure 2.
Figure 2: Danube maritime vessel traffic
The river Danube represents a true axis of central Europe which connects the Black
Sea. Navigation on the arms and transport channel is another concern of local people.
Along the Danube and local developers, some of them with important Shipyards such as
Braila, Galati, Tulcea.
Danube is of particular importance to: navigation, hydropower, fish, water supplies
for industry, agriculture, population.
A special importance has the construction of those two dams at 943 river km and 863
river km for the navigation and for the power industry (Iron Gate I-1080MW and Iron Gate II27 MW). Reservoirs are numerous and used extensively for fish production. The Romanian
inland fishery ranges from sport fishing for salmonids in the mountains to commercial fishing
for warm water species in overflow and deltaic areas and brackish water lagoons. The
harvest from the Romanian inland fishery constitutes over 80 percent of the country's take
from all of its freshwater, brackish, and marine territorial waters. Carp culture, which is
traditional, is increasing in importance and is being supplemented by an ensemble of other
species.
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Also, the Danube waters are used for obtaining electricity (hydro mentioned), use of
irrigation systems, for drinking and industrial water supply of city-ports.
By the existence of varied relief, Danube Delta and Black Sea on Romanian territory,
Romania is a special attraction for domestic and international tourism.
Romania, after entry into EU has a number of advantages, knowing a prounced
economic development.
2.6.3. Water river network – main basins and sub basins in Romania
Almost all the rivers of Romania belong to the Danube catchment area draining
outward from the Carpathian arc to the south and east - to flow directly into the Danube
within the confines of Romania.
Figure 3: Romanian river network
The exceptions include a few northern and western rivers (e.g., Someş and Mureş)
which reach the Danube indirectly through the Tisza in Hungary, and some minor Dobrogean
streams that drain directly into the Black Sea. The lengths of the principal Romanian rivers
are listed in Table 1.
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On the Romanian Danube sector owns 29% of catchment area and travel 1075 km
(38% in length) from Bazias where the river enter the country to Sulina (Black Sea). The
Danube forms the common border countries: Bulgaria 470.5 km long (river km 845.5-km
375), Ukraine, Moldova 0.8 kilometres long, Serbia 229.5 kilometres in length (river km
1075-km 845.5). It add almost all rivers in Romania (78905km), making the network to be
unitary. The flow which entry into the country is about 5400 mc / s reaching the sea at about
6800mc / s. The gradient is 64m with an average of 0.06 percent.
The most important tributaries in Romania are: Jiu, Olt, Arges, Siret, Prut with a discharge
between 50 m³/s and 150 m³/s.
Jiu river. It is a river in southern Romania. Area: 16,712.9 km ². Length: 331 km.
It flows into the Danube on the Bechet (691 km river). Stems from the Southern Carpathians.
Tributaries of the right: Motru, Western Jiu, Tismana, Jilţ, Runcu. Major tributaries: Gilort ,
Amaradia, PAOK East, Spring, Brook White.
River Olt. It is a river in southern Romania. Area: 24050 km ². Length: 614 km.
Stems from Mountains Eastern Carpathians. Tributaries:
Fieru, Scaunu, Covaci, Racu,
Delniţa, Sandru, Baraolt, Homorod, Oltet.
Arges river. It is a water course located in East, affluent of the Danube at Oltenita. Area:
12.550 km ². Length: 350 km. Stems from middle west the main ridge of the Fagaras
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Mountains.Tributaries: Buda, Goat, Valley of the Pisces, Cumpana, Dambovita, Calnau,
Sabar.
Prut River . Stems from the Ukrainian Carpathians. Length 953 km of which 742 km is located
in Romania. Area: 27500 km ². Watering point: Galati (Romania). Tributaries: Racova, Valley
Halmagei, Ceremus, Herta, Radauti, Badu, Başeu , Oancea , Jijia.
Siret river. Length: 706 km of which 596 km in Romania and 110 km in Ukraine. Area: 44,835
km ². Traverses two countries, Ukraine and Romania and is located in NE Romania. Watering
near Galati. Tributaries: Bahna, Barlad, Trotus, Bistrita, Suceava, Bridge Turcului, Putna,
Moldova.
In Romania, the lakes occupy only 1,1 % of the country. The largest are the seashore or
lagoons that Razim (415 km²).
2.7. Romania – Danube-Black See canal – general information
2.7.1. Geographical position of Danube-Black See canal
Between the Danube River and the Black Sea was created a navigable canals system,
including the main canal, which crosses Dobrogea from west to east, with a final point at the
Maritime Port of Constanta, more precisely the northern branch Poarta Alba - Midia
Navodari, which links the Midia Port with the lake Tasaul.
The navigable canal Danube - Black Sea links the Cernavoda Port to the Constanta
Port, shortening the route towards the Black Sea with about 400 km.
The canal is a component part of the importance of the European waterways
between the Black Sea and the North Sea (through the Rhine–Main–Danube Canal).
The route of the canal, long of 64.410 km, with a hydrographic basin of 870 m 2, is
detached from the Danube river bed in the area of the old Cernavoda Port (km 299,3),
follows the Carasu Valley, crossing the Medgidia, Basarabi villages and the plateau areas, at
Straja-Cumpana and reached the South Constanta Port.
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The canal is an exceptional engineering accomplishment which imposed a series of
connected works: the build of some big bridges, the correction of some roads, railways and
some high tension networks and water supply, irrigation amenities, the heighten of some
possible flood lands, draughts, dams, retention barrages, etc.
The Danube - Black Sea Canal and the Poarta Alba - Midia Navodari Canal, called
navigable canals are Romania’s national waters, which are under the statehood and
exclusive jurisdiction of the Romanian state.
The hydro-technical scheme adapted is foreseen with 2 twin locks, which are the
Cernavoda lock – for the connection of the waterway with the variable levels of the water in
the river, and the Agigea lock – for the connection at the sea level, in the area of the
Constanta south Port.
2.7.2. Economical position of Danube-Black See canal
After the opening of the Rhine – Main - Danube Canal, the Rhine and the Danube
form now a major trans-European shipping artery, in length of approx. 3500 kilometers,
which links the North Sea with the Black Sea and which connects the inland navigation
networks of 13 Central and Western European countries.
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Connecting the Trans-European Navigation System with a first size sea port like
Constanta, on an shorter route with over 400 km than the existing one passing through
Sulina, considering that at the end or from the Black Sea an important intermodal transport
platform has developed, where the largest vessels transiting the Suez and Bosporus can dock
and operate, provide especially favorable economic conditions and a rapid development of
the entire corridor that stretches from Rotterdam to Constanta.
Therefore, we can state that both Danube - Black Sea and Poarta Alba - Midia
Navodari waterways as well as the Constanta-South port form objectives that bring value to
the entire Rhine - Danube Trans-European Navigational System of navigable canals.
Through the opening of the two important waterways, Danube - Black Sea Canal
(1984) and Poarta Alba - Midia Navodari Canal (1987), that cross Dobrogea this have become
the main source of water used for all purposes, including potable water and the supply for
the bordering settlements of the Black Sea seashore.
Ensuring the water quality in the waterways at optimal parameters is an essential
condition of which further development of the South Dobrogea and the Black Sea seashore
depends.
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Completing the existing and future quality requests of water uses represents a key
issue. The obligation to water protection against pollution also derives from the current
legislation regarding the environment and water protection.
Further more, it is imposed the necessity of ensuring sanitation and water scenery of
the Danube - Black Sea and Poarta Alba - Midia Navodari waterways in the purpose of
maintaining ecological balance and meeting the aesthetic requests, recreational and hygiene
requirements in the area.
The administration, operation and maintenance of the Danube - Black Sea and Poarta
Alba - Midia Navodari waterways is done by the National Company "Administration of
Navigable Canals" SA.
The Danube - Black Sea Canal is an inland waterway having an important class VI,
according to the standards adopted by the European Convention of the transport ministers.
The canal was conceived as a part of the hydro-technical system “The hydroenergetic and transport complex Danube - Black Sea”, whose accomplishment was approved
in June 1973 and in its compound the following main objectives can be mentioned:
-
The Danube - Black Sea Canal
-
The Constanta South Maritime Port
-
The hydro-technical nod on the Danube
The Danube - Black Sea Canal was realized between 1975-1984, based on the main
general execution project, elaborated by IPTANA and approved through the Decree
300/1978. Once it was given in use, the Danube - Black Sea Canal took over the functions of
the magisterial irrigational canal Carasu, as well as new functions, which satisfy the requests
of other uses and which takes or downloads waters in the canal.
The Poarta Alba - Midia Navodari Canal is an inland waterway, of Vth class, according
to the standards adopted by the European Convention of the transport ministers. The profile
of this work is “Canal for fluvial navigation, with complex functions of water management,
including irrigation, hydro-electric energy, fresh water and industrial supply and evacuation
of floods that come from rainfalls”.
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2.7.3. Area presentation of Danube-Black See canal
The Danube - Black Sea Canal links the Danube (km 64+410) to the Black Sea (km 0)
and is composed of 3 characteristic sections, determined by the water level:
 Canal pool I – 4,1 km, between the Danube and the twin locks at Cernavoda; its
hydrologic system is directly linked to that of the Danube with which is in direct
connection;
 Canal pool II – 58,3 km, between the twin locks at Cernavoda and the twin locks from
Agigea, and its hydrologic system has the characteristics of the canal exploiting system;
 Canal pool III – 2 km, between the twin locks at Agigea and the Black Sea its hydrologic
system is that of the Black Sea.
The Danube - Black Sea Canal was completed between 1975-1983 based on the
general execution project elaborated by MTTc, as the titular of investments and general
designer and approved through Decree 300/1978.
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Levels, depths, transport capacities, speeds on CDMN:
Specification
UM
Canal Pool I
Canal Pool II
Canal Pool III
maximum level
mrMB
12,0
8,50
0,50
normal level
mrMB
7,0
7,50
-0,50
minimum level
mrMB
2,75
7,00
-1,10
channel bottom share
mrMB
-1,50
0,50
-7,50
normal
m
8,50
7,00
7,00
minimum
m
4,50
6,50
6,40
mc/s
335
900
900
mc/s
320
320
320
mc/s
310
310
200
mc/s
0,5
1,4
1,4
water depth per level:
water transport capacity for:
maximum levels
normal levels
minimum levels
longitudinal speeds, water limitations
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Danube attraction area:
attraction point Danube – right bank, km 299 + 100 ;
normal level opening at the Danube: 0,4 km;
free level attraction;
trapezoidal section;
bottom cote = - 1,50 mrMB;
water depth : normal level
= 8,50 m
minimum level = 4,50 m;
longitudinal speed at – maximum limit in normal terms of exploitation: 0,3 m/s
longitudinala speed: - maximum limit in normal terms of flood transit: 0,5 m/s;
transit floods : normal level
: 335 mc/s;
minimum level : 320 mc/s
LONGITUDINAL PROFILE OF DANUBE – BLACK SEA CANAL
The Poarta Alba - Midia Navodari Canal links the Danube - Black Sea Canal to the
Luminita Port located on the lake Tasaul.
The length of the canal between the Danube - Black Sea Canal (at Poarta Alba – km
34+669) and the Black Sea at Navodari is of 27,757 km, at which is added the link to the
Luminita Port of 5,0 km.
The canal has 3 functional areas:
-
Canal pool I : length = 15,2 km, between the confluence DBSC and the twin locks
Ovidiu;
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-
Canal pool II : length = 10,3 km, between the twin locks Ovidiu and Navodari locks,
plus 5,0 km, the connection with Tasaul lake (Luminita port) ;
-
Canal pool III: length = 1,1 km, between the twin locks Navodari and Black Sea.
Levels, depths, transport capacities, speeds on Poarta Alba-Midia Navodari Canal:
Specification
UM
Canal Pool I
Canal Pool II
Canal Pool III
maximum level
mrMB
8,50
2,25
0,50
normal level
mrMB
7,50
1,25
-0,50
minimum level
mrMB
7,00
1,00
-1,10
channel bottom share
mrMB
2,00
-4,25
-6,00
m
550
5,50
5,50
m
5,00
5,25
4,90
mc/s
42 - 51,6
38,2 - 51,0
38,2 - 51,0
mc/s
42
38,2
38,2
mc/s
0,13 - 0,19
0,17 - 0,23
0,17 - 0,23
water depth per level:
normal
minimum
water transport capacity for:
normal levels
minimum levels
longitudinal speeds, water limitations
Poarta Alba Midia Navodari Canal is dimensioned for a maximum capacity of
transport of up to 24-25 millions tones/year, for navigation both ways with a convoy
composed of a 3000 tones barge and a pusher of approximately 800 HP.
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LONGITUDINAL PROFILE OF POARTA ALBA-MIDIA NAVODARI CANAL
The sketch of the Danube-Black Sea and Poarta Alba-Midia Navodari canals route
2.7.4. Water river network – main basins and sub – basins of Danube-Black
See canal
The Hydro-technical scheme of the Danube - Black Sea and the Poarta Alba - Midia
Navodari navigable canals has a complex character being sized to serve the following
purposes:
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-
navigation;
-
supplying water for irrigation, drinking and industrial purposes, for producing
hydroelectric energy and nuclear power;
-
receiver for evacuation of cleared wastewater and water that comes from
draining;
-
the adjustment of leakage from its own hydrographic basin, the defense against
flood.
The hydro - technical scheme provides qualitative and quantitative management of
water from the navigable canals in normal operating conditions and in accidental evacuation
conditions caused by generalized or partially generalized rainfalls in the hydrographic basin.
At the basis of the complex hydro-technical scheme of the canal and the quantitative
water management, lay the following principles:
I. The beneficiaries of the services provided by the complex hydro-technical scheme,
specifically the ones that sample water from the canal, don’t have normal conditions of
functioning assured, if the levels at the Danube and in bief I have reached equal or smaller
levels than +2,75 mrMB, corresponding to an insurance level of 97% or if this levels have
reached equal or bigger than +12 mrMB, corresponding an insurance level of 1%.
II. The beneficiaries of the services provided by the complex hydro-technical scheme
which sample water in bief II no longer have insured normal working conditions, if the levels
in this bief have reached levels lower than the cote of +7mrMB. The beneficiaries which
discharge water in bief II have no longer assured normal working conditions if these levels
have reached higher levels than +8,50 mrMB, corresponding to the evacuation of a flood
with an insurance degree of 1%.
In the limit situations presented above, the hydro-technical scheme of the canal
enter in alert state, the main task regarding the water management being the monitoring of
the works in the hydro-technical scheme located between the limits of calculus and of check.
The further insurance of some sampling or discharging of water from and in the canal, for
some beneficiaries can be made in correlation with the restriction plans and the use of water
in the incondite period.
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a) The hydrographic basins
of the two navigable canals Danube - Black Sea and Poarta Alba - Midia Navodari, have a
total surface of 939,8 km2 (including the Hydrographic Basin Siutghiol = 12 km 2 ).
The navigable canals have the function of receivers and evacuators of the waters,
caused by the rainfalls in the afferent hydrographical basins.
This are taken over and assigned as follows:
 Out of 36,6 km2 it is downloaded through canal pool I of DBSC, in the Danube;
 Out of 663 km2 it is downloaded in the canal pool II of the DBSC;
 Out of 32,2 km2 it is downloaded through canal pool III of DBSC, in the Black Sea;
 Out of 154 km2 it is downloaded in the canal pool I of PAMNC;
 Out of 42 km2 it is downloaded in the canal pool II of PAMNC;
 Out of 12 km2 it is downloaded in BH Siutghiol.
b) Sub-basins
The affluent valleys of the waterways have a non-permanent drainage system and a
torrential character, fact which made necessary the defense against floods of the canal pool
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II of the Danube-Black Sea Canal and canal pool I of the Poarta Alba-Midia Navodari Canal, to
achieve a number of 24 non-permanent accumulations, of attenuation and 10 accumulations
for the retention of the wash.
The equipment beneficiary – N.A. “Romanian Waters” Bucharest - Dobrogea
Seashore Water Directorate Constanta ensures the operating.
The floods in the affluent valleys and the direct slopes affect the canal pool II of the
Danube-Black Sea Canal and the canal pool I of the Poarta Alba-Midia Navodari Canal located
between the twin locks of Cernavoda, Agigea and Ovidiu. For the draining of the floods the
Navigable Canals accomplish the function of receiver and evacuator of big waters. Under
these circumstances level growths are produced, with partial and temporary water
accumulations in the canals section. Canal pool III through which it will be transited the same
flows of water that originates from floods in the canal pool II doesn’t undergo special
influences, because this being connected to the sea, allows the transit of floods without
significant level modifications.
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3 CLIMATOLOGICAL CONDITIONS - GENERAL INFORMATION
3.1. Austria – general information
3.1.1. Climatological Conditions3in Austria
Austria’s climate is allocated to the Central European climate, which is generally
moderate and mild but varies due to topographical diversity (great differences in altitude)
and different effects of atlantics, continental, sub mediterranean and polar, respectively sub
polar influences.
In Austria can be found five main climatic zones (see figure 4).
Figure 4: Main climate zones in Austria
3.1.2. Air Temperature in Austria
In Austria the mean annual air temperature amounts in the area of the Viennese
Basin and the Lake Neusiedl between 10 and 12
0
C. In the northern and south-eastern
3
Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Environment und Water Management (2005): Hydrological Atlas of
Austria, 2. Edition 2005
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Alpine foreland, also in the Danube region the mean annual air temperature is between 8
und 10 0 C, in the alpine regions the mean annual air temperature is appreciably lower.
3.1.3. Precipitation in Austria
In the alpine regions we have an alpine climate with abundant precipitations (except
in the inner alpine valley regions), short summers and long cold winters. In the north and in
the south of the Alpine divide - it is also the watershed and weather divide - the precipitation
can be very high (between 2000 mm/year to 3000 mm/year), especially when the region is
influenced by an area of low pressure from the Atlantic or the Mediterranean Sea. In the
inner alpine valley regions a precipitation of 1000 mm/year can be measured, because of the
barrier of the mountains.
The transient climate reaches from the Alpine foreland (in the south of river Danube)
to the hilly regions of the Bohemian plateau (in the north of the Danube). This climate is
influenced in the west by the Atlantic. In the south-east are continental and in the north
polar, respectively sub polar influences. The precipitation amounts in the west of the Alpine
foreland 1400 mm/year and in the East approximately 700 mm/year. In the hilly regions of
the Bohemian plateau the precipitation is relatively low (500 mm/year).
The pannonian climate with continental influence dominates in the north-eastern
part of the country (Marchfeld, Viennese Basin, Lake Neusiedl). This climatic zone is
characterized by low precipitation (the mean annual precipitation varies between 500 mm
und 600 mm/year), hot summers but only moderately cold winters.
In the south and south-eastern of the Alps we have the illyric climate zone, which is
very similar to the pannonian climate, but the mean precipitation is a little bit higher 700mm/year and 1000mm/year – as in the pannonian climate.
In Austria generally decreases the frequency of precipitation from the West to the
East, as well as from the South-East to the North-East.
3.1.4. Evaporation in Austria
Many regions in Austria are characterized by a great water surplus, based on high
precipitation and low potential evaporation. Rivers with a high rate of flow have their source
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in the Alps, where the mean annual potential evaporation is approximately 500 mm/year,
while the rivers from the hilly regions of the Bohemian plateau have a lower discharge (the
mean annual potential evaporation is between 600 and 625 mm/year). The highest
evaporation values are measured in the Alpine foreland in the south of the river Danube, in
the southern Viennese Basin and in the Styrian Basin. The mean annual potential
evaporation amounts 625 to 650 mm/year.
3.2. Slovakia – general information
3.2.1. Climatological Condition in Slovakia
Climatic conditions of Morava basin – at the interest basin we have two basic
different climatologic areas. Warm area, to which western part of basin belongs, within this
area we have warm, moderately dry sub-area with mild winter (west part of Borská nížina
(lowland) and warm, moderately wet sub-area with mild winter (remaining part of Borská
nížina (lowland) and prevailing part of Chvojnická pahorkatina (upland). Second area, it is
moderately warm area, which represents remaining part of basin and within it there is
moderately warm, moderately wet sub-area with mild winter (Myjavská pahorkatina
(upland) and foothill of Malé Karapaty and Biele Karpaty and moderately warm, wet subarea (ridge and parts of the slopes of Malé Karpaty and spring area of Myjava river in Biele
Karpaty
The climatic conditions of the river Hron , Ipeľ, Slaná basins are affected by their
position in the moderate climatic zone of the Northern Hemisphere with a regular
alternation of the seasons of the year. In all three basins – the Váh, Hron and Ipeľ – the
upper parts have quite rough weather, due to the complicated orographic conditions. The
lower parts belong among the warmest regions of Slovakia.
3.2.2. Air temperature in Slovakia
The mean annual temperature for the basins is 7.40 C, and the whole region varies
from –3.0 0C to 10.0 0C. The maximum mean monthly temperature (20.3 ~ 20.5 0C) prevails
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during July in the lower southern parts of the basin and the lowest temperature (-3 ~ -10 0C)
during January in the mountain regions. The annual number of days with a temperature
above 00 C varies from 71 in the high mountain areas, 96 in the hilly parts to 279 days in the
lowlands. A network of climatic observation stations measures the air temperature: 36 in the
Váh River basin, 10 in the Hron River basin and 4 in the Ipeľ River basin three times a day.
3.2.3. Precipitation in Slovakia
Rainfall distribution in Slovak Republic territory is mostly influenced by relief, and
altitude is the most important parameter. Exposition of slopes influences the air flow and
precipitation. According to long term mean (1931-1980) year precipitation total in Morava
basin ranges from 550 mm (along Morava river) up to over 800 mm (in upper lands of this
area), as a function of increasing altitude. The lowest monthly totals of precipitation are in
January, February, March with mean monthly amounts 30-45 mm, minimum mostly in
February and second minimum in September (Indian summer), the highest totals are in June
and July (70-90 mm). From extreme monthly amounts of precipitation it is clear that
absolute highest amounts of precipitation are mostly in second half of the year and absolute
minimums of precipitation amounts are in January, April, September, and October.
Significant for the all region are relatively high water accumulation in the snow cover during
winter time which determine flow condition of river network and caused floods in early
spring time.
The annual precipitation in the three ( Hron(Ipeľ, Slaná) basins varies from 525 ~
580 mm in the southern part to 2000 ~ 2100 mm in the high mountains. The majority of the
basins belong to hilly regions with a total precipitation of more than 700 mm (63 % of the
area). According to the time variability of the precipitation, the maximum annual total
occurs in July and August (50 ~ 200 mm) and the minimum in September and February (0
~100 mm). Presently, the precipitation stations (6 at the Hron basin, 12 at the Váh basin and
2 at the Ipeľ basin) are equipped with telemetric tipping bucket gauges. There are 247 (Váh),
84 (Hron) and 48 (Ipeľ) stations which conduct measurements at rain gauge stations (once
every 24 hours).
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3.2.4. Snow in Slovakia
A network of climatic observation stations on a daily basis measures the basic snow
characteristics – the depth of snow cover and the depth of new snow. The values of the
snow water equivalent are measured weekly. The number of days with snow cover varies
from 30 to 220. The mean duration of snow cover lasts 80 days.
Fig. 4 Water snow equivalent in Slovakia
3.3. Hungary – general information
3.3.1. Monitoring network in Hungary
In the middle reach of the Danube Catchment including Hungary, winter only lasts for
1.5 to 2 months, the mean January temperatures in the lowlands being -0.3°C to - 2.0°C, and
on the highest points about -10°C, but in some places even lower. Temperature inversions
can also occur here in the mountainous regions, as for instance in the Carpathians, between
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the summits and in intermountain basins. Minimum air temperatures in the lowlands drop
to -30°C, and in the mountains to -41°C.
In July the average air temperatures in the valleys rise to 20°C- 23°C, and in the
foothills to 1 7°C- 1 9°C, but to only 4°C-5°C in the higher mountain regions. The maximum
air temperature in the lowlands is 40°C and the vertical temperature drop per 100 m height
is 0.5°C-0.6°C in summer in the Dinaric system and in the Carpathians 0.7°C. The
temperature gradient in winter is only 0.3°C-0.4°C.
The measurements of precipitation, air temperature and evapotranspiration
(evapotranspiration of free water surfaces) are performed by the National Meteorological
Service (OMSZ) and the National Water Management IT Service (OVISZ) with separately
maintained and operated monitoring networks. According to the latest data, the two
services perform the meteorogical observations and measurements on 1294 stations. The
principles and practical implementation of the measurements, observations and data
procession in the two networks are harmonized, essentially unified, in the frame of the ISO
quality assurance and quality management system.
On Fig. 4 the locations of the automatic telemetric stations of the two services are
demonstrated. At present 103 stations of the 664 monitoring stations of the National
Meteorological Service and 69 hydrometeorological stations of the 630 Water Management
Service belong to this. The most important data of the telemetric meteorological stations
shown on Fig. HU-4 are detailed in Table HU-1.a and HU-1.b. (Remark: the automatization of
the stations began in the middle of the ’90-s, the years indicating the foundation of the
station mean the beginning of the traditional operation).
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Fig. HU-4. Telemetric meteorological stations of the Hungarian Meteorological Service and
of the Hungarian Water Administration
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3.3.2. Temperature in Hungary
When determining the basic values (average values regarded as characteristic) of certain
meteorological elements we have respected the recommendations of the World
Meteorological Organization (WMO), suggesting the 30 years 1971 – 2000 for reference period.
Using the annual average values of that period we have edited the chart of the areal
distribution of average precipitation – respecting the date of approximately 230 stations, and
the chart of the areal distribution of the annual average temperature (Fig. HU-5), respecting 50
measurement stations. When editing the chart about the areal distribution of the annual
average temperature – regarding the relatively few stations – we have applied a morphological
correction, respecting a temperature gradient of 0,5 °C/100 m.
Fig. HU-5. Areal distribution of annual average temperature (1971-2000) in Hungary
3.3.3. Precipitation in Hungary
The hydrological regime, especially the runoff conditions of the Danube, is substantially
influenced by precipitation. The main contribution to precipitation development is the humid
air masses transported from the Atlantic and Mediterranean, and advective processes within
the frontal zone of the western wind zone. The rising processes necessary for the cooling and
condensation of humid air masses are provided by general air ascending in the areas of low
pressure, with sliding processes on the fronts and, as the most effective by the lifting
mechanisms, with the forced rising in the mountains. The height above sea level and orography
also play a decisive role in precipitation distribution. The relief features can be considered as
local factors influencing the precipitation activity, the precipitation being more abundant on the
windward sides of the mountains and less abundant on the leeward slopes.
In addition to advective precipitation, convective precipitation in the form of rainfall and
storm showers, but seldom as hail, contribute to the precipitation total. Convective
precipitation develops due to powerful radiation during summer intensive warming up of air
masses from the ground upwards. Thus the convective summer precipitation are characteristic
of the continental basins, while the advective precipitation occur under a stronger influence of
maritime-atlantic air masses in the western part of the Danube basin and in higher
mountainous regions.
The mean annual precipitation over Hungary is about 610 mm per year, with a
pronounced W-E gradient (up to 900 mm on the western border to Austria and about 500 mm
in the central Hungarian Lowland (Alföld).
When the annual distribution of precipitation is studied it can be seen that the
maximum occurs regularly in the summer months. This is especially true in low-lying parts of
the Danube basin, where convective precipitation constitutes a considerable contribution to
the total precipitation.
In those regions the maximum is shifted with increasing continentality from July to June
or May, since in midsummer the low air humidity is not sufficient for the development of
showers. The minimum precipitation occurs there in February and sometimes in January in mid-
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winter when the Asiatic region of high pressure blocks the transfer of Atlantic air masses to the
east.
The average duration of snow cover on the Hungarian Lowland is 20-30 days. Its
thickness is generally slight in the plains and lowlands. Snow, falling frequently as early as
October, usually lasts for only 1-3 days. Continuous snow cover is usually formed in December
or January, reaching the maximum of 15-20 cm in February, and melting in March. In
extraordinary cold winters, rich in snow, as for instance the period 1941-1942 in the upper
Danube basin, or in 1953 - 1954 in the lower Danube basin, the values 40 to 60 cm were
recorded in the lowlands. Such snow conditions are an exception and are frequently followed
by rapid warming up, causing partial or complete snow melting.
The areal distribution of precipitation, designed on the basis of 230 monitoring stations
is shown in Fig. HU-6.
Fig. HU-6. Areal distribution of multi-annual average precipitation (1971-200) in Hungary
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In the following table we have summarized the characteristics of the country-average
and extreme values of precipitation, air temperature, and actual evapotranspiration between
1971 and 2000 (at the minimum and maximum values the year of the extremity is given in
brackets).
Table HU-2: Country-average and extreme climatic data of Hungary
Hydrometeorological
parameters/statistics
values
Minimum
Average
Maximum
Precipitation
(mm)
Air
temperature
Actual evapotranspiration (mm)
(°C)
436
8,8
448
(2000)
(1980)
(1971)
588
9,9
517
814
11,5
609
(1999)
(2000)
(1999)
From the data of the Table HU-3 one can see that the average difference between the
precipitation and actual evapotransporation (consistent with the average runoff) is
71/mm/year in the reference period.
This national areal average hides significant differences: in the coldest and most
precipitated regions of Hungary (on the western border of Transdanubia, as well as in the
regions above 600 m of the mountains) this difference can get at value 150-180 mm/year. At
the same time, in the driest and hottest regions (e.g. sandy lowland between the Danube and
Tisza) this value is only 20-25 mm/year.
The used precipitation and air temperature data derive from direct measurements (controlled
and homogenized data series), the data of the actual evapotranspiration are defined by using
the annual amount of precipitation, annual average temperature and the data of plant (forest)
coverage.
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3.3.4. Long-time variation of climatological elements in Hungary
From the time series of the annual areal country-averages of the listed three
hydrometeorological parameters we have edited some figures for the period 1951 – 2008 (Fig.
HU-7 - HU-9). In order to characterize the temporal changes we have put a trend line on the
time series, and given the equation of the line and the square of the correlation coefficient R.
900
800
y = -0,7683(t- 1951) + 631,76 (mm/year)
R2 = 0,02 (non significant)
y, precipitation, mm/year
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
2006
2001
1996
1991
1986
1981
1976
1971
1966
1961
1956
1951
0
t, year
Fig. HU-7. The trend of annual country-average precipitations in Hungary (1951-2008)
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12,0
11,5
y, air temperature, °C
11,0
y = 0,0123(t- 1951) + 9,65 (°C)
2
R = 0,0918 (significant)
10,5
10,0
9,5
9,0
8,5
2006
2001
1996
1991
1986
1981
1976
1971
1966
1961
1956
1951
8,0
t, year
Fig. HU-8. The trend of annual country average air temperature values in Hungary (19512008)
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700
y = 0,0081(t- 1951) + 526,26 (mm/year)
R2 = 0,00001 (non significant)
y, field evapotranspiration, mm/year
600
500
400
300
200
100
2006
2001
1996
1991
1986
1981
1976
1971
1966
1961
1956
1951
0
t, year
Fig. HU-9. The trend of annual country average actual evapotranspiration in Hungary (19512008)
The temporal variation of precipitation has a slightly descending trend, but no significant
change can be demonstrated. Concerning the air temperature a significant increase could be
diagnosed. However no significant change could be experienced on the designed time series of
the actual evapotranspiration.
For the temporal and spatial characterization of the surface hydrogeological conditions,
the Hungarian Hydrological Service performs water level measurements on 334 stations and
within that also discharges measurements on 207 stations. Surface hydrological measurements
are made also on further stations, for regional or study purposes.
In Hungary the water level and discharge measurements, the collection of data, data
procession, their upload to the database (Hungarian Hydrological Database) and archiving are
performed by the 12 disctrict water directorates, according to a nationally unified technical
specification.
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For the hydrological characterization of the surface waters we have selected altogether
20 water gages and water discharge measuring stations on the Danube, Tisza and on their most
important tributaries. The location of the stations is shown on Fig. HU-10; the main data of the
stations are compiled in Table 2. The same table contains the lowest and highest flood levels
measured until now, as well as the value of the 1% designed flood level.
Fig. HU-10. Principal hydrographic water stage and discharge stations in Hungary
In table 3 the discharge stations are listed according to the disctrict water directorates,
and the length of available the water discharge time series in 20 years steps.
3.4. Serbia – general information
In general, climate of one area is in the close connection with its geographical location
and land relief. The territory of Serbia is located between 41o53’ and 46o11’ northern latitude
and 18o49’ and 23o00’ eastern longitude, (Statistical yearbook, 2008). The area of the Republic
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of Serbia, of approximately 88,361km2 covers various the types of relief, from wide plains on
the north, to hilly terrain and valleys going further to the south, and mountain ranges in
eastern, western, and southern parts of the country (Water master plan, 2001).
With the change of latitude, the duration of insulation and solar radiation changes on
both daily and annual basis. The reception of heat energy is in close correlation with the relief.
The climate of Serbia can be described as the moderate-continental with more or less
pronounced local characteristics. The spatial distribution of the climate parameters is caused by
the geographic location, relief and local influence, as a result of combination of relief,
distribution of air pressure on the major scale, terrain exposition, presence of river networks,
vegetation, urbanization etc. Among the geographic characteristics significant for the weather
and climate of Serbia the following outdoor and indoor influences should be mentioned: the
Alps, Mediterranean Sea and Genoa Bay, Panonian Plain, Morava River valley, the Carpathian
and Rodopi mountains as well as hilly-mountainous parts with ravines and highland plains. The
prevailing meridional location of the river ravines and plains in the northern area of the country
make the deep southward intrusion of polar air masses possible4.
Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia (RHMZ) is the governmental institution
in charge for collection and distribution of meteorological data on the territory of the Republic
of Serbia.
The Meteorological Observation System of Serbia (MOSS), the part of the RHMZ, which
operates with the rules and regulations of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), as a
part of the Global Observation System (GOS), monitors and records data on the status of the
atmosphere in Serbia. MOSS data are continually exchanged within national and international
frameworks, following the rules and methodologies of the Global Telecommunications System
(GTS).
The network of meteorological stations is comprised of 31 synoptic stations (classified
into ground stations, inland stations, and elevated stations) and 710 precipitation stations
(main stations, special-purpose stations and ordinary stations). The locations of synoptic
4
http://www.hidmet.gov.rs/
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stations in Serbia are shown in Figure 6. These are main climatological stations with a synoptic
monitoring program, so that, in addition to precipitation, they record the following: wind
direction, speed and intensity; air temperature; air humidity; atmospheric pressure; and
sunshine. They are staffed by professionals and referred to as Main Meteorological Stations
(MMS). Observation and reporting is undertaken every hour, and precipitation measurement
and reporting every 6 hours. Also, special measurement and reporting is performed based on
predefined criteria. Each MMS has its own network or ordinary climatological and precipitation
stations, and collects their reports on a monthly basis. (ICPDR, 2006).
The network of precipitation stations has the highest density within the MOSS and it
generally meets climatological requirements: 24-hourly precipitation quantities are measured
and phenomena are monitored on 600 stations (at 6AM UTC). These stations submit monthly
reports. Measurement is performed by conventional rain gauges and graduated cylinders.
Monitoring is undertaken by the trained amateurs. There are also ordinary climatological
stations at 70 locations. In addition, these stations measure and record air temperature and
wind data at three times per day (6AM, 1PM and 8PM UTC). Measurements are performed by
the conventional instruments. Reports are submitted once a month. Monitoring is provided by
the trained amateurs. However, 12 stations are within hail suppression centers and allow for
daily reporting (ICPDR, 2006).
3.4.1. Air Temperature in Serbia
Air temperature is one of the main climatological elements. It is in direct correlation
with longitude, latitude, distance from the sea, elevation. Analysis of air temperature is
performed at predefined times, three times a day (7AM, 2PM, and 9PM) two meters above the
ground.
Data analysis for 55 climatological stations, for period 1946-2006. showed that highest
average monthly temperatures are in July, and lowest in January.
At the northern part of Serbia the average annual temperatures are between 10.8 and
11.5C, and at the lowland parts of the Central and Southern Serbia temperatures are between
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10.0 and 12.1C. In the mountain regions temperatures are even lower. For territory of Serbia, at
elevation of 300m, average annual temperature is 10.7C (for period 1946-2006), at elevation of
1000m is 7.4C, and at 1700m is 3.3C. Mean vertical gradient of average annual temperatures is
–0.6C/100m.
Lowest temperature was recorded at the station Sjenica –38C, and highest recorded was
at station Jagodina 43C.
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Figure 6: Network of synoptic stations
5
3.4.2. Precipitation in Serbia
Precipitation is, by its character, most variable meteorological element. As consequence,
the atmospheric processes and relief, the precipitation is unevenly distributed in the time and
space. The southwestern parts of Metohija belong to the maritime precipitation regime (more
than 50% of annual precipitation falls during the cold part of the year), and the rest of Serbia
has continental regime (more than 50% of precipitation falls during the warm part of the year).
In Central and Eastern part of Kosovo is the boundary zone, where influence of both regimes
can be seen.
Average precipitation on the territory of Serbia is 699.7mm/year. Regime of
precipitation is very diverse, since the annual precipitation in different parts goes to extreme
(from 1500mm at the Beli Drim River drainage area, to 900mm at the upper parts of the Ibar
River, Plavska River, or Lepenica River). In the Central Serbia the height of annual precipitation
is between 600m and 1000mm in the mountainous regions, while in plains those values are in
decline. Lowest annual precipitation are registered in the drainage areas of Juzna (South) and
Velike (Great) Morava Rivers and in Vojvodina (Pannonian Plain). Precipitation of 800mm is
characteristic to all lower parts of Serbia and lower part of the Drina River, (Figure 7).
In general, most rain falls in period May-July, and least in period January-March. It is
safe to say that month with most precipitation is June, and month with least is February, or
March.
The absolute daily maximum for precipitation of 220mm was measured at station Rakov
Do,, while maximum annual precipitation was measured at the station Krnjaca - 1884.7mm.
Mean annual precipitation rise in average with the altitude. In the lower regions annual
precipitation range in the interval from 540 to 820 mm. Areas with the altitude over 1000 m
have in average 700 to 1000 mm of precipitation, and some mountainous summits in
southwestern part of Serbia have heavier precipitation up to 1500 mm. Major part of Serbia has
continental precipitation regime with higher quantities in warmer part of the year, except for
5
http://www.hidmet.gov.rs/
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south-western parts where highest precipitation is measured in autumn. June is the rainiest
with the average of 12 to 13 % of total annual precipitation sum. February and October have
the least of precipitation. Snow cover occurrence is characteristic for colder part of the year,
from November to March, and majority of days with snow cover is in January. The mean annual
precipitation within Serbia is presented in Figure 7.
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Figure 7: Mean annual precipitation (1946-1991), (Water master plan, 2001)
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3.4.3. Wind condition in Serbia
Wind is an important climatological element and as such very often defines the climate
where it blows. If it comes from the sea it brings elements of maritime climate (heavy
precipitation), and if it blows deep within the continent it brings continental climate (dry and
cold weather). It mostly influences the temperature and humidity, and has influence on
cloudiness and precipitation.
Two types of winds are predominant in Serbia: kosava (SE) and etezija (NW).
Kosava is south-eastern wind most common during the winter time. It has highest influence in
most of Vojvodina, eastern Serbia, Pomoravlje and Sumadija regions. This wind has a significant
impact on navigation, since it, during the winter times, can stop the navigation on the Danube
River.
During the summer prevailing wind is etezija. It blows over the whole Serbia, with most
influence on the area around Danube and Morava Rivers. It is relatively mild wind, developed as
a result of the difference between the high atmospheric pressure in Central Europe and low in
East Mediterranean. Northwestern direction has most impact on Vojvodina.
3.5. Bulgaria – general information
3.5.1. Network in Bulgaria
The Bulgarian section of the Danube River stretches from the Timok River estuary to the
town of Silistra and is included in the northern climatic area of the Danube plain which itself is a
part of the moderate continental sub region of the European continental climatic region. The
main climate forming factors for the Danube region are the geographical location of the
Bulgarian riverside (which is approximately along the 44th parallel), the low above sea level
height, the Balkan mountain to the south and the Carpathian mountain to the north.
The hydrometeorological stations of EAEMDR in Novo selo, Lom, Oriahovo, Svishtov,
Ruse and Silistra continuously perform the entire complex of meteorological observations.
NIMH also has a number of specialized synoptic and meteorological stations.
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Figure 5 Locations of synoptic and climatologically weather stations in the Bulgarian Danube
Region
3.5.2. Temperature in Bulgaria
This region is situated within the temperate continental climatic area and is typical with
its cold winter and hot summer. Most stations have registered absolute minimum air
temperatures in January, except the one in Ruse (in December) and the absolute maximum air
temperatures have been registered in July.
Station
Absolute
Average per
Absolute
minimum
year
maximum
Novo selo
-23.8
11.2
41.2
Lom
-20.6
11.7
40.3
Oriahovo
-20.4
12.2
41.0
Svishtov
-20.4
12.2
43.0
Ruse
-19.3
12.2
44.0
Silistra
-22.0
11.9
39.9
Table 2 Air temperatures, °С (1961-2001)
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Figure 6 Air temperature deviation (ºC) from the mean annual values for the period 1961-1990
2007
3.5.3. Precipitation in Bulgaria
The rainfalls regime along the Danube River is also distinctively continental. Their
maximum is registered in June and their minimum – in February.
Station
Average rain quantities per
year, l/m2
Novo selo
528
Lom
579
Oriahovo
555
Svishtov
543
Rousse
614
Silistra
547
Table 3 Average rain quantities per year
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Figure 7 Precipitations in % from the mean annual sums for the period 1961-1990 2007
3.5.4. Long-time variations climatological elements in Bulgaria
Climatic models are used to produce long-term forecasts of the climate elements’
changes. The numerical climatic surveys are performed using two types of physicalmathematical models with different resolution. It is the most important feature as far as the
experiment precision and details depend on it. The step decrease is accompanied by the
necessity of significant increase of the calculation resources and that is why these models are
divided to global and regional ones.
The global models have low resolution of approximately 300 km and are directly
coordinated by the IPCC. They cover the entire Earth. Regional models with high resolution of
approximately 10 km are used for a more detailed definition of changes for a certain region.
After these models have been applied for the Bulgarian Danube riverside, the following changes
of air temperatures and rainfalls for the period between 2020 and 2050 came as a result
compared to the period between 1960 and 1990 (which is considered as a climatic standard):
- increase of the average year air temperature: from 2.0 to 2.4°С;
- decrease of the average year sum of rain quantities with 5 – 10%.
For the period between 2050 and 2100 according to the 1960 – 1990 period the changes are as
follows:
- increase of the average year air temperature with 3.8 - 4.0°С;
- decrease of the average year sum of rain quantities with 5 – 10%.
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The analysis of the linear regression for the mean annual temperatures for the station at Ruse
for the period 1961 – 2008 shows that the trend is to increase. The mean annual temperature
for the period increased with 0,8 ºC
Figure 8 Mean air temperature at Ruse 1961 – 2008
The analysis of the linear regression for the annual precipitation quantities for the
station at Ruse for the period 1961 – 2008 shows that the trend is to decrease. The the annual
precipitation quantities for the period decreased with 16l/m².
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Figure 9 Annual precipitation quantities at Ruse 1961 – 2008
3.6. Romania – general information
3.6.1. Network in Romania
National network of weather stations is composed of 160 points of measurements and
observations, held in seven the Regional Meteorological Center : Muntenia, Banat Crisana,
Transilvania Nord, Transilvania Sud, Oltenia, Moldova, Dobrogea. Modernization and
automation network of weather stations materialized in activity by introducing the 70 stations
MAWS. A number of 5 weather stations perform measurements on sea water temperature,
wave height and frequency. Meteorological network has to forward SMS Alert, whenever
weather phenomenal occur with high risk.
Considering the importance of ensuring conditions of navigation and the need to ensure
all necessary information, each hydrometeorological station located along the Danube is
equipped with meteorological equipment . So, in the Romanian sector of the Danube there are
a number of 23 such stations that provide weather information (air temeperature, water
temperature, wind, atmespherical pressure, etc) sent to the browser and all those interested.
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3.6.2. Temperature in Romania
Climate is determined primarily by the position of Romania in the world, midway
between pole and equator, being crossed by the parallel of 45 degrees, and by its geographical
position on the continent, about 2000 km of the Atlantic Ocean, 1,000 km from Baltic Sea , 400
km from the Adriatic Sea and bordering the Black Sea.
These features gives a temperate continental climate. Routed to the air masses over
Romania in different contexts synoptic, evolves in a very wide range ranging from the Arctic to
the tropical (Sahara) is what gives a character transitional climate. Expanding the country on
about 5 ° of latitude mpune greater differentiation between south and north of the country in
terms of temperature than the extension to about 10 ° of longitude, so if the annual average
temperature in the south amounts to about 11 °, north country at comparable altitudes the
parameter values are lower by about 3 ° C. Between the extreme western and the eastern part
of the national territory thermal difference is reduced to a degree (10 ° C in the West, 9 ° C in
the east) in exchange differences are more important about rainfall. The topography of the
country has an essential role in defining areas and climate floors. Carpathian Mountains form a
barrier that separates the harsh continental climates east of the western type Oceanic and
Adriatic.
This mountain range and the hills and plateaus in the center of the country but cause
the appearance of at least four stories that differ profoundly from climate change zonal. In
conclusion, the climate of Romania is temperate-continental, with 4 seasons and is marked by
the influences of steppe climates of east Adriatic in the southwest, west and ocean northwest.
Average annual maximum temperature varies between 22 ° C and 24 ° C in summer, between 3 ° C and -5 ° C during winter. Extreme temperatures were recorded in Romania -38.5 ° C,
minimum, from Bod, Brasov Depression, and a maximum of +44.5 ° C at Ion Sion Bărăgan.
Hydrometeological stations located along the Danube, General values of air
temperature it is between -10 °C to -11°C and from +3°C to +35°C and the water between
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+0.6°C and 26°C -28°C with some exceptions. The minimum is registered in months Januaryfebruary and maximum in months july-august.The average annual air temperature is around
12°C -13°C.
3.6.3. Precipitation in Romania
Specific to this parameter is that rain neregional exceptional nature, often representing
large storm intensity during small, but significant amounts of accumulated moderate intensity
throughout the day and at the same time affecting small areas, so restricted areas of action .
Average annual rainfall is 640 mm. The annual quantity of precipitation varies widely
both within the country and the distribution over time. So,summer rainfall is 1 / 3 of the total
annual and winter 1 / 5 of the total. Number of days with precipitation decreases from 155-165
days in central and East, to 110 days in Southeast and in the south-east. Days number with
precipitation over 20 mm is about 10 days.
In recent years, no. days with snow showed higher values (range 70-100 days) in recent
years, number of days with snow showed higher values (range 70-100 days). Decrease in
average precipitation from west to east (below 400 mm), and increases with altitude. The hilly
lands fall 600-800 mm rainfall per year, and in the high mountains over 1 200 mm, which
contributes to the smooth supply of rivers with sources in the Carpathians. Precipitation new
arrangements were irregular. Multiannual average values are mentioned. Rainy years are but
that, in the same place, almost double precipitation may fall and dry years in which rainfall is
halved. The study of droughts in our country, most common in creep, as indicated as necessary
irregularity of rainfall irrigation.
3.6.4. Long-time variation climatological elements in Romania
According to inter-governmental Commission on Climate Change (Intergovernmental
Panel of Climate Change - IPCC), says that warming in recent decades is closely related to
changes in the hydrological cycle. Climate models assuming an increase in precipitation at high
latitudes and in some tropical areas, and a drop in their particular regions and sub-tropical
latitudes below average.
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By the mid-century annual average flow in rivers and water quantity will increase by 1040% at high latitudes and some wet tropical areas, decreasing by 10-30% in some dry regions at
middle latitudes and subtropical areas. Areas affected by drought are more likely to expand.
Precipitation, whose frequency will increase certainly will increase the risk of flooding.
Analysis of an impressive volume of global observational data highlighted the following
conclusions:
- Global average air temperature increased by about 0.74 º C in the last 100 years (1906 -2005),
compared
to
0.6
º
C
over
the
period
1901-2000
(IPCC
Report,
2001).
- 11 of the last 12 years (1995-2006) were among the warmest of string data registered after
1850.
- Sea levels rose by 1.8 mm / year during 1961-2003, 3.1 mm / year (1993-2003) and 0.17 m on
the entire twentieth century.
-
Area
covered
with
ice
and
snow
fell
on
average
in
both
hemispheres.
Europe has warmed by about 1 ° C in the last century, faster than the world average. A warmer
atmosphere contains more water vapor, but new precipitation differ greatly from one region to
another. Rainfall and snowfall has increased significantly in northern Europe, while droughts in
the south have become increasingly common. Recently recorded extremes such as heat wave
of summer 2003, which surpassed any record, are consistent with the climate change caused by
humans.
These phenomens were noted in the observations made at stations Danube, observing
the growth of an annual average temperature on 10-11 to 12-13 and the occurrence of extreme
events in recent years, established itself so close to such a monitoring developments and the
need to conduct more realistic forecasts of duration.
3.7. Romania – Danube-Black See canal – general information
From a geographic point of view the navigable canals Danube – Black Sea and Poarta
Alba – Midia Navodari are located at the Northern extremity of Southern Dobrogea, which,
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although situated in the neighborhood of the Black Sea has the most arid climate in the
country.
3.7.1. Precipitation in area of Danube-Black See canal
The precipitations in summer have a pouring character, alternating with long periods of
drought, long periods of sunstroke, reduced cloudiness. The average rainfall is low, under 400
mm/year, but irregularly distributed along year.
3.7.2. Temperature in area of Danube-Black See canal
All this has imposed the introduction of the irrigation systems in order to obtain a safer
harvest. The climate in the area is called “continental steppe” climate. The air temperature,
annual average and on more than one year is of 11,2 oC, defining Dobrogea as one of the
warmest areas in the country. In winter the multi-annual average is close to 0oC, and in July and
August the multi-annual average is of more than 22oC. Extreme temperatures, although
considerably lower than other areas in the country (Baragan plain), still remain fairly high or
low (+42,2oC and - 33oC).
3.7.3. The winds in area of Danube-Black See canal
The winds from the North – West are frequent, reaching to speeds of up to 70m/s. The
climate from Dobrogea as a whole is influenced by the presence of the water basins which
surround this natural unit (Black Sea, the Delta and the Danube’s ponds), influence which is
reflected in the climatic particularities which makes it different from the other natural units of
the country.
In general, between the atmosphere from above the sea and that from above the land is
a permanent interaction, which has as a result the reciprocal influence on the climate of the
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nearby regions. This is why the climate from the land regions from the neighborhood of the
water pools from the West Dobrogea and of the Black Sea is characterized of the moderate
thermal system, the diurnal and annual thermal amplitudes are also lower than in the central
areas of Dobrogea, but there are still bigger than in the West and those from the seashore.
3.7.4. The perspiration evaporation in area of Danube-Black See canal
The perspiration evaporation almost inexistent in the winter months, grows in the
summer months, when it surpasses the water quantity fallen from precipitations and trains in
circuit not only the water situated deep in the ground but also the water that comes from the
condensing at the ground level of the water vapors from the air.
3.7.5. Geomorphology in area of Danube-Black See canal
The area of potential influence of the navigable canals in morphologic terms the area of
South Dobrogea, is characterized by younger geological formations (compared to the area at
the North of the Hirsova-Midia line). In the geological structure, the sedimentary rocks
predominate, and especially the loess ones which cover the biggest part of the basic rocks. The
layers of the rocks can reach up to 40 m thick. Among the useful mineral resources which can
be found along the navigable canals, the kaolin clay from the Medgidia area and a one of a kind
deposit of high purity chalk on a surface of about 1000 ha nearby Murfatlar are worth
mentioned.
The relief of the area of potential influence of the navigable canals presents two distinct
axes:
 The North-South axes, of the Black Sea seashore;
 The East-West, following the route of the navigable canals.
On a strip of 10-15 km along the seashore the characteristics of a maritime microclimate
appear (temperature, breeze and humidity), the unique touristic area, characterized by spas
qualities, with the special particularities of the Black Sea (absence of the tides, lower salinity
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than in the Mediterranean Sea), as well as the presence of therapeutic lakes known for their
efficacy in the cure of certain diseases.
The relief in the east-west axes presents in front of the Carasu valley a lower area
bordered in the North-South directions by gentle hills; the coast canal pool crosses an area of
higher altitudes. Along the whole route, the territory is drained of valleys, with periodic debit, a
consequence of the rainfall regime.
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4 MAIN BASIN DESCRIPTION – GENERAL INFORMATION
4.1. Austria – general information
4.1.1. Physio-geographical classification in Austria
Austria’s landscape is characterized by great contrasts. This heterogeneous landscape is divided
into five main regions (types) (see figure 5).
Figure 5: Main landscape types in Austria
Austria is strong influenced by the Alps, which cover about 62,8 % of the national
territory. The Austrian Alps are a part of the Eastern Alps, situated between the French Rivera
and the Viennese Basin. South the main valleys Inn, Salzach and Enns is the Alpine divide with
the Tyrolean Central Alps and the crystalline Tauern region. The Alpine divide is framed by the
calcareous sediments of the Northern and Southern Limestone Alps.
Between the northern edge of the Alps and the granite massif of the Bohemian plateau
is the Alpine foreland, which includes the Danube valley, the lowlands and hilly regions in
northeastern and eastern Austria and the rolling hills and lowlands of the Southeastern Alpine
Foreland. North of the river Danube is the Carpathians foreland.
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In the north-eastern part of Austria large plains can be found, the Viennese Basin and
the Pannonian Basin (round Lake Neusiedl). The Viennese Basin is divided by the river Danube
in two parts, the northern (Marchfeld) and southern Viennese Basin.
The granite massif north the river Danube reaches from the Upper Austrian Mühlviertel
to the Lower Austria Waldviertel and to Czechoslovakia. This landscape is part of the Bohemian
Plateau, one of the oldest geological formations on the earth.
In Austria the difference in altitude is more than 3.600 m. The lowest point is 114 m
(Hedwighof, Burgenland) and the highest point is 3798 m (Großglockner).
The landscape of the Austrian Danube section changes between narrow valleys through
the foothills of the Bohemian Plateau and wide-open plains. The straitened sections are
between Passau and west of Eferding, west of Linz (Linzer Gate), in the Strudengau between
Grein and Ybbs-Persenbeug, in the Wachau between Melk and Dürnstein and northwest from
Vienna (Viennese Gate).
Between these straitened sections the Danube flows through flat basins including the
Eferdinger Basin, Linzer Basin, Machland, Melker Basin, Tullner Basin, Viennese Basin and the
Marchfeld.
4.1.2. Geological overview in Austria
The hilly regions of the Bohemian Plateau consist of crystalline rock, granite and gneiss.
The soils in the Bohemian Plateau are based on silicate non-calcareous parent material and
have often low pH-values. In this region wide-spread woodland and agriculture use (pasture
lands) can be found.
Along the northern Alpine foreland (Danube valley) and around the Lake Neusiedl
dominate loess soils based on quaternary brash material. In the Alpine foreland and in the
plains along the Danube and the Carinthian Basin brash material from the glacial period can be
found. The soils of this landscape are partly very fertile and suitable for agriculture and
viniculture. The alpine regions are used for forestry and pastures.
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4.1.3. Land use in Austria
Austria’s land cover is clearly dominated by forests (totally app. 44 %). Altitude and
economic factors provide a dominance of coniferous forests (about 27% of Austria’s surface)
over deciduous and mixed forests (rd. 17%). Grassland amounts 31 %, farmland 14%,
viniculture 1%, areas with sparse vegetation (mostly alpine regions) 8%, urban areas 2%.6
4.1.4. Water engineering and management in Austria
The Austrian Danube section is strongly influenced by human impacts. In the past many
river regulation measures were adopted with the objective to improve the flood protection, to
improve the conditions for the ship navigation and last but not least to reclaim land by draining
of marshes.
In the mid-18th century water rapids in the Strudengau and near Grein were removed.
Because of the increasing importance as a trade route, many further river regulation measures
were done, especially from 1850 to the fifties of the 19 th century, as the first power station was
built on the Austrian Danube.
Between 1830 and 1870 the Danube was regulated in the section of the Eferdinger
Basin. 1870 the river regulation project started in the Viennese Basin combined with the
building of a flood protection dam east of Vienna (Marchfeld).
The distributaries of river Danube were detached and the channel flow was
concentrated to one main stream. The reduction of the flowing length and width leads to
increasing flow velocities and in further consequence to progressive deepening of the river
Danube.
In Austria the river Danube has been used to generate electricity since the late fifties.
The first power plant was built in Ybbs-Persenbeug in 1959. Today 280 km of the total river
course are influenced by 10 power plants.
6
Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Environment und Water Management (2005): Hydrological Atlas of
Austria, 2. Edition 2005
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River-km
Power Plant
Region
Reservoir length in
Year of
km
Commissioning
2203,3
Jochenstein
UA, Bavaria
27
1956
2162,7
Aschach
UA
40
1964
2146,1
Ottensheim-Wilhering
UA
16
1974
2119,5
Abwinden-Asten
UA
27
1979
2094,5
Wallsee-Mitterkirchen
LA,UA
25
1968
2060,4
Ybbs-Persenbeug
LA
34
1959
2038,2
Melk
LA
22,5
1982
1980,5
Altenwörth
LA
30
1976
1949,2
Greifenstein
LA
31
1985
1932,8
Nußdorf
Vienna
1921,1
Freudenau
Vienna
Total
2005
28
1998
280,5
Figure 6: Power plants on the Austrian Danube
UA Upper Austria
LA Lower Austria
(VERBUND-Austrian Hydro Power AG (2007): The power plants on the Austrian Danube))
The last remaining free-flowing sections of the Danube are in the Wachau between river
kilometres 2008 – 2038 and between Vienna (Freudenau power plant) and the AustrianSlovakian Border (river-kilometres 1921 - 1872,7).
On the one hand, the section between Vienna and the Austrian-Slovakian Border is
characterized by a continued river bed erosion rate of approximately 3 cm per year. On the
other hand the fairway depths are insufficient and fluctuating. The fairway depths are over a
wide area 2,50 m related to RNW (Regulated Low Water) or less (shallow banks, fords). To
insure good fairway conditions current maintenance measures, particularly dredging, are
necessary.
These disturbances should be removed by the water engineering measures of the
„Integrated Engineering Project on the Danube to the East of Vienna“.
The project contains following measures:
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Granulometric river bed stabilisation
A coarse gravel layer will be applied to the whole surface of the erosion-prone areas of the
river bed. The application of coarse gravel to large parts of the river bed surface raises the
water level and thus supports the linking of old and side arms.
Low water regulation
The regulation structures which were built in the past were designed for the Danube low
water level. Because of the river bed erosion the groins now located at mean water level
and therefore it is necessary to set them lower.
Riverbank renaturation
Especially the removal of bank protection from slip-off slopes paves the way for a natural
re-development of the river banks.
Waterway linkage
A stronger linkage between the main river and its side arms is achieved by lowering the
level of the tow path to low water level. With this measure, the side arms should be flowed
through the whole year.
Navigation- related measures
Relocation resp. optimization of the navigation channel in certain sectors
The aim is to improve the currently valid fairway depth (see table) and to implement a
fairway depth of 2,70 m in areas where gravel material is added and 2,80 m in areas without a
gravel layer.
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Region
Fairway width
Fairway depth
Free-flowing section
120m
2,50m / RNW*
Impounded section
150m
2,70m / RNW*
*Equivalent low water level
The „Integrated Engineering Project“ is part of the “National Action Plan Danube
Navigation” (Nationaler Aktionsplan Donauschifffahrt – NAP). The NAP consists of a bundle of
measures, which is in line with the European Action Programme NAIADES. The improvement of
the waterway infrastructure (maintenance and improvement of the navigation fairway, ports
development and setup of modern information and communication systems - RIS) is one core
element of the NAP.
The enlargement of the EU has resulted in an enormous growth of cross border goods
transportation in the Danube region. The stepwise implementation of the ´National Action Plan
Danube Navigation´ until the year 2015 shall increase goods transport on the waterway
Danube, thus contributing to relieve the Austrian road network and creating a reliable, effective
and cost- efficient transportation route to South East Europe and the Black Sea region.
4.2. Slovakia – general information
MAIN BASIN DECRIPTION - Sub-basin of the Pannonian Danube (Žitný ostrov – Inland Delta –
The Danube’s left Bank) in Slovakia
Area
Žitný ostrov is a part of the Danube lowlands. The borders of the region are composed of the
Danube, Malý Dunaj (the Little Danube) and Váh rivers. The total area is around 1469 km2. In
the past the Malý Dunaj was a stream branch of the Danube. The Malý Dunaj River starts at
Bratislava’s port (river kilometer 1865.43) at present, and the nearby town of Kolárovo flows
into the Váh River from the right-hand side (approximately 25 km from Komarno). The total
length of the Malý Dunaj is 82 km.
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4.2.1. Geographical position of Slovakia
The territory belongs to the northern part of the Pannonian basin
The territory of mentioned region has a broken topography; the maximum difference in altitude
is about 2450 m. The territory of Žitný ostrov is rather flat; the maximum difference in altitude
is no more than 26 m.
The Pannonian Central Danube basin at the territory of Slovakia consists from the following
main parts (sub-basins):
Danube river from the mouth of the Morava River to the mouth of the Ipeľ River
Rivers and creeks the springs of which are located on the south-eastern slopes of the
Malé Karpaty mountain range (the Little Carpathian Mountains),
Closing stretches of the Váh River, the Hron River and the Ipeľ River within the influence of the
Danube flood water effect
4.2.2. Geological overview of Slovakia
Historical changes in the Danube system between Bratislava and Komárno (1766 ~ 1865
river kilometres) are the consequence of geological developments and frequent climatic
variability during the Quaternary period. One has to include changes in the volume and
movement of gravel and fine sand in the Danube; the deepening, increasing and meandering of
the riverbed; sedimentation and erosion; and frequent floods. The intensive felling of forests,
the preparations of new agricultural land, intensive draining measures, and the construction of
irrigation systems and river dikes have also affected the environment. At the same time,
changes have been caused by urbanisation, industrialisation, population growth, and the
development of transportation and communication systems. Žitný ostrov has been a protected
water management region since 1978
The Carpathian Mountains create a boundary line between the basins of the Black and
Baltic Seas in Slovakia’s territory. There are three longitudinal mountain zones:
1. The external flysch zone;
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2. The central crystalline zone;
3. The internal volcanic zone.
The external flysch zone lies on the watershed contour line between the Morava, Odra
(Baltic Sea catchment) and Váh River basins. The flysch region represents specific hydrological
conditions. The weathering of the schist and calcareous clays create fine-grained soils, which
are effectively impervious. The water flow on the surface and underground only percolates in
waste cones. The precipitation and snowmelt consequently drains away very quickly and forms
steep flood waves.
The central crystalline zone consists of granite and crystalline rocks. Variegated mixtures
of conglomerates, sandstones, schist’s, limestones and dolomites have been there since the
Mesozoic period.
The volcanic zone lies southwards of the central crystalline zone. This zone begins in the
older Neogenic soil and is composed of andesite, liparite and basalt.
A lower section of the Váh, Hron and Ipeľ River catchments is in the Danubian Lowland.
The Danubian Lowland is part of the Little Danubian Fold. The lowland on the left bank of the
Danube is composed of the Danubian plain (on the southwest and west) and the Danubian
Highlands (on the north and northeast). The territory belongs to the northern part of the
Pannonian basin. The Neogene soil is at very variable depths. The Neogene is clay composite
and therefore is practically impervious. The Pannonian sea sediments cover thick layers of
Quaternary complexes. The central depression of the Danube Lowland is composed of waterbearing sediment, gravel and sand. The Pleistocene sediments are a substratum of the
Danubian Highlands. On the surface are Quaternary eolitic sediments, loess and sand clay.
The West Carpathians´s structure is characterised by zoning. The Mesozoic and the
Tertiary formations, which are arrayed in a series of actuated belts, have been tectonically
transformed from qualitatively and temporally different sedimentary basins into fold-nappe
ranges, which may either be composed of a sedimentary filling alone or may include the
original surface.
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Fig.5 tectonic sketch of the Slovak part of Western Carpathians
The Alpine mountain range of the Western Carpathians stretches across Slovakia’s
territory. Although the western geographical boundary of the Western Carpathians with the
Eastern Alps is located in the Danube River valley, this boundary in geological terms quite
clearly coincides with the depression running westward of the Hundsheim hills via the so-called
Carnuntum Gate. The eastern boundary of the Eastern Carpathians is conventionally located in
the Uh River Valley. Most of the Western Carpathians´s northern boundary is determined by
the erosional, morphologically distinct and truncated margins of the Alpine nappes, overlying
the foredeep in Moravia and Poland. The inner margin of the Western Carpathian mountain
system is dissected by deep extensive basin incursions, which make the southern boundary less
distinct. The northern margin of the Great Hungarian plain, which is south of the Buk and Mátra
mountains, is a morphologically conspicuous feature indicating the affinity of these
mountainous ranges with the Carpathian Mountains.
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4.2.3. Prevailing soil in Slovakia
An outcome of the changes in the water regime and vegetation with the elevation of the
height above sea level is the zoned distribution of soils in folds and on mountain slopes. On top
of the river basins and hills are thin layers of mountain types of soil. Brown soils prevail in the
upper and middle parts of the river basins. Alluvial layers composed of gravel and sand in the
river valleys are covered with medium weight soils. The catchment’s lower parts are mainly
composed of light soils and aluminous medium heavy soils. The driest localities of the lowest
folds are covered by heavy black soils.
The Neogene’s is at very variable depths. Neogene’s is composed from clay and
therefore is practically impervious. The sediments of the Pannonian Sea cover thick layers of
Quaternary complexes. The central depression of the Danube Lowland is composed of waterbearing sediment, gravel and sand. The physical properties of the soil layers are quite varied.
Practically all types of soil occur there. On the western side are mainly light soils with
unfavourable amounts of coarse sand. The aluminous medium heavy soils in the middle and
eastern part of Žitný ostrov have favourable physical properties
4.2.4. Vegetation in Slovakia
The variety of natural conditions results in ecological diversity in the vegetation. The
vegetation is stratified on the mountains, especially those on elevations above sea level. The
upper boundary of the forests is about 1300 m above sea level in the west and the mountains
in northern Slovakia (Vysoké Tatry – High Tatras; Západné Tatry – Western Tatras). In central
Slovakia, the mountains (Nízke Tatry – Low Tatras) are 1400 ~ 1500 m above sea level. The
habitat of the dwarf pines and meadows lies even higher. The structure varies from coniferous
to leafy forests. Agricultural products are cultivated both in the uplands and in lowlands of the
valleys.
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4.2.5. Land use of Slovakia
In the mountainous parts of the catchments, forest management, along with grassland
farming and cattle and sheep rearing, predominates. In the valleys by the rivers and in the
uplands and lowlands intensive agriculture has developed. The structure of the arable crops
varies, depending on the conditions in the individual localities.
Almost all of the land is exploited for agricultural purposes. Forests cover only small
parts of the territory.
4.2.6. Climatological conditions in Slovakia
The long-term mean area precipitation is approximately 555 mm; in extreme years, it
may be from 300 to 830 mm. The rainfall distribution varies too. The vegetation suffers from
insufficient precipitation at the end of the vegetal period. The vegetal period lasts an average of
245 days.
The long-term average temperature is 9.7 °C; during the vegetal period, it is 15 °C. In
January, the average temperature is –1.5 °C, band in July, it is more than 20 °C.
The prevailing wind direction is north-westerly. In an average year, only 70 days are
windless.
4.2.7. Economical position of Slovakia
The Danube River flows in Slovakia through the regions, which have different socioeconomic character. The capital city Bratislava is the most important stretch of the Danube
River in the Slovakia from the socio-economic point of view. The towns Komárno and Štúrovo
are important centre as well. Rapidly developing recreation and trading areas can be found in
the surrounding of the hydraulic structure in Čunovo and Gabčíkovo. Agriculture dominates in
other zones along the Danube River. The most fertile soils are situated along or close to the
river. Population density is lower in agricultural areas, comparing with the close to the river.
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Large water courses, as well as numerous smaller water courses are under
administration of the Slovak Water Management Enterprise, state enterprise (important water
courses). The others ones are administrates by the municipalities, forestry, agriculture, army
etc.
4.3. Hungary – general information
4.3.1. Oropraphic, geological and morphometric conditions in Hungary
Morphologically three different types of land can be distinguished within the country:
- The low-land plains (the Great Hungarian Plains - Alfold-, the sand ridge between the rivers
Danube and Tisza, and the Minor Hungarian Plains - Kisalföld),
- The hilly land of Dunantúl (Transdanubia) and
- The SW-NE oriented mountain range, which comprises the Dunantúli-középhegység
(Transdanubian Middle Range) and the Északi-középhegység (Northern Middle Range).
The basins are filled with loose elastic sediments, while the base of both the mountains
and the basins is formed mostly by sedimentary and partly by igneous formations. (Fig. HU-1)
The Hungarian Lowland (the Pannonian Basin) is a vast depression. More than 3/4 of this
basin consists of quarternary sediments. It is surrounded by the East Alps, Carpathians, East
Serbian and Dinaric Mountains. The Danube channel separates this plain into two parts.
West of the Danube the Transdanubian Upland, with rich zoning reaches heights of 100
m to 300 m maximum. It consists mainly of sandstones and clayey grounds covered with loess.
Extending in the northern direction are the Hungarian Mid-Mountains with heights
reaching 400- 700 m. They are composed of isolated plateau-like massifs as for instance the
Bakony Forest, Vértes, and Buda hills. The greatest heights occur in the Pilis mountains (757 m),
which are divided by the fault gap made by the Danube at the Visegrad Gate, and continue as
the Börzsöny Mountains. On a base formed of granite these mountains are composed of
mesozoic limestones and dolomites as well as of volcanic andesites and tuffs.
The Transdanubian upland consists of the Balaton Basin of the south-easterly oriented
Somogy Upland and the Mecsek mountain range, with the upland Tolna-Baranya. The Balaton
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Basin extends between the rivers Danube and Drava, with the largest Hungarian lake - Balaton covering an area of 591 km2, but with a maximum depth of only 12 m.
The Somogy Upland consists of Tertiary sediments and reaches heights of about 350 m,
while the Mecsek mountain range reaches 882 m. Quarternary sandy and silt sediments planed
down the relief pattern of the Tolna-Baranya.
The Kisalföld, the Little Hungarian Lowland, with its continuation on the other side of
the Danube in Slovakia, extends northwest of the Transdanubian upland and north of the
Sopron and Kőszeg Hills. The centre of this plain is situated at an altitude of between 110 m and
120 m, while the adjacent regions are between 150 m and 200 m above sea level. The Little
Hungarian Lowland is the alluvial plain of the primary Danube and Váh.
East of the Danube stretches the Alföld - the Great Hungarian Lowland. Here the basin
of the Pannonian Sea with its sediments subsided to a depth of about 1000 m Areas filled up
chiefly with sand, gravel, mud, and loess form a wide plain. The Alföld is surrounded by the
Hungarian Mid-Mountains in the north and by the West Rumanian Mountain ranges in the
southwest. The altitudes in the Alföld are in the range of 80-180 m.
The area between the Danube and Tisza shows considerable variation in heights, being
the original great alluvial cone of the old Danube. Extensive areas in the Körös river basin and in
Hortobágy puszta are overlain by loess layers 30-40 m thick. The majority of lower lying
depressions were swamps and marshes, mostly drained in this century.
The Great Hungarian Lowland takes in the area between the Sava and Drava river
mouths, down to the west Danube bank and extending along the river upstream to the Zagreb
Basin, and the middle Sava reach.
The Transdanubian Plain covering the region between the Danube and Drava, has a hilly
character and is formed of fertile loess.
The highest and most extensive range of mountains in Hungary extends along the Slovak
border north of the Danube fault gap at Visegrád and up to the Bodrog river. The north MidMountains consist of (from west to east): Tertiary complex Börzsöny (939 m), Matra mountains
with maximum heights of 1015 m and the mesozoic sandstone formations of the Bükk
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Mountains (959 m). The Aggtelek Mt. on the Hungarian-Slovak border is a continuation of the
vast karstic region from Slovakia.
4.3.2. Hydrogeological conditions in Hungary
Hungary is rich in subsurface waters, the good quality and ready availability of which
attract various water uses. This is one of the reasons why the levels of phreatic and confined
groundwaters in the area between the rivers Danube and Tisza, as well as those of the thermal
karst waters in the Dunántúli-középhegység and the mountains around Buda (the right-hand
bank of the Danube across of Budapest) have been decreasing at various rates.
The quality of subsurface waters is still good enough to meet about 90% of the country's
drinking water demand without any substantial treatment. Nevertheless, virtually the total
volume of the shallow, phreatic groundwater and 56% of the confined groundwater resources
have already been polluted.
Some of the pollutants present in the groundwater, like the arsenic and iodine leached
from the water bearing rocks and the explosive methane gas, originate from natural sources.
Decay of dead organic matter (e.g. resulting in ammonium) falls also into this category.
Pollution caused by human activities has recently be came more frequent and requires
increasingly expensive treatment technologies.
The natural water supplies in Hungary are thus sufficient to meet the demands in most
years. There are, however, rather wide differences in space and time alike between the
availability of water and the demands of society which require often expensive engineering
control measures and supply services to overcome.
4.3.3. Prevailing soil condition in Hungary
Many types and kinds of soils occur in Hungary due to diversified soil-forming factors.
The initial basic rock, relief, climate, and precipitation, vegetation, and soil utilization caused
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the evolution of a chain of soils from the Alpine coarse soils, over eroded stony or less fertile
podzolic soils, to brown soils, meadow soils and fertile black soils (chernozem).
In the Alpine Foothills hydromorphous soils (pseudoclay and clay) occur in ever
increasing extent besides brownish soils. In respective regions in the mountain foothills the soil
is covered with till and loess layers of various thickness. In river valleys and riverine plains the
ramificated hydrographic stream system of the Danube and its tributaries deposited great
sediments. Thus, large area of meadow soils evolved with uniform and non-uniform grain size
distribution. Lowland moorlands, swamps, and marshes developed in endorheic drainage
basins at high groundwater levels and in flood plains deposits of marine origin are found.
The plains of the lower Danube consist mainly of fertile black soils; in higher altitudes
the brown disintegration soils show a reddish-brown colour (Terra Fusca) due to dry climate.
Due to increasing continentality, high evaporation, and low precipitation saline soils
(solonetz,solontchak) formed in the depressions of the lower Danube plain.
4.3.4. Land use and vegetation in Hungary
The present plant cover of the Danube basin is a product of various climatic, geologic,
and vegetation-historical conditions and more or less significant human interventions into the
natural vegetation growth. Due to the great area of the Danube basin in the west-east direction
the vegetation reflects rather variable regions. This is especially true considering the
continental climatic elements increasing towards the east. To this may be added the climatic
altitude zones in many mountain regions.
From the national area of 93.036 km2 of Hungary, 67% is agricultural land, 19% forest
land, 1% water surface while the built-in areas cover 13%.
4.3.5. Sensivity of sub-basins to creation of flood extremes in Hungary
As already mentioned, the contribution of Hungary’s national area – fully included in the
Danube Catchment and covering 11% of the area of the latter – to the mean annual discharge
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of the Danube, is with its average runoff coefficient α = 0.10, rather low (4%). Accordingly, the
major and minor tributaries reaching the Danube of Hungarian territory, can also hardly have a
significant influence of the Danube’s floods.
4.3.6. Stream flow network and major lakes in Hungary
The rivers Leitha/Lajta, Rabnitz/Rábca, and Raab/rába drain the northeastern end of the
Alps which is no longer so high in precipitation. These rivers later enter the Little Hungarian
Lowland and lose their sediment transporting capacity. The catchment areas at their mouth
into the Mosoni Danube in Hungary lie almost wholly in uplands and plains.
The density of the stream system (km of stream length/km2) is a criterion for the
evolution of the hydrographical stream system enabling conclusions to be made on the runoff
rates. Within the entire Danube basin there are only sporadic data available on river density.
They are sufficient however to confirm the great dependence upon the relief features. The
highest density of the stream system can be found in mountains, as compared with their
promontories.
Pannonian and Rumanian Lowlands show the lowest mean stream density in the
Danube Catchment, namely 0.1 to 0.3 km/km2
The Danube reach between Bratislava and the Hungarian/Serbian border
Downstream of the fault gap through the Alps-Carpathians at Bratislava the Danube
flows through the Kisalföld - the Little Danube Plain. The Hungarian Mid-Mountains are flanked
on both sides by highlands and alluvial forests, into which the Danube enters downstream of
Komarno (~km 1 770). Between the Börzsöny and Pilis Mt. a second breach follows through the
secondary transverse connection between the Alps and Carpathians in a deeply cut valley - the
Visegrad Gate (km 1718 - km 1695).
At Vác (km 1680) the Danube is forced into a sharp bend towards the south. In the
region of Budapest these highlands fade on the other side of the Hungarian Mid-Mountains.
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All rivers flowing into the Pannonian Basin develop an alluvial cone on their margin,
where the majority of sediments is deposited. The Danube has formed with the Váh river a
common spindle-shaped alluvial cone, stretching from Bratislava to Komárno. The sediments,
carried from the Carpathians, have pushed it somewhat southwards.
On the alluvial cone the Danube is separated into three branches. The Little Danube
branches north, and after about 100 km joins the main river again at Komárno, where the
tributaries Váh and the Nitra also discharge into the Danube. The Mosoni Danube, branching
south, accepts the tributaries from the East Alps: the Leitha, Rabnitz, and Raab, and then, after
about 60 km joins the main course again at Gönyü (km 1791). The islands, embraced by the
three Danube branches, are called the Large Danube Island —Zitny ostrov (in the north) and the
Little Danube Island - Szigetköz (in the south). The Little Danube Island is covered with
extensive alluvial plains and forests and the remnants of cut-off river branches, since the
original main branch was strongly ramificated. The morphological changes in this part of the
Danube are also evident in the longitudinal profile. The large alluvial track downstream of
Bratislava shows a trend to form a convex (i. e. an upward curved shaped), as is usual in case of
alluvial cones The morphological transition from an Alpine to a lowland river can be seen here,
though the Alpine runoff character is still preserved further downstream. At the end of the
large alluvial cone at river km 1810 the Danube slope abruptly decreases from 0.35‰ to 0.17‰
and then, at the mouth of the Mosoni Danube at Gönyü to 0. 10‰. In the reach from the
mouth of the Little Danube at Kománo down to Budapest the slope decreases further to
0.07‰.Again considerable sediment volumes are deposited, causing ramification of the stream
and evolution of large islands: Szentendre and Csepel.
The average river width increases from Gönyü (about 300 m) to about 400 m
downstream.
South of Budapest the Danube enters the Alföd - the Large Hungarian Plain, and follows
a 600 km long arc on its western, and then southern margin. The longer spur of this wide plain
projects onto the right bank of the river in the area between Mohács and the mouth of the
Drava. There the river bed is again braided. At Vukovar the Danube is forced to change its
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course again due to the Fruska Gora Mt. – a promontory of the Croatia Mid-Mountains. This
mainly south-easterly flow direction, is maintained down to the fault gap at the Iron Gate.
The Large Pannonian Lowland is a further depression which, since the late Tertiary
period up to the present time, has been constantly subsiding. The great Danube alluvial
sediments and the sediments brought in during the glacial period (strata layer about 1100 m
thick) were not sufficient to prevent this trend. Thus, numerous ramifications of the river bed
and extensive marshes developed.
The morphological character of the now flatland river increases after it enters the Main
Pannonian Basin. The slope decreases from Budapest to the mouth of the Drava from 0.07 ‰
to 0.05‰ and continues to decrease down to the Danube fault gap to 0.04‰. The mean width
increases from 400 m to 800 m- 1 000 m according to the runoff rate and lower slope before
the cataract reach.
The south-north oriented mainly Hungarian reach of the Danube takes in only the River
Sió (km 1497) which experiences water shortage and drains the Balaton lake.
The largest tributaries of the Danube in Hungary
The rivers Leitha, Rabnitz, and Raab drain the northeastern end of the Alps which is no
longer so high in precipitation. These rivers later enter the Little Hungarian Lowland and lose
their sediment transporting capacity. The catchment areas at their mouth into the Mosoni
Danube in Hungary lie almost wholly in uplands and plains.
The River Dráva (Drau) (707 km, 40 150 km2) issues from the edge of the Dolomites in
South Tirol at a height of 2150 m on the Regensburg longitude. A small part of the catchment,
therefore, lies in Italy. The Alpine Drava catchment, of somewhat trapezoidal shape, lies almost
wholly in Austria and extends from the Central Alps in the north to the Limestone Alps in the
south, (Karnische Alpen and Karawanken). The narrow western part consists of a great,
fractured mountain massif with narrow, steer valleys. It then flows on the southern periphery
of its catchment through the interalpine panlike territory (Klagenfurter Becken), with many
lakes. After the break through the mountain range on the eastern border of the Alps, extending
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from north to south, where the prolongated Drava catchment attains its maximum width, it
flows into the Pannonian Basin, and leaves Austria to enter Croatia. There the Drava deposits its
bedload on an alluvial cone reaching to the mouth of the Mur, where it has a characteristic
braided river course. The slope is extraordinarily uniform over the whole middle course,
influenced by the Alps, 0.7‰. decreasing to 0.28‰, and even to 0.1‰ at its mouth into the
Danube. Flowing through a wide lowland valley the Drava has a meandering and braided
channel. Its catchment area is narrow there, and short tributaries flow parallel to the main
Drava course down to its mouth.
The River Mura, the largest tributary of the Drava (434 km, 14178 km2) drains the
northeastern part of its Alpine catchment along the Central Alps. On the eastern edge of the
Alpine mountains it turns towards the south. The break through those mountains occurs a little
north of the Drava. The Mur deposits its Alpine bedload, which is similar to that of the Drava,
before the confluence. The lower courses of the Mur and Drava form a large part of the border
between Jugoslavia and Hungary.The runoff regime of the Drava is substantially influenced by
the Alpine catchment.
The River Tisza (966 km, 157 220 km2) is, with respect to its length and catchment area,
the largest Danube tributary. It is formed by the confluence of White and Black Tisza, issuing
from a height of 1400 m and 1650 m in the Ukrainian Carpathians. From its total length of 966
km about 160 km lies in the USSR and Rumania, and about 800 km in the Great Hungarian Plain
(650 km in Hungary, 150 km in Jugoslavia), where its lowland character is determined. The Tisza
forms from its source to its mouth a large arc towards the southwest and flows through the
Great Hungarian Plain (Alföld). At its southerly end, at Slankamen, at km 1215 it joins the
Danube. After several directional changes the Tisza flows in its upper reach between the Gutii
Mt. and the flysch of Poloniny Mt. down to Chust. Then it breaks through the Gutii Mt. and
enters the lowlands. The right-bank tributaries of the Vista down to the River Rika are
characteristic mountainous streams with deep valleys and steep slopes. Further downstream
the Borzava has a smaller slope. The left-bank Rumanian tributaries Iza and Viseu have parallel
valleys oriented in a north-west direction. They originate in the crystalline East Carpathians and
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have a pronounced mountainous character. The slope of the River Tisza vanes In fine range
20‰-30‰ in its upper course and for a distance of 50 km forms the border between Ukraine
and Rumania. After entering the promontories the slopes become lower and the runoff regime
calmer. The Tisza flows through the Hungarian Plain forming numerous meanders and with a
slope of 0.02‰. The innundation area increases and in some places reaches a width of 4 km.
The river channel bed here is 140 m - 260 m wide and the mean depth 3 m - 7 m. The
hydrographical stream system of the Tisza is asymmetrical, the majority of larger tributaries
coming from the left bank. They drain the majority of the central and northwestern Rumania
region. Numerous smaller and larger streams flov into the Tisza from the right bank, the most
important of these being the Bodrog and Slaná/Sajó (with Hornád/Hernád).
The Bodrog (267 km, 12328 km2) originates in the East Slovakian Lowland as the
confluent of the Rivers Ondava and Latorica, and drains the westernmost portion of the East
Carpathians. Only 973 km2 of its catchment area lies in Hungary.
The Sajó/Slana (229 km, 12708 km2) together with its tributaries Hornád and Bodva
drains the Slovak Ore Mt. with the Kosice depression, and the eastern part of the northern MidMountains in Hungary.
Of the remaining right-bank Tisza tributaries the Zagyva (179 km, 5 677 km2) may be
mentioned, the others being short streams with low runoff, flowing from the flat Danube-Tisza
interbasin.
The first important left-bank tributary of the Tisza, issuing in Rumania, is the Somes (41l
km, 19 400 km2, of which 349 km and 15015 km2 is in Rumania). It is formed by the confluence
of the Somesul Mic and Somesul Mare, originating in the Apusian Mt. and East Carpathians
respectively. The stream direction varies abruptly. Later it flows over the Somesului platform
through the Tisza basin into Hungary. Another important Tisza tributary is the River Cris (Körös),
formed by the confluence of the Crisul Repede, Cris Alb, and Cris Negru. The Cris catchment
area covers 14 880 km2 in Rumania. Its drainage area has a fan-like pattern, cutting the western
part of the Apusian Mt. The major Tisza tributary is the Mures (Maros) (756 km, 29 776 km 2),
from which 716 km and 27 830 km2 in Rumanian. The Mures wells out into the East Carpathians
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and drains the Transylvanian Upland, breaking its way through the West Carpathians and
flowing onto the Tisza Lowland. The upper course shows a well developed river system, the
lower course being poorly developed, having a plume-like shape in the Tisza Lowland. The most
important tributaries from the left bank are the Tirnava and Strei and from the right bank Aries
should be mentioned. The southern, Serbian part of the Tisza Lowland and of the West
Carpathians is drained by the River Bega, a Tisza tributary, and by the Timis.
Major lakes in Hungary
The Neusiedler See (Fertö) is on the border between Austria and Hungary in the foothill
belt of the Leitha Hills. The smaller part of the lake is in Hungary, and about 240 km 2 is in
Austria. Only 132 km2 is open water surface, the remainder is covered with a wide reed belt,
especially well developed in the north and west. The lake extends in the depression between
two alluvial cones, deposited by the Danube and Raaba rivers onto the 1ittle Hungarian
Lowland from its margin. The lake is relatively young (about 10 000 years) with a maximum
depth of only 2 m. The closed basin of the Neusiedler See covers an area of 1237 km 2. Its area
considerably fluctuates due to high evaporation, which in some years is double the value of
precipitation. In the years 1811-1813 and 1867-1871 the lake dried out. On the other hand
during high water stages in 1786, 1854, 1883-1884 the open water surface was 515 km2.
Lake Balaton is the largest Central-European lake, covering an area of 596 km2, with a
lenght of 77 km, a width of 14 km, mean depth of 3.2 m and a maximum depth of 12 m. It has
been stated that its surface area has been gradually decreasing due to climatic conditions and
sedimentation. Its drainage area covers 3153 km2. The lake evolved in a tectonic depression
oriented towards south-west-north-east, situated in the southern foothills of the Bakony
Forest. The lake is divided in two unequal parts by the Tihany peninsula. Its northern bank is still
high and steep, otherwise the banks are flat, sandy and in some places marshy. Balaton is
supplied by the River Zala and some other smaller streams, and drained by the River Sió.
Further to the northeast is the similarly oriented Lake Velencei-tó with an area of 26
km2. The deepest Hungarian lake is Hévizi-tó, reaching a depth of 30 m.
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4.4. Serbia – general information
As it was mentioned before, area of the Republic of Serbia is 88,361km 2, and the
Danube River Basin covers about 81,660m2 of that territory, or about 92.5%.
Serbia is predominantly hilly and mountainous country (65% of territory), and about
60,000km2 is suitable for agricultural production. About 30% of the area of the Danube River
Basin in Serbia is forested (ICPDR, 2006).
Territory of the Serbia can be divided in to two distinctive regions – Pannonian Plain on
the north and hilly and mountainous region located on the south from the Danube River (Figure
8). Pannonian Plain is intersected by numerous watercourses - Danube, Sava, Tisza, Tamis,
Begej Rivers and canals of the DTD System (Danube-Tisza-Danube). Along these rivers system of
levees were erected. Similar systems are developed in the valleys of other major rivers
(Morava, Kolubara, etc) in Central Serbia, where all major cities and significant industrial
facilities are located in flood-prone areas.
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Figure 8: Topography of the Republic of Serbia
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4.4.1. Topography, Geology, Prevailing soils in Serbia
Topography, geology, prevailing soils and vegetation of river sub-basins within the
Danube River Basin were studied within the CORINE (Coordination of information on the
environment) Program of the European Commission. For that purpose Danube River Basin in
Serbia was divided into the following sub-basins: the Danube River (Danube Corridor) subbasin, the Tisa River sub-basin, the Sava River sub-basin, and the Velika Morava River sub-basin.
The Danube Corridor is considered herein without river basins of its three major tributaries,
Tisa, Sava, and Velika Morava, which are treated as separate sub-basins.
4.4.2. The Danube River (Danube Corridor) Sub-basin in Serbia
The Danube River (Danube Corridor) sub-basin has an area of 11,610 km2, which
represents 12.5% of the whole Danube River Basin in Serbia. It comprises lowlands (northern
province of Vojvodina), hilly and mountainous terrain (watersheds of rivers Timok, Pek, and
Mlava), as well as Djerdap gorge (Iron Gate).
After regulation of river streams within this sub-basin, main streams were cut off from
the former branches, stagnant tributaries, swampy and marshy areas and ponds, all of which
had an adverse effect on the natural wildlife habitats. A part of these habitats has been
converted into pasture and agricultural land. However, earth for the construction of
embankments was excavated from the floodplain, so that the new floodable wetlands were
formed (so-called “kubici” in Serbian). Presently, floodable wetlands cover 1.3 106 ha.
An important characteristic of the Danube River sub-basin is very large channel network of
multipurpose Hydro System Danube-Tisa-Danube (HS DTD) in Vojvodina. The total length of
waterways along the channel network is 695 km, which exceeds the total length of the Danube
River within Serbia (588 km).
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The Tisa River sub-basin
Only a small part, 6% or 8,994 km2, of the total Tisa River Basin (148,973 km2) lies in
Serbia– in its northern province of Vojvodina. The Tisa River divides the province of Vojvodina
in two regions: the Bačka on the west and the Banat region on the east. This area (Banat and
Bačka) is predominantly lowland. Here, Tisa drains the Pannonian Basin, which is the largest of
sediment-filled post-orogenic basins of the Alpine region. The Miocene sediments are primarily
marine limestone, whereas later Tertiary sediments consist of brackish to freshwater clays and
sands. Fluvial and fluvio-glacial deposits of Pleistocene age also exist. Thick loess deposits are
abundant especially along Tisa watercourse.
Regulation of river streams within this sub-basin also resulted in cutting off the main
streams from former river branches, flooded meadows, and other wetlands, with significant
decrease of such areas. The other important characteristic of the Tisa River sub-basin is its
connection with Hydro System DTD. Via canals of HS DTD, Tisa is linked with both Danube River
and Timisoara in Romania.
The Sava River Sub-basin
The Sava River sub-basin in Serbia an area of 31,046 km2, which represents about one
third of the total Sava River Basin area (95,132 km2 with the part in Montenegro). In Serbia it
covers a part of Vojvodina, and the western part of central Serbia. In this section Sava River is a
typical lowland river, which flows through large alluvial valley and forms large meanders. The
valley occupies the southern edge of Pannonian Plain. Sediments are primarily Miocene
sediments marine limestone, whereas later Tertiary sediments consist of freshwater clays,
sands, and gravel. Thick loess deposits also overlay Tertiary sediments.
The Sava River sub-basin comprises lowlands of Srem and Macva (along Sava river
waterway), as well as hilly and mountainous terrains of Drina River watershed, which is
included in this sub-basin. River Drina watershed is known for high biodiversity and protected
eco-systems. Number of relict and endemic species are concentrated within national parks
“Durmitor” (with glacial Crno Jezero lake, river Tara watershed, and river Tara Canyon in
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Montenegro), “Biogradska gora” (with glacial Biogradsko lake, in Montenegro), and “Tara”
(with river Drina Canyon, in Serbia).
The Velika Morava River Sub-basin
The Velika (Great) Morava sub-basin is the largest sub-basin in Serbia. Its area of 37,269
km2 within Serbia represents almost entire Velika Morava River Basin (total area of 38,345
km2). The sub-basin spreads over mid, southern, and southeast parts of central Serbia. Diverse
terrain in this sub-basin comprises of hilly and mountainous area (with altitude increasing
towards southern and south-eastern borders of Serbia), as well as wide river valleys.
Numerous reservoirs for water supply and hydropower generation, important
groundwater resources along Velika Morava River, and a number of thermal springs also
characterize this sub-basin. Erosion is pronounced in upstream parts of the sub-basin.
Mountainous and hilly parts of the sub-basement feature forests and orchards, while river valleys
host agricultural lands.
Land types in Serbia are divided depending on the hydrogeological structure of the soil.
In general, three types of soil are predominant: authomorphic soil, hydromorphic soil, and
halomorphic soil (Water Master Plan, 2001).
Hydromorphic soils are prevailing in the lowlands, especially in the Danube, Tisza, Sava,
Morava River valleys and their tributaries. High ground levels are characteristic for spring time.
According to its geological structure and geographical layout the Danube River Basin can be
conveniently divided into three regions: upper, middle and lower Danube (Figure 10).
The territory of Serbia belongs to the middle part of the Danube River. The Middle
Danube Basin creates magnificent and unique geographical unit. It extends from the Devin
Gate, connecting the last promontories of the Alps (Leitha Mt.) with the Little Carpathians
downstream of the confluence of the Morava and Danube River, to the mighty fault section
between the Southern Carpathians and Balkan mountains near the Iron Gate Gorge. The Middle
Danube section is the largest of the three regions. It is confined by the Carpathians in the north
and east, and the Karnische Alps and Karawnaken, Julischen Alps, and Dinaric range of the
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mountains in the west and south. This closed circle of mountains embraces the South-Slovakian
and East-Slovakian Lowland, the Hungarian Lowland, and the Transylvanian Uplands.
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Figure 9: CORINE Land-cover of the Republic of Serbia
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SERBIA
Figure 10: Schematic longitudinal profile of the Danube River (JDS1, 2002)
4.4.3. Typical Land Use in the Mountainous Parts of the Catchment and on the
Floodplain in Serbia
In general, the mountainous parts of all sub-basins in Serbia host smaller settlements,
while larger cities, industry, and infrastructure (network of roads, railways, etc.) are located in
the river valleys and floodplains.
According to the 1991 census, the Danube River (Danube Corridor) sub-basin has
2,833,954 inhabitants (population density of 244 inh./km 2), with urban population (67.4%)
dominating over rural. The capitol Belgrade and the province of Vojvodina center Novi Sad are
located in this area, together with several other larger cities, related industry, and
infrastructure. The Tisa River sub-basin has 809,755 inhabitants (population density of 90
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inh./km2), with urban population (57.6%) dominating over rural. In the Sava River sub-basin live
1,354,592 inhabitants, with rural population (64.9%) dominating over urban. Population density
in this sub-basin is low –only 64.6 inh./km2- due to very scarcely inhabited regions in upper
parts of Drina watershed. In the Velika Morava River sub-basin live 4,081,046 inhabitants, with
rural population (56.1%) dominating over urban. Population density in this sub-basin (107.8
inh./km2) is close to the average population density for the whole Danube River Basin in Serbia.
Danube River Basin in Serbia represents 92% of arable land and even higher percentage of total
national agricultural production. The land under cultivation makes 63,190 km 2 (61,4%) of the
complete territory of Serbia and Montenegro, with 10% of population engaged in agriculture as
the only activity. As shown in Figure 11, farming, fruit- and vine-growing, and cattle breeding
are differently territorially represented in highland and plain areas.
Figure 11: Land Use in Serbia (1993)
7
7
http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/europe/serbia_montenegro_land_1993.jpg
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4.4.4. Sensitivity of Basins to Creation of the Flood Extreme in Serbia
In general, southeastern, eastern, and southern parts of Serbia have higher water
potential than northern and central parts. Since mountainous regions in these parts have higher
both precipitation and specific runoff coefficients, specific runoff from these areas is over 15 l/s
per km2. In lowland and hilly areas of northern and central parts of Serbia specific runoff is
generally lower than 6 l/s per km2. Smallest water potential (from 2 to 5 l/s per km2) is detected
in lowlands of Vojvodina and in the area of left tributaries of Velika Morava and Kolubara
Rivers.
4.5. Bulgaria – general information
4.5.1. Orographic, geomorphic and morphometric conditions in Bulgaria
The low Bulgarian riverside has a number of dykes built on it. The dykes are at a lower level
compared to the Romanian ones. It is necessary to perform an expert dykes’ evaluation of the
as the Bulgarian dykes are built before the Romanian ones.
4.5.2. Hydrogeological conditions in Bulgaria
The river in this section is typical lowland river, it becomes shallower and broader and has a big
seasonal difference of water levels – more than 9 m. Steep sediment walls, in some places up to
150 m, characterise the Bulgarian river bank.
The width of the riverbed in the Bulgarian section varies from 600m to 720m and is subject to
constant changes. The influence of the local meteorological conditions, the existing soil types
through which river passes, the riverbed configuration, the increase and decrease of the water
and hard flow, the different river flow velocity influenced by the water formations, the
hydrotechnical facilities and other natural forces and human factors define the active
hydromorphological processes of the river in this section. As a result of their activity the
riverbed constantly changes its geometrical and hydrological parameters (situation of the
midstream, direction and velocity of the flow, structure of the flow, terrain shapes in the
riverbed, etc.).
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4.5.3. Prevailing soil condition in Bulgaria
The soil cover of most of the Danube plain has formed on a loess base with steppe and forest
steppe vegetation. Black earth soils are mainly developed compared to the less developed grey
forest soils. The carbonate and typical black earth soils are located in the loess plateaus near
the Danube River. South of the black earth soils’ area the dark grey and grey forest soils are
developed and mainly located in the Western part and to the East of the River Kamchia valley.
Alluvial soils are developed on the low terraces of the big rivers and the lowlands along the
Danube River.
4.5.4. Vegetation in Bulgaria
The specific climatic and soil conditions have determined the transition from broad-leafed
forest vegetation to the West to more dry-resistant grass vegetation to the East. The natural
vegetation is located in limited areas /which are not suitable for agriculture/. Today the natural
vegetation is preserved on the Danube islands and the riverside lowlands where the level of
sub-surface waters is high which makes them not suitable for agriculture. The forests include
mainly moisture tolerant species – willow and poplar. The most frequent tree species are some
oak sub-species, elms, hornbeams, lime-trees, hazel bushes and etc. The most frequent steppe
grass species are the iris and etc.
4.5.5. Sensitivity of basins to creation the flood extreme in Bulgaria
During unusually high water levels there are islands, river terraces and population areas
in danger of flooding. These are Vidin, a part of Lom, Nikopol, a part of the Ruse industrial area
and the Silistra peer.
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4.6. Romania – general information
4.6.1. Geomorphic and morphometric conditions of Romania
The Danube is the second longest river of river’s Europe (after Volga river) being the self
European river which runs from west to east, and has its source in Germany , in the Black Forest
Mountains. The river flowing into the Black Sea was formed Delta.Danube come in Romania
right out of town and country Bazias on the Sulina, with a length of 1075 km and is the border
with Serbia, Bulgaria, Moldova and Ukraine .Topographically, Romania consists of three major
elements, each constituting about one third of the total area: a central range of mountains
(over 800 m in elevation and averaging 1 200 m) surrounded by a succession of hills and
plateaux (200–800 m), and a fringe of lowlands or plains (under 200 m). The central range, the
Carpathians, enters from the north and swings southeast as the Eastern Carpathians, and then
westward in a great are as the Southern Carpathians or Transylvanian Alps. Within the arc is the
Transylvanian Basin and an isolated massif, part of the Western Carpathians. East of the arc is
the Moldavian Plain, south of the arc is the Walachian Plain, and west of the massif is the
Western Plain. The Walachian Plain merges into the floodplain of the Danube and the latter
grades into the Danube Delta, the third largest delta in Europe, on the Black Sea. Lastly,
confined between the Danube and the Black Sea is the Dobrogea, mostly steppe land but with a
series of lagoons on its seaward side.
On the Bulgarian side, there are undercut bluffs and hills, but on the lower Romanian
side the braided river parallels the low plain from which it is separated by dams, lakes and
swamps. From the point where it turns north from the Bulgarian border to Braila, it has two
main arms enclosing great dammed areas. Near Tulcea, it starts to spread and finally empties
into the Black Sea through three distributaries: the northern Chilia arm, 100 km long and
carrying 65 percent of the flow; the central Sulina arm, 83 km long carrying only 14 percent of
the flow, but dredged to 7 m for navigation, and the southern Sfintu Gheorghe arm, 120 km
long with 22 percent of the flow.The Delta proper, starting about 150 km from the Black Sea at
Galati, has an area of about 3 430 km2 in Romania.
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Besides small tributary rivers of the Black Sea, hydrographic network around the country
is collected from the Danube, forming a halo around real weddings Carpathians, where, indeed,
spring, except the Siret and Prut rivers that wash all Romanian territory.
4.6.2. Vegetation in Romania
Vegetation is distributed in accordance with the characteristics of soil and climate and
according with the altitude. Off the high valley, due to persistent moisture, there is a specific
vegetation of meadow. The forests occupy 26,2% of the country consisting of beech forest,
coniferous and other species such as hornbeam, poplar, ash, lime.
4.6.3. Sensitivity of basins to creation the flood extreme in Romania
The Danube , during the high levels period, has a zone of innundation of more than 9
000 km2 within Romania.The upper part of the Romanian Danube is narrow. Above the Iron
Gate it flows between 3.5–18 km/h. It then flows across a wide plain where its velocity varies.
Usually , these floods occur in spring and due the soil to the Romanian bank, has large negative
effects.
4.7. Romania – Danube-Black See canal – general information
4.7.1. Orographic, geomorphologic and morphological conditions in area of
Danube-Black See canal
Geographical position – natural environment
Situated in the south – east extremity of the country, Constanta County forms on its
Eastern side a part of the Romanian territory of the Black Sea. It occupies about 2/3 from the
Dobrogea plateau, having a total surface of 7.055 km2 (3% of the country’s territory). The
population of the county is of 746.988 inhabitants. The county’s territory is intersected by the
440 latitude North parallel (at the South of Dobromir, South of Topraisar, Tuzla) and by the 28 0
longitude East meridian (East of Rasova, West of Deleni).
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The territory of the Constanta County is formed of a suspended plateau compared to
the Black Sea and the Danube, with altitudes of 160-200 m at the North and at the South by the
transversal chute, the lower one of the Carasu Valley (50-100 m). The lowest altitudes are
registered along the seashore (0 m) and in the lower meadow of the Danube (8-10 m).
The navigable canal Danube - Black Sea links the Cernavoda Port to the Constanta Port,
shortening the route towards the Black Sea with about 400 km. The canal is a component part
of the importance of the European waterways between the Black Sea and the North Sea
(through the Rhine – Main – Danube Canal).
The idea of a navigable canal between the Danube and the Black Sea dates back to 1837
and was given by a group of British experts.
The first modern project of the navigational system in this area was developed by the
Romanian engineer Jean Stoenescu – Dunare, in 1927. The works at a waterway between
Cernavoda and Constanta began in 1949, but the Romanian economy of the time could not
support the high costs involved and could not produce the necessary equipment. Thus, in 1953
the works were stopped. In 1975 the works to the building of the Danube - Black Sea Canal
began once again.
At the end of the investment (1984), between the Danube River and the Black Sea it was
completed a system of navigable canals, including the main canal which crosses Dobrogea from
east to West, with a final point at the Maritime Port of Constanta and the Northern branch
Poarta Alba - Midia Navodari, which links the main Midia Port to the Tasaul Lake.
Once with the inauguration of the canal for traffic in 1992 of the Main – Danube Canal
of the German territory it was realized a direct link between the Black Sea and the North Sea,
the Constanta Port being linked to the Pan European Corridor VII – the Danube, which links the
two European commercial poles (Rotterdam and Constanta), thus forming an inland waterway,
from the North Sea to the Black Sea.
The Constanta County forms one of the most representative touristic bases from
Romania. Through its geographical location, the climate, the relief, archeological remnants,
natural reserves, the accommodation, recreation and treatment resort, the possibility of
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organizing trips and cruises, the county’s territory offers a wide range of touristic activities. The
Romanian seashore of the Black Sea represents one of the most important Romanian touristic
areas compared to other touristic areas of the country.
Geomorphologic considerations
Located between the 27015’15” and 29030’10” eastern longitude and 43040’04” and
49025’03” northern latitude, the Dobrogea region presents itself as a unique unit in the
Romanian territory. The specificity of the place is given by the geomorphology of the area, the
whole relief reached the peneplain stage, and the river erosion stopped being a special shaping
factor.
Based on the physical-geographical, petrography and the hydrological characteristics,
Dobrogea can be divided in the northern Dobrogea and the southern Dobrogea, the limits of
the areas was realized through the Topalu line (left bank of the Danube) – Sibioara (Village of
the Western bank of the Tasaul lake).
From a geomorphologic point of view the hydrographic basin and the hydro-geological
area of influence of the Danube - Black Sea Canal and the Poarta Alba - Midia Navodari Canal
are situated in the countryside of the east European platform (the countryside of extraCarpathian planes and plateaus), sub-countryside Prebalcanic Platform (Moesica) characterized
through a plate foundation in Precambrian, river shaped and covered by quasi-horizontal
deposits, crossing borders starting with the Silurian and continuing in the Triasic – Jurasic,
Cretacic, Paleogen and Neogen.
The epirogenic tilting movements from Neogen and Cuatemar have determined in the
geomorphologic land of south Dobrogea Plateau, part of the Moesic Platform, the large
undulation and its rise.
Correlated with its the geological structure, the south Dobrogea Plateau is characterized
through a tubular relief with large inter-rivers, easily waved or plane, with medium heights
which vary between 100-200 m.
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The margins of the plateau are abrupt towards the Danube and the Black Sea. In the
south Dobrogea Plateau we can identify 3 geomorphologic units:

The Danube Dobrogea Plateau District

The Maritime Dobrogea Plateau District

The Negru Voda Plateau District
Some researchers separate the Capidava – Ovidiu fault at the north and a line that
crosses through Cernavoda – Medgidia – Basarabi – south Constanta, a northern unit of the
Meridional Dobrogea – Dorobanti Plateau.
The Danube - Black Sea Canal and its branch Poarta Alba - Midia Navodari crosses from
east to west the Danube Dobrogea Plateau (in the west) and the Maritime Dobrogea (in the
east) being bordered by the Dorobantu Plateau in the North.
The Danube Dobrogea Plateau District has a tubular structural character, with large
inter-rivers, segmented by relatively deep valleys (canyon type). Starting with its northern limit
(with the Casimcea Unit) and until the south of the Danube - Black Sea Canal (Carasu valley), the
Danube Dobrogea Plateau has a homocline character with structural homocline inter-rivers,
asymmetric valleys (Monographic Geography of Romania – Petre Cotet 1960).
The altitudes do not surpass 100m. From the south of the Danube - Black Sea Canal and
until the border with Bulgaria the plateau rises in height (150-200m) and is formed of
structurally vast surfaces, with deep valleys with an ascendant and epigenetic character.
The Maritime Dobrogea Plateau District, with medium altitudes of 100 m, occupy the
sector from the Danube - Black Sea and the plateau, expanding from the south of Tasaul lake
until the Bulgarian frontier. The plateau has a structural character with vast inter-river surfaces,
covered by loess.
There are two steps of storied relief:
-
The structural plateau itself with altitudes of about 100 m
-
The firth step with altitudes of 20-40m.
The shore is generally high with separate sea front in the Sarmatian deposits, covered
with loess.
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The recent epirogenetic movements determined the depth of the valleys with
suspended firth holes, closed by lidos.
The coast line is formed of sea front lines developed on the sedimentary formations of
the third and Cenozoic. Still, at the mouths of some rivers at shore, lagoons and beaches were
formed. Some of these lagoons are: Tasaul lake, Siutghiol lake, Techirghiol lake, etc.
4.7.2. General hydrogeological considerations in area of Danube-Black See canal
The shore construction, the structural-tectonic arrangement and the geomorphology are
determined elements for the hydrology of South Dobrogea.
The processed and summarized field investigation results of the scientists led to the
highlighting of some main hydro-geological aspects:
The fundament, Paleozoic and triasic deposits formed of crystalline schists and green
schists, shales, argillite, quartz sandstone, quartiles, have been less studied under hydrogeological aspect, being considered to be aquifer formations;
Sedimentary coverlets, in the interval Jurasic – Pleistocen, forms more multilayered
aquiferous.
The aquifers from the two units are grouped in two complexes:
-
Complex I Neogen
-
Complex II superior Jurasic – Creatic
Researches made due to the study of the Danube - Black Sea Canal route (1978)
highlighted the aquiferous complexes quaternary formed in the alluviation of the main valleys,
characterized by a lithological inhomogeneity grading and of thickness. In the plateau areas, the
aquiferous formed generally at the basis of the loess often have a suspended and discontinuous
character.
The hydro-geological parameters of these aquifers are extremely variable and depend of
the space repartition of the deposits which forms them.
From a hydro-geological point of view, the area of the navigable canals is characterized
by the presence of the underground water at a depth of 0,5 – 0,3 m in the first part of the
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Carasu Valley and of 5….10 m on the sector Poarta Alba – Basarabi. In the pre-quaternary
formations found on the Carasu Valley, the underwater layer is of 15 – 30 m depth, sometimes
being under pressure, locally, even artesian. The underwater flow from the plane of the valley is
conditioned by the water level in the canal.
In the following table there are shown the soils from the quaternary aged covering
beds,distributed on types and propagation area.
Symbol
Description
Distribution
A
Clayey silts, yellowish (reshuffled loess)
Carasu
Valley,
Siutghiol
Peninsula, outlet at Navodari
C
D
Grey Clays and silty clays (swamp
Siutghiol
area,
deposits)
Navodari
Darkish brown silty clays, sometimes grey
Siutghiol Peninsula
outlet
at
(deluvial and alluvial deposits)
E
Medium and harsh sands, with gravel, in
Carasu Valley
thin beds above the base rocks
F
Marine sands
Outlet at Navodari
H
Clayey – sandy –silts, grey - greenish
Siutghiol Lake area
K+L
Loess with 1-2 intercalations of yellowbrown Valea Adanca
fossil soils.
The crest sector, Siutghiol
Yellow-brown flooded loess.
Peninsula, Mamaia Village,
Clayey silts and brown silty clays
Navodari
(solidified loess).
M
Heavy red sands, finely fissured with
The
crest
slickenside and Fe and Mn oxides
Siutghiol.
area
towards
On the high shore between
Mamaia Village and Navodari
N
Heavy red clays, finely fissured with
On the Northern shore of the
slickensides and Fe and Mn oxides
peninsula and on the high
coastline, Mamaia Village and
Navodari
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X
Limy and chalky gravels in the red clay
- at the confluence between
volume
Carasu Valley and Valea Adanca
- the base of the Northern
escarpment in the crest area
Z
Fillings of earthy materials realized through
hydro-mechanization
Soil and ground types met on the route of the Danube - Black Sea and Poarta Alba Midia Navodari Canals
On the Danube - Black Sea Canal there are 3 main groups of fine soils:
1. Alluvium and argillaceous soils characterized by medium plasticity. In general this
type of soil has medium mechanic properties and is a little sensitive to water. They are
powerful but sensitive at the erosion when they are situated on unprotected surfaces.
2. Plastic argils.
These argillaceous soils are sensitive to water. When they are not saturated they
present a good mechanical endurance and can be very compact; when they are saturated their
endurance diminishes. The water infiltrations must be limited and the drainage must be
surveyed.
3. Very plastic argils.
These argillaceous soils are truly sensitive to water and are often characterized by
high compressibility and low mechanical endurance, especially when they are saturated.
4.7.3. Prevailing soil condition in area of Danube-Black See canal
In the rock layers there can be identified 2 main geological formations: limestone and
chalk. The chalk layers are present in the section located between km 23 and km 9+400, their
height varies between 0 m above the canal level in the central area and 20 m near and
downstream from Basarabi. The chalk layers are in general white, saturated, sometimes slightly
broken.
In some sectors, over the chalk there are limestones juxtaposed.
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These limestones are often degraded, sometimes mixed with sand. In the argillaceous
superior layers the intercalation of degraded limestones are frequent. At the inferior part, right
above the chalk layers or at the canal level there were identified tough limestones.
On the Danube - Black Sea Canal, according to the geological section of the drillings
made between km 21 and km 1, the soils from the superior banks are layers of argil and sand.
Between km 19 and km 16+500 the banks are built mainly from loess. Among the loess
layers there are intercalated argil layers and degraded blocks of limestone.
Between km 11 up to km 15 the layers of loess and argil cover the banks composed of
limestones. Limestones have been identified at about 40 m high, which means that rock cliffs
are about 30 m high. At the superior part the limestone is easy to break and between them
there are intercalated argil layers.
To conclude, on the Danube - Black Sea Canal the light soil layers are composed mainly
from loess. These soils are often mellow and inclined to erosion and favor easily the water
infiltration.
4.7.4. Land use in area of Danube-Black See canal
The territory that belongs to the Danube - Black Sea and Poarta Alba - Midia Navodari
Canals is the one identified by expropriation documents and is part of the public and private
field of the state, administrated by the National Company Administration of Navigable Canals
S.H.. The cadastral documentation was created on the basis of expropriation according to the
current legal stipulations.
The safety area is composed of the 10 m high land strip located on one side and on the
other side of the canal territory, measured from the superior edge of the inclined slope realized
in the excavating, more precisely 1 m from the exterior edge of the drainage ditch in the dam
areas.
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The bordering territory, located on one side and the other of the canal territory on a
length of 90 m, measured from the exterior limit of the safety area, forms – according to Law
55/2002 – protection area of the canal, no matter what was the form of these lands.
The location of any new building or installation in the protection area, according to Law
55/2002 can be made only with the approval of the Administration and the Public Works
Ministry, Transport and Home.
The exploitation and maintenance of the navigable canals is made by the National
Company Administration of Navigable Canals S.H. Constanta – on the basis of the legal
dispositions and is obliged to ensure:
Navigation
A quality and quantity management of the waters, for satisfying the take and download
of the water for all the approved beneficiaries in use.
The exploitation and maintenance of the works and opening of the canals.
The prejudices brought to the constructions and installations of the navigable canals are
considered to be prejudices brought to the Administration and the ship/convoy commanders
that have caused them will incur all damages that come from it. The damages brought by
individuals or legal persons to the works or installations of the canal, including the water quality
can be treated according to the current laws.
4.7.5. Vegetation in area of Danube-Black See canal
As a consequence of the research made from august 2005 to march 2006 on the
navigable canals Danube - Black Sea and Poarta Alba - Midia Navodari were identified the
following vegetation types:
1. Paludous tough vegetation formed of rush (Phragmites australis), bulrush (Tipha
laxmanii), small acacia (Amorphia fruticosa) and scouring rush (Schoenoplectus lacustes).
2. Land wood vegetation formed of willow (Salix alba), poplar (Populus alba), alder
(Alnus glutinosa), blackthorn (Prunus spinosa), underbrush (Cotinus coggygria), elm (Ulmus
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minor), sumac (Ailantus altisima), dog rose (Rosa canina), walnut (Juglans regia), Nitraria
schoberi, hawthorn (Crataegus monogyma).
3. Submerged vegetation formed of vallisneria (Valisneria spiralis), rigid hornwort
(Ceratophyllum demersum), sago pondweed (Potamogeton pectinatus), hair weed (Spirogyra
sp.), and whorled water milfoil (Myriophylum vercillatum).
The Danube - Black Sea Canal
The rush is present in the water of the canal on both banks, taking the form of bands,
very well developed between km 56+410 (8+000) – 53+410 (11+000) – left bank, km
50+410 (14+000) – km 44+410 (20+000), km 36+410 (28+000) – km 29+410 (35+000).
On certain sectors, the land wood vegetation (willow, blackthorn, underbrush, etc)
developed roots and bodies in the protection of the banks, among the raw stone blocks
covered with bituminous mortar (see the annexed photo). The bodies of the trees have
the thickness between 2 – 15 cm. between km 62+410 (2+000) – km 61+410 (3+000),
left bank, the bank protection is covered in red willow. The land wooden vegetation was
identified also behind the supporting walls (a more rare presence, the bodies do not
surpass 10 cm in diameter).
In the control sections from km 40+000 (24+410) and km 28+700 (35+700), the
identified underwater vegetation is characterized by the biggest specific diversity, being
identified 2-3 species (rigid hornwort and vallisneria at km 40+000 and vallisneria, sago
pondweed and rigid hornwort at km 28+700). In the section km 40+000, the biomass
determined varies in the period august 2005 – march 2006 between 2,1 and 16,8
kg/mp. In the section from km 28+700 the biomass varies between 2,1 and 9,8 kg/mp .
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Poarta Alba - Midia Navodari Canal
The rush is present in the water of the canal on both banks, under the form of bands,
very well developed between km 10+500 (17+500) – km 6+500 (21+500) – left bank and
right bank, km 5+000 (22+500) – km 3+000 (24+500)
Between the km 5+500 (22+000) – km 2+500 (25+000) left bank, bank defense and
access roads with grass are covered by small hawthorn trees with the body thickness of
up to 18 cm. The trees are well developed, in some areas, the landscape being one of
the edge of the forest. The land wood vegetation was identified also behind the support
walls (a rare presence, the bodies do not surpass 10 cm in diameter).
In the control sections from km 20+800 (6+700) and km 2+000 (25+500), the identified
underwater vegetation is characterized by the biggest specific diversity, being identified
2-3 species (vallisneria, sago pondweed, and whorled water milfoil at km 20+800 and
rigid hornwort, sago pondweed and whorled water milfoil at km 2+000). In the section
km 20+800, the biomass determined in the period august 2005 – march 2006 varies
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between 3,15 and 6,40 kg/mp. In the section from km 2+000 the biomass varies
between 2,1 and 5,6 kg/mp
The underwater vegetation (vallisneria, rigid hornwort, and whorled water milfoil) is
very much present between the km 27+500 and 20+800, occupying a water length of
about 2,0 m on both banks.
4.7.6. Sensitivity of basinsto creation the flood extreme in area of Danube-Black
See canal
The quantity management of the waters
The quantity and quality management of the waters from the Navigable Canals Danube Black Sea and Poarta Alba - Midia Navodari is insured by the Administration through the proper
exploitation of the complex hydro-technical scheme of the canals, after a calculus program
which answers to all hypotheses characteristic to low waters, normal and big, coordinated with
the needs of taking and downloading of the waters of the rightful beneficiaries of use.
At the settlement of the quantity system management, in big waters conditions at the
Danube, the following must be considered:
1. The quantity management system of the waters in the Danube - Black Sea and Poarta
Alba - Midia Navodari navigational canals in the evacuation periods of the floods caused by the
rainfalls in the hydrographic basin of the canal, and will take into consideration the following
special measures which are taken in an interval of maximum 2 hours from the forecast of the
general calculus and check rainfall:
2. At the occurrence of the generalized of partially generalized rainfall in the
hydrographic basin of the canals with an insurance of calculus of 1%, which needs the insurance
of the evacuation towards the sea of a flow of 300 m3/sec, the complex hydro-technical scheme
of the navigable canals begins the alert stage and the satisfaction of the water download of the
beneficiaries of use stops.
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The access is completely stopped in the canal pool II of the water taken from the
Danube, in this canal pool it will be downloaded through the affluent passages of the valleys
only the waters that come from rainfalls.
3. The flood which transits through the canals towards the sea where they are
downloaded by the functioning of the siphon batteries, of the evacuation galleries of the big
waters and if the case, of the hydro-energetic stations and downloads with clamshells.
4. In the case in which in the hydrographical basin was produced a generalized or
partially generalized rainfall with the insurance of 0,1% which needs the insurance of
evacuation towards the sea of a flow of 600 m3/sec, there are taken the same measures
presented at points 1 and 3 and in addition to this there are added to the ways used for the
download of the water in the sea, filling and evacuating galleries of the twin locks from Agigea
whose function for navigation has stopped even from reaching the calculus insurance of 1%.
5. The alert state in the big water management of the navigable canals, that come from
the generalized or partially generalized rainfall of calculus and check in the hydrographical basin
of the canals stops in the moment of the automatic defusing or, upon request of the siphoning
batteries which have functioned for the evacuation of the big waters – in which case the water
comes to the quantity system management of the waters of the canals, which correspond to
the exploitation normal conditions.
6. The water supply of canal pool 2 Poarta Alba - Midia Navodari Canal has remained a
an unresolved problem because the works are not finished at the micro-hydro-stations Ovidiu.
Up until the present moment the water supply for canal pool 2 of the Poarta Alba - Midia
Navodari Canal was succeeded through:
the small number of lockage from the Navodari lock;
the water request from the canal pool 2 were lower than the foreseen ones;
the water brought due to the lockage at Ovidiu lock managed to cover the necessary
water for the beneficiaries of use of the canal pool II of the Poarta Alba - Midia Navodari
Canal.
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It is imposed the realization of an installation to insure the transit from canal pool 2 of
the Danube - Black Sea Canal in canal pool 2 of the Poarta Alba - Midia Navodari Canal of a
water flow of at least 50 mc/sec.
To solve this issue there is a technical solution that can be applied:
-
the transformation of the existing micro-hydro-stations in the evacuating galleries of the
big waters, a work that implies the following:
the repair of the buildings of the two micro-hydro-stations;
the finishing of the works of installing and functioning of the quick valves.
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5 HYDROGRAPHICAL MEASUREMENTS – GENERAL INFORMATION
5.1. Austria – general information
The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) defines hydrography as “the branch
of applied science which deals with the measurement and description of the physical features
of the navigable portion of the earth’s surface *seas+ and adjoining coastal areas, with special
reference to their use for the purpose of navigation.”
The focus of hydrographic work is the measurement and acquisition of all parameters, which
are necessary to describe the constitution and form of the riverbed and the dynamic processes
of open waters.
Main hydrographical tasks are:
•
River bed measurements
•
Discharge and current measurements
•
Terrestrial surveying
•
Cartography and hydrographical data management.
5.1.1. River bed measurements with echo-sounders in Austria
Basically we distinguish two different surveying systems, the single-beam and multi-
beam echo sounding system.
In the following some principle advantages and disadvantages of single beam versus multi
beam are given:
a) Single-beam echo sounder
-
Measurements are linearly in the form of profiles
-
Single-beam measurements are faster and cheaper as multi-beam measurements, at
least along shallow water stretches
-
Easier handling of data due to smaller amount
-
Unfavourable distribution of soundings for generating 3D-Models and bathymetric
plans, because of high density along profiles, lack of data between profiles
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Assignment: Measurements for the preservation of evidence, Measurements for controlling
dredging projects,…
b) Multi-beam echo sounder
-
Produce a „swath“ of sounding (i.e. depths) to ensure full coverage of an area
-
Higher expenditure in comparison to single-beam measurements
-
Data handling is more sensitive
Assignment: for special measurements, for example detecting wrecks or measurements for
river engineering projects, Bridge pier erosion sounding, etc.
5.1.2. Echo sounding equipment in Austria
Hydrographic surveys are conducted primarily by mobile (transportable on a trailer)
vessels using single-beam- or alternatively multi-beam sounding systems.
Vessel Beta (mobile)
Depth measurement with single-beam echo sounder Reson Navisound 215 (210 KHz), Software:
Navisoft Survey (Navitronic)
2009 the Reson echo sounder will be replaced with Kongsberg EA 400, 200 KHz
Vessel Epsilon (mobile)
Depth measurement with Kongsberg EA 400 (38 KHz, 200 KHz)
Software: Navisoft Survey (Navitronic)
Vessel Alpha (mobile)
Depth measurement with single-beam echo sounder Kongsberg EA 400 (38 KHz, 200 KHz)
Software: Navisoft Survey (Navitronic)
This vessel can be equipped alternatively with a multi-beam echo sounding system. The
acquisition of a second multi-beam echo sounder system is planned for 2009.
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Vessel 4
Depth measurement with single-beam echo sounder Reson Navisound 415 (15 KHz, 33 KHz and
210 KHz
Software: Navisoft Survey (Navitronic)
This Vessel can be equipped alternatively with a multi-beam echo sounder.
Vessel Munin
Depth measurement with multi-beam echo sounder Reson SeaBat 8101 (240 KHz), IXSEA
Octans (gyrocompass motion sensor)
Software: Navisoft Sweep (Navitronic)
For the positioning of soundings we are provided with Leica GPS530 (base station on
land plus rover station on the vessel) or Leica GPS1200+ (with Glonass), which is more reliable
and has a higher accuracy.
In regions where receiving of GPS-signals is not possible (Bridges), we use the automatic
tacheometer Leica TCA1100 with a 3600 prism. This system works really fast and has a high
accuracy, but the range is limited and it can be influenced by atmospheric conditions.
The reference to the vertical datum is done by levelling the water level.
The following error limits are valid for our hydrographic measurements:
Depth accuracy: +/- 0.05 m (plus proportionately included depth error)
Positioning accuracy of soundings: +/- 0.20 m.
5.1.3. Interval of measurements in Austria
Basically we distinguish between project related measurements, which are mostly limited to a
small area and periodically recurring measurements of river sections.
a) Periodically measurements for the preservation of evidence
These measurements are primarily made to control and document the changes of the river
bed. It was already mentioned that app. 280 km of the Austrian Danube stretch is
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impounded. The remaining 70 km are the free-flowing stretches in the Wachau and in the
region east of Vienna to the Austrian-Slovakian border. For navigational and measurement
purposes the free-flowing sections are more interesting, because the processes in the river
bed are more dynamic. Along the Danube stretch 14 working stretches for river bed
measurements (see figure 7) are defined. The river bed is usually measured by standard
single-beam echo sounders in the form of cross profiles with a 50 m-distance between the
profiles. Distance Marks define the profile start- and endpoints. In principle the freeflowing sections are measured once in spring and once in autumn. In addition 4 - 5
impounded sections are measured per year, so the resultant frequency of measurements is
2 -3 years.
Since 2 years two sections of the annual working plan are measured with multi-beam echo
sounder, in order to get full coverage of all sections by and by.
Section
River-km
Number of profiles
Frequency of measurements
01_Jochenstein
2223,200-2203,400
396
every 2-3 years
02_Aschach
2203,000-2162,800
804
every 2-3 years
03_Ottensheim
2162,800-2147,000
316
every 2-3 years
04_Abwinden
2146,600-2119,700
538
every 2-3 years
05_Wallsee
2119,300-2095,700
472
every 2-3 years
06_Ybbs
2094,400-2060,500
678
every 2-3 years
07_Melk
2060,100-2038,100
440
every 2-3 years
08_Wachau*
2038,000-2010,000
560
twice a year
09_Altenwörth
2009,950-1981,000
579
every 2-3 years
10_Greifenstein
1979,500-1949,400
602
every 2-3 years
11_Freudenau
1949,000-1921,100
558
every 2-3 years
12_Fischamend*
1921,000-1900,000
420
twice a year
13_Hainburg*
1899,950-1880,200
395
twice a year
14_Wolfsthal*
1880,150-1872,700
149
twice a year
Figure 7: Quantity of river bed measurements along the Austrian Danube stretch
*free-flowing section
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b) Project related measurements
For this purpose we use either multi-beam or single-beam echo sounders. If single-beam
comes to operation we measure cross profiles with a profile distance of 10 m, 20m or 25m.
-
Controlling shallow water areas
-
Controlling dredging projects
-
River engineering projects
-
Harbour and harbour entrances
-
Bridge pier erosion
-
Detecting wrecks
5.1.4. Processing of sounding data in Austria
The collected hydrographic data must be corrected, this means checking the data for
blunders, performing corrections and merging the depths with position data. Furthermore it
must be proved if there are GPS failures or incorrect echos.
Multi-beam data can be automatically filtered. For correction of single-beam soundings
we use the hydrographic software Navisoft (Navitronic). To process the large quantities of
multi-beam sounding data we use the Hydrographic Information Processing System HIPS
(CARIS).
The cleaned geo-referenced data are now available for different purposes:
In most cases we produce bathymetric charts in different scales with the mapping software
Surfer (Golden Software) or Caris GIS Professional (CARIS). The chart production includes the
following working steps:
-
Controlling the density and distribution of soundings (multi-beam data mostly require a
data thinning)
-
Calculation of a digital terrain model (3D-model)
-
Calculation of isobaths (depth contours)
-
Smoothing of isobaths
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-
Cartography
All cross profiles, which are measured for preservation of evidence are collected in a
database (it is a special application based on ORACLE) and are available for the comparison of
single-beam profiles of different years. Furthermore the computation of the cubature over an
entire section is possible, so we can derive areas of erosion and accumulation in the river bed.
The database consist river section measurements from the last 20 years. Additionally in
this database are stored all, for the visualization of profiles important data, like the
characteristic water levels, fairway, profile start and end point, etc.
Another important task of the hydrographic team is the generation of depth information
for the digital inland navigation map (Inland ECDIS). Data processing differs significantly for data
derived from single-beam or multi-beam equipment.
Because of the unfavourable distribution of single-beam sounding data an aggregation
of data on basis of a digital terrain model is necessary.
The data processing involves the thinning of multi-beam data or aggregation of singlebeam data, calculating a digital terrain model, calculation and smoothing of isobaths,
generation of depth polygons, transformation into WGS84 and conversion to S-57 format. The
used software for these steps is CARIS GIS (data processing) und CARIS HOM (S-57 production).
The depth information for the free-flowing sections in the Inland ECDIS will be updated twice a
year.
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Raw sounding
data (SB or MB)
Cleaned, georeferenced
sounding data
Profile database
HIS3D
Oracle
Depth
information for
ENC
Caris GIS and
HOM
Generation of
plans
Golden Software
Surfer, CARIS GIS
Figure 8: Data processing workflow
It is to mention that the hydrographic team started in 2009 with efforts to improve the
surveying activities and the workflow of surveying with the purpose to build up a customerspecific waterway management system:
•
Work out an annual plan for standard measurements of the free-flowing sections
•
Improvement of the quality management for hydrographic surveys (calibration and tests)
•
Efficient workflow for generating depth data for the Inland ENC
•
Identifying and controlling of shallow water areas
•
Evaluation of national and international specifications for waterways
•
Evaluation of customer-specific parameters, as fairway dimensions, berths,…
5.1.5. Discharge and current measurements in Austria
Discharge and current measurements are mainly made with the ADCP (Acoustic Doppler
Current Profiler) from the ship. In certain conditions (e.g.: extreme flood conditions) the
measurements are made with a propeller gauge.
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a) ADCP (Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler)
Acoustic current meter which uses the Doppler effect for measuring
By measuring the current velocity, ship velocity and water depth in a transverse
movement across the river the discharge of the measuring profile is determined
Very quick measuring process
Application: monthly measurements on standardized profiles of the entire Danube to
get base data for hydrology, since 2008 test phase at the March
b) Hydrometric propeller gauge
Oldest method, which is performed by a special constructed measuring trolley from
bridges or directly at the river by a ship.
The propeller gauge is put into water. With the exactly amount of the rotations of the
propeller gauge the current velocity can be determined.
By comparison to the ADCP relatively work intensive because there have to be done
measurements on several points of the profile.
Application: in case of flood from bridges, bilateral measurements at the March
Measuring equipment in Austria
Vessel Epsilon (mobile)
The measurements are made with the “Teledyne RD Instruments ADCP Rio Grande” with 600
kHz (appropriate for mean water level to flood conditions) or in case of low water to mean
water level conditions with the “ADCP Broad-Band” with 1200 kHz. The positioning is made
with Leica GPS SR 50 (Racal).
For discharge measurements of smaller rivers (March, Thaya, Traun, New Danube) the
“Teledyne RD Instruments WorkHorse Rio Grande” with 1200 kHz is used. The instrument is
mounted on a trimaran which is moved by a boat inside the profile. To record the data the
software WINRIVER is employed.
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Interval of measurements in Austria
In different intervals propeller gauge measurements from bridges and ADCP
measurements on standardized profiles are held along the entire Austrian Danube. Five times a
year a long ADCP measurement series from Achleiten to Thebnerstraßl and four times a year a
short measurement series from Grein to Thebnerstraßl is made. Additionally there are
measurements at certain discharge values and in case of flood.
Discharge profile
river-km
Interval of measurement
Achleiten
2223,0-2223,0
March, May, July, September, November
Engelhartszell
2200,6-2200,6
March, May, July, September, November
Aschach
2159,9-2159,9
March, May, July, September, November
Ottensheim
2144,0-2144,0
March, May, July, September, November
Linz
2133,4-2133,4
March, May, July, September, November
Mauthausen
2110,7-2110,7
March, May, July, September, November
Grein
2078,6-2078,6
March to November, monthly
Ybbs
2058,8-2058,8
March to November, monthly
Melk
2033,6-2033,6
March to November, monthly
Aggsbach
2027,5-2027,5
April, July, October
Aggstein
2024,6-2024,7
March, June, September
Spitz
2019,0-2019,0
May, August, November
Kienstock
2015,1-2015,1
March to November, monthly
Weißenkirchen
2013,0-2013,0
March, May, July, September, November
Dürnstein
2008,3-2008,3
April, June, August, October
Greifenstein
1947,8-1947,8
March to November, monthly
Korneuburg
1941,5-1941,5
March to November, monthly
Freudenau UW
1917,1-1917,1
March to November, monthly
Fischamend
1908,4-1904,5
March to November, monthly
Wildungsmauer
1892,3-1892,3
March to November, monthly
Bad Deutsch Altenburg
1884,9-1884,9
March to November, monthly
Thebnerstrassl
1879,5-1879,5
March to November, monthly
Figure 9: Interval of discharge measurements
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Additionally to the ADCP measurement series there is a propeller gauge measurement
at seven bridges of the Danube once a year. These measurements are for the completion of the
discharge series and for controlling the measurement equipment.
In cooperation with Slovakia propeller gauge measurements are held at the river
March in Hohenau and Angern monthly and four times a year in conjunction with the Czech
Republic in Bernhardsthal.
In case of flood and in consultation with the via donau team hydrology, propeller
gauge measurements from bridges will be conducted.
After a plausibility check the values of the ADCP resp. propeller gauge measurements will be
sent to the via donau team Hydrology for further analyses.
5.1.6. Terrestrial surveying in Austria
The terrestrial measuring provides the entire data basis for the Hydrography.
Control and addition of the geodetic benchmark field and the hectometer along the
Danube, March and Thaya
Site plans and gradient diagrams (terrestrial), (e.g.: for flood protection works, oxbow
lakes, biotopes, gravel bars, etc.)
Leveling in case of flood or low water (water level measurement)
Measuring of buildings (locks, bridges, etc.)
Implementation and maintenance of the entire benchmark database (including
hectometer, gauge, etc.)
5.1.7. Geographic Information System in Austria
For about three years ago the implementation of a geographic information system
(ArcGIS/ESRI) started, which contains all relevant hydrographical and surveying data like:
Orthophotos
Aerial photo evaluation
Digital cadastral map
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Project concerning riverbed evaluation
Hectometer and benchmarks
Navigation line
Berths
All positions will be referenced to Gauß-Krüger projection, based on the ellipsoid Bessel 1841.
The original Zero- (Prime-) Meridian of the Austrian Gauß-Krüger (Transverse Mercator) is Ferro
(17040’ W Greenwich).
In Austria we use heights above Adriatic Sea Level. For navigational purposes all
sounding data will be reduced to Equivalent Low Water Level (RNW). Heights of bridges and
overhead cables will be referenced to the Highest Navigable Water Level (HSW).
5.2. Slovakia – general information
5.2.1. Discharge measurements in Slovakia
Discharge measurements on large rivers are currently provided mostly by ADCP
(Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler) from the boat or from the bridge. In certain circumstances
and on the smaller streams the measurements are made by propeller type current meters (with
rotating element) (A.OTT) from the boat, from the bridge or by wading.
Both techniques belong to the velocity-area method. One of the outputs (in both methods) is
also the cross-profile measured.
5.2.2. Measuring equipment in Slovakia
ADCP measurements
The ADCP measurements on Danube are usually made from a boat. The measurement is
repeated at least 4 times in each profile, afterwards the results are checked. If all four
measurements fell into the given interval, the measurement can be finished and Agila 6.2
software provide from the inputs the number of outputs including the velocities, discharge,
cross profile, etc. If any of the four measurements is out of the interval, it is excluded from a set
and one more measurement is made.
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Measuring equipment:
ADP SONTEK MINI (SONTEK),
ADCP STREAM PRO (RD INSTRUMENTS),
ADCP RIVER RAY (RD INSTRUMENTS)
Software:
WINRIVER I, WINRIVER II (RD INSTRUMENS)
RIVER SURVEYOR 4.3 (SONTEK)
AGILA 6.2
The SonTek/YSI ADP (Acoustic Doppler Profiler)
is a high-performance, 3-axis (3D) water current profiler that is accurate, reliable, and easy
to use. The ADP uses state-of-the-art transducers and electronics designed to reduce sidelobe interference problems that plague other current profilers. This allows the ADP to make
the very near-boundary (surface or bottom) current measurements critical to shallow water
applications. The 1.5 and 3.0-MHz profilers are available as Mini-ADPs featuring a compact
transducer head designed for applications where small size is critical.
Fig. 4 The SonTek/YSI ADP (Acoustic Doppler Profiler
The profiler combines proved technology of acoustic Dopplers´s effect with software facility
dedicated to OS WINDOWS.
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Fig.5 Processing of measurement by ADP
Propeller type current meter measurements
Velocity is observed at one or more points in each vertical by counting revolutions of the rotor
during a period of not less than 60 second and as long as three minutes if velocities are
pulsating.
Fig.6 Current meter
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In larger rivers such as Danube and Morava the measurements by propeller type current
meters are made by five-point method, i.e. the point flow velocity measurements are made in
five points in each vertical – close to the bottom, in 0,2; 0,4; 0,8 relative depths and close to the
water surface. The optimum number of the verticals is 15 to 20; the minimum recommended
number is 8. The measurements are usually made from the bridge, using trolley with reeler and
propeller with a weight. The weights are used 25 kg, 50 kg or 100 kg according to the actual
velocities and depths. This procedure indicates that in comparison with ADCP measurements,
the method requires much more physical work and capacity and it is much more timeconsuming.
Measuring equipment: propeller tool set (A. OTT)
Software: PDAwin
5.2.3. Interval of measurements in Slovakia
The recommended frequency of measurements: 6-times/year; in selected international
profiles the number of measurements according to bilateral agreements (common
measurements).
List of water-gauging stations with discharge measurements on river Danube
Water-gauging station
river km
Interval of measurement
Bratislava - Devín
1879,80
9* + 2
Bratislava
1868,75
6-8
Dobrohošť
1838,50
5* + 1
Medveďov-most
1806,30
9* + 2
Komárno-most
1767,80
9* + 2
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5.2.4. River bed measurements in Slovakia
For monitoring of the Danube waterway is on OZ Bratislava responsible department of
morphological monitoring. Monitoring of the Danube can be divided into monitoring of the
riverbed morphology and discharge and current measurement.
5.2.5. Monitoring of the riverbed in Slovakia
To monitor the Danube riverbed we use technology of echo – sounding of the river
bottom in combination with the determination of position using GPS instruments. We use
"single beam Sounding System, which provides data of sufficient density and accuracy for our
needs. Measurements are performed in transverse profile with the necessary density,
measured data are reduced to reference level and through 3D models are created water depth
izolines.
Measuring equipment and measurement methods:
1992 - 2007:
-
Vessel:
Nordica Nimbus 29 C (2 x Volvo Penta), Quicksilver 380
-
Echo sounder: Atlas Deso 22 (210 kHz )
-
Position sounding : motorized TS + polar track
2001 - 2006:
-
Vessel: Nordica Nimbus 29 C (2 x Volvo Penta), Quicksilver 380
-
Echo sounder: Atlas Deso 22 (210 kHz ), Atlas Deso 15 200 kHz
-
Position sounding: GPS Trimble Pathfinder
-
System: Navisound 100 PC
Since 2007:
-
New vessel - Targa 25.1 (Volvo Penta 6V 330ph)
-
Quicksilver 380 HD (Mercury 15)
-
Echo sounder: Kongsberg EA 400 200 kHz + 200 kHz
Kongsberg EA 400 200kHz + 38 kHz
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-
Transducer: Kongsberg Combi D 38/200kHz
Kongsberg 200 7F, 200 kHz
-
GPS:
3xTrimble 4000 ssi
Trimble R8 GNSS
2 xTrimble Trimtalk 450s
Trible DSM 232
-
Software:
Kongsberg EA400, Profile 2000, SSM
Trimble GeomaticOffice
Microstation V8 XM, InRoads
Fig.2: vessel Targa 25.1
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Fig.3: vessel Quicksilver 380 HD
Fig.4: measuring system for sounding (base, echo sounder, transducer, GPS Trimble)
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For monitoring of the Danube we are making use the vessel Targa, for meassuring of the
shallow waters we use rubber boat. Both vessels are equipped with GPS Trimble R8 GNSS,
which operates under the RTK (real time kinematic). If the GPRS service is available, we use a
network of reference stations SKPOS provided Geodetic and Cartographic Institute. If not, we
use own reference station "Base station" Trimble 4000ssi. We use technology PDGPS.
For meassuring of water depth we use echo-sounder Kongsberg - Simrad EA400 with
appropriate software combined with Konsberg Combi D transducer 38/200kHz or Konsberg 200
7F, 200 kHz.
5.2.6. Frequency of monitoring of the river bed in Slovakia
We are doing monitoring of the Danube in different intervals. Border zones are
monitored by engagement of the border commision’s working groups. Joint section of the
Danube with Hungarian Republic (1708,2 – 1811,0) are monitored every two years. These
section is divided into two parts 1708.2 - 1749.00 rkm and 1749.00 – 1811,00 rkm. Monitoring
of these sections is exchange every two years. The section of the „original riverbed” of the
Danube is monitored by mutual agreement of both countries. Measurements have two
countries exchange in WGS-84 coordinate system, format .txt and then evaluate them. Density
of measured profiles is 50m. There is a problem with Hungary, we haven’t measured identical
profiles and then we are not able to compare changes in the riverbed in individual profiles.
Common section with Austria we monitor once a year (rkm 1880.2 - 1872.7), data are
evaluated and treated on the department of morphological monitoring, and Austria receives
only a paper version. Density of measured profiles is 50m.
Nacional section is monitored once a year, and evaluate process is done on morfological
monitoring department, and serves for internal use. Density of measured profiles is 50m.
VD Gabčíkovo (reservoir Hrušov, artificial canal) is monitored every 2 - 3 year (where
necessary). Density of measured profiles is 100m.
In addition to periodic monitoring of the Danube riverbed we perform sounding on the
purpose of dredging - dredging site is monitored during dredging and after dredging is finished.
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We also carry out a more detailed sounding of the Danube riverbed for the purposes of drawing
up projects, civil engineering, if the results of periodic soundings are not sufficient for
completion of studies and project documentation.
Applied technology and measuring equipment is possible to achieve very accurate
results (a few cm) but the movement of ships and the conditions during the measurement
accuracy degrades
5.2.7. Data processing in Slovakia
Processing and utilization of meassured data is as follows. Meassured points of the
riverbed in WGS84 are transformed into national coordinate system S-JTSK ( x, y, z). Data are
loaded into MSInroads and then we create DTM of the riverbad and DTM of „regulation low
water level”. By intersection of these models are generate isolines reduced to HNRV (regulation
low water level). The result of the processing and evaluation of data is izoline plan of measured
section of the Danube. Plan contains the measured points in each river bed profile reduced to
HNRV (regulation low water level) and isolines.
Then the processed results of sounding were subsequently loaded into the ORACLE
database through GeoMedia software, and serve as a basis for creating other mapping products
needed for the maintenance of fairway or for navigation. Based on this data we are working –
out „Project for dredging of the Danube”,
"Electronic navigation map" and "Project of
signalization fairway."
Side scaner as an additional monitoring
In 2009 we purchased the side scanner for purpose of to search wrecks and other
obstacles in the fairway. Outputs of the side scanner will serve to further complement the
monitoring of critical sections of the waterway. Currently, this device is in the testing phase, we
tested it yet on the measurement of port pool in Bratislava and Komarno ship yard. Side
scanner is with special bracket attached to the vessel Targa 25.1, during the measuring are data
monitored and subsequently processed by software SSM (Software for Sidescan Mosaiking)
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Fig.5: Side scaner
Discharge and current measurement
Measurement speed and flow rate on the Danube is officially in filled SHMI. The project
tasks and studies we are obliged to do on base of data SHMI, but sometime we need
measurements in profiles where not data (there are not water gauges) are. In this case we use
own measuring system ADCP (Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler).
The ADCP measures water currents with sound, using a principle of sound waves called the
Doppler Effect.
ADCP measuring system was purchased in 2009, it is still in test phase, and has been used for
specific project tasks (for hydrodynamic model) in the VD Gabcikovo and arm system.
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Fig. 6: ADCP measuring system
5.3. Hungary – general information
5.3.1. Riverbed measurement in Hungary
To secure the continuous operation of the waterway and the conditions of safe navigation it is
necessary
to survey the riverbed topography continuously,
to certify the survey results,
to develop the institutional and legislative environment of operation,
to create and operate an up-to-date marking system of fairway, as well as
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to minimise the period of limiting the navigation – hydraulic engineering interventions,
construction of engineering structures, hydrological regime situations coupled with ice
phenomena - (irrespective of riverbed morphology causes).
The topographical conditions of the riverbeds/basins of rivers, lakes and reservoirs develop and
change because of hydrological and hydraulic processes, fist of all as a result of natural
morphological processes (erosion, sedimentation). Tracing the changes differs in the Hungarian
section of the Danube. The survey happens annually in the common Slovak-Hungarian section,
while there is a five-year frequency in the section between Szob and the Southern state
frontier. The surveys, performed alongside the transversal sections nearly perpendicularly to
the main bed, are not suitable for demonstrating depth/height anomalies between the two
surveyed transversal sections; therefore the time-frequency as well as the area-density of the
surveys must be increased for marking the safe fairway.
Recording the actual status and tracing the changes is possible by using a survey system
that is able to demonstrate the topographical state of the aquifert accurately (recording
depth/height anomalies even of the slightest extension), with its geodesic reliability (height
measuring error) being below ± five cm.
The main bed morphological characteristics of the Hungarian section of the Danube
show significant temporal and spatial variations. The former determines the repeated survey
cycles of riverbed topography, while the latter the frequency and method of detection.
The morphological changes of the main riverbed has a higher speed in certain sections
than the present survey cycle, which means that the fairway marking plans are not made in line
with the actual riverbed topography in many cases. The spatial density of the surveys is not
sufficient either, since the profile density (of mainly approx. 100 metres) is not suitable for
detecting the dangerous depth/height anomalies in the sections characterised by shallow fords,
hazardous for navigation.
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5.3.2. Types of used equipment for measurement in Hungary
Recording the riverbed status take place alongside the transversal profiles (free of depth/height
anomalies) of the river (of approx. 100 m distance from each other) in the “prismatic” section,
and at the bars of gravel material (to the distance of 20-50 metres from each other), with single
beam ultrasonic riverbed survey method. A multi-beam survey system is used for surveying the
shallow fords of marl and rock material with frequent depth/height anomalies (hazardous for
navigation). Both surveying systems have been installed in VITUKI’s survey vessel (Fig. HU-10),
with the following units:
Fig. HU-10: Survey vessel of VITUKI
Single beam system (Fig. HU-11.and HU-12.)
o AGA Geodimeter ATS PT type robot survey station (Swedish product),
determining the position of the survey vessel at the moment/at any time. When
surveying the riverbed, the detecting instrument on the riverbank is able to
stipulate the position of the moving vessel with the accuracy of ±5 cm,
o MARIMATECH E-Sea Sound 103 type ultrasonic depth-measurer (Danish
instrument), surveying and drawing the riverbed profile, also displaying the
measured deepness/height figures digitally, in a cm sharpness,
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o VYNER-MAGENTA
type
data-transmission
equipment
(English
device)
transmitting the position data measured by the positioning equipment on the
bank to the computer located on the ship,
o Pentium III on-board computer with devices, collecting, storing and processing
the data transmitted from the positioning equipment on the bank and from the
ultrasonic depth-measuring device (layout plan, longitudinal and transversal
profile). It writes the collected data to a diskette for further processing. Its
devices are an A/3 sized coloured plotter, printer, and a coloured monitor.
o Another device is the navigation monitor, placed in front of the skipper, where
the pre-planned survey network can be displayed as well. The cursor shows the
present position of the survey vessel, therefore the skipper of the ship is able to
travel alongside the survey line without any control from the bank.
Fig. HU-11: Display of ultrasonic
Fig. HU-12: AGA ATS PT type robot survey
depth survey equipment
station and data transmission equipment
The above system has been used by VITUKI for some 15 years for surveying transversal
sections. The multi beam system that was installed in the vessel in 2006 is the product of the
Norwegian company KONSGERG Maritime AS, but a number of Western-European
subcontractors participated in its development.
Multi beam system (Fig. HU-13)
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o EM 3002 D double measuring head and processing unit, surveying the riverbed
with 504 survey beams.
o SVP sensor, measuring the ultrasound velocity.
o AGA Geodimeter ATS PT type robot survey station, serving for measuring the
position of the survey vessel at present/at any time.
o VYNER-MAGENTA type radio data transmitting equipment (an English device),
transmitting the position data measured by the positioning equipment on the
bank on to the vessel.
o Sepath 200 GPS receiver pair and its processing unit, recording the changes in
the direction of the vessel’s rostrum.
o MRU-5, surveying the tilt and bow of the vessel, as well as the rate of undulation
o HWS-10 type hydrographical survey station, for the synchronous recording of the
data of the above units.
o SIS survey software, controlling and checking the survey process.
o NEPTUN SW pre-processing program, for screening the detected data and
integrating the overlapping measuring.
o CFLOOR data processing program, for producing relief map out of the screened
and integrated data, for designing longitudinal and transversal profiles.
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B
C
A
Fig. HU-13:
A. Workstation of the operator
B. Single- and double head data recording and control units
C. Double measuring head
5.3.3. Processing of data in Hungary
The collected hydrographical data are processed – according to the survey method and
goal -with different methods and different (hardware and software) tools.
The goal of the surveys is:
-
hydrological charts for an entire river or lake in the series Hydrological Atlas (published
since 1961 regularly),
-
printed navigation charts (published by the Danube Commission for the international
navigation),
-
fairway marking (buoyancy) plans,
-
status reports on the morphologic changes ( definition of erosion and sediment
stretches, definition of the volume changes of the riverbed, in order to prepare
prevention or operative measures – e.g. diverted Danube stretch in the Szigetköz, river
stretch affected by the nuclear power plant Paks),
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-
local surveys (detailed survey of shorter river stretches for local regulation plans, survey
of riverbank profiles for harbours/ports, survey of the riverbed along crossing pipelines,
etc.)
-
creation of Inland Electronic Navigation Chart (IENC)
The method of survey can be
-
single beam profiling
-
multibeam scanning
The selection of the equipment depends on the morphologic status of the riverbed, the
material of the riverbed, as well as the above mentioned goal of the survey (thematic of the
material to be produced as a result of the processing).
Processing of the survey data according to the survey method
-
with own-developed processing programmes
-
with professional software programmes
For the preparation of the hydrological atlas the surveys are made with the single-beam
system, from shoreline to shoreline, with cross-profile distance of 100 m. The raw material of
the survey is processed with own-developed software. First the checking and filtering of the
measured data is made (deleting false electromagnetic and ultrasound pings). We order the
filtered data into files based on the profiles (profile-wise) and upload them into the database.
Using these data we create contour-line charts of the mean-water part of the riverbed edited
with special own-developed software designed in long and cross direction different density of
data. The cartographic editing of the charts is made with Bentley MicroStation.
The surveys for the printed navigation charts for the Danube Commission have been
made (before 2005) with the single-beam survey system. The method and tools of the
processing (surveys, post processing) were the same, as at the hydrologic atlas.
The fairway marking (buoyancy) plans, supporting the inland and international
navigation on the Danube are made annually. The frequency of the surveys is described in
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1.4.1. The method and tools of the processing (surveys, post processing) were the same, as at
the hydrologic atlas.
The reference level of the processing the depth data for the navigation and buoyancy is
the low navigable water level. The frequency of survey is determined by the changes in the
water regime (after flood).
Since 2006 we have been operating our multi-beam survey system (EM 3002). The
processing of the data is made with the manufacturer’s programme (Kongsberg Maritime) in
several steps. The Neptun software serves the pre-processing; the correction of the multi-beam
data, data-cleaning and statistical analysis. For the correction of the errors deriving from
heading, heave, roll, pitch and the time shift of position there is made with other auxiliary
software. The post processing – depending on the type of task – performed with the CFOOR,
SURFER 9 and ARCGIS 9.3 programme packages. We started the survey of the most critical
sections (for example shallow sections) with this new equipment and method.
In order to check the morphologic changes of the riverbed we use multitemporal surveys in the
same sections. These surveys are done mostly with single-beam method in the same crossprofiles each year. The method and tools of the post processing were the same, as at the
hydrologic atlas, but the end material are elevation contour maps and difference contoured
sheets.
For the creating of Inland Electronic Navigation Charts (IENC) we have only experimental
methods at the moment. We use the same data coming from the database like the buoyancy
plan. The creating of the IENC needs a high quality error checked data. The preliminary
workflow is the following: From the database we receive raw depth contours in ArcView SHP
format. We check and clear the data with AutoCAD Civil 3D (correcting over and undershots,
overlapping segments, generalising and smoothing). We export the data into MapInfo software
for area checking. From this database we create raw depth contours in 7CB format with owndeveloped software. We import this data into the ENC Designer. With the ENC Designer’s built
in tools we check the depth contours again and collecting the “border” of the depth area
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(coastlines, shoreline constructions etc.). Using the collected data we create depth areas from
depth contours. With different ENC checking tools (ENC Optimiser and Analyser) we check the
depth contours. After finishing the depth data we merge the depth data with the “normal” ENC
containing all other shipping related data. We need a lot of manual work after merging
“stiching” together the two types of data.
5.4. Serbia – general information
5.4.1. River bed measurements in Serbia
Hydrographic (bathymetric) survey is the process of gathering information about navigable
waterways for various purposes such as: safe navigation, dredging, planning of the engineering
works, etc.
The hydrographic survey of international navigable waterways in Serbia is the task that
is performed by Directorate for Inland Waterways “Plovput”. Survey on the Danube, Sava, and
Tisza rivers are being performed annualy.
5.4.2. Types of used equipment for measurement in Serbia
For the hydrographic survey Plovput uses three vessels:
1. MB “EHO” – engine power 2x103kW, with auxiliary engine 20.5kW, (Figure 12);
2. MB “EHO II” – engine power 2x62kW, with auxiliary engine 8kW, (Figure 13);
3. Speedboat– 5 m long, with engine power 37kW, (Figure 14).
MB “EHO” is equipped with 200kHz transducer, with echo-sounder Marimatech E-SEA SOUND
103.
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Figure 13: MB “EHO II”
Figure 12: MB “EHO”
Figure 14: Speedboat
MB “EHO II” is equipped with 200kHz transducer, with echo-sounder Navi Sound RESON 200.
Speedboat has two 200kHz transducers, with echo-sounder Marimatech E-SEA SOUND 103, and
portable equipment for single beam measurements. Precision of the echo-sounder is 1cm +/0.1% of measured depth.
Two global positioning systems (GPS) are being used, depending on the vessel where they are
installed:
Marimatech GPS-RTK with precision of +/- 20cm,
Trimble DGPS-RTK 5700 with precision of +/- 2cm.
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The reference coordinate system used for all geographical data in Serbia is the State
Geographical Coordinate System (Gauss–Krüger Zone 7).
Since April 2001, Plovput is equipped with Atlas’s Fansweep 20 multibeam survey system. It has
been used for the detailed survey of critical river sections. It is mounted on the MB “EHO II”
vessel.
Figure 15: Multibeam survey of Apatin sector
5.4.3. Data processing in Serbia
Before the beginning of survey, coordinates of boundary points of cross-sections should
be entered into the specialized software. Survey tracks follow those predefined profiles.
Depth (z) and location data (x, y) are transferred to the specialized software for
hydrographic survey – “Masterchart”. The software synchronizes data constantly, so that the
boat location is known in real time.
Information on the speed of sound in water is determined using the information
provided by the SVP (sound velocity profiler) device. Differential GPS station is mounted on the
solid ground, at the reference point with known geographic coordinates. The base station is
connected with the boat by radio signal, sending information on differential correction,
providing the required accuracy for the performed survey.
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Depth information is obtained using the time necessary for ultrasound waves to travel
from the echo-sounder to the river bottom and back. Two sounders are mounted on the boat.
One is set to send the signal, and another to receive it. Such system provides depth
measurements of 30cm below the eco-sounder, and 50 cm below the water surface. This setup
is of importance for surveys in shallow waters.
Data on depth and location are synchronized in real-time, and information stored in
ASCII format in the form of x, y (position) and z (depth) coordinates. Water stages are measured
and updated every couple of hours, in relation to the reference point. After completion of the
surveys, the quality control is being performed, spikes removed, and data stored into the
database with cleaned x, y, z coordinates for each of the cross sections.
5.4.4. Long-time data elaboration in Serbia
Establishment of the cross-sectional database is of a great importance for analysis of
navigable waterways in Serbia. This database, developed completely by Plovput’s engineers, is
in use for almost 10 years, (Figure 16).
Figure 16: Cross-sectional database interface
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Figure 17. Analysis of critical sector
This database provides necessary information for the analysis of the condition of the
waterway (Figure 17), comparison of cross-sectional data surveyed in different years (Figure
18), etc.
Figure 18: Comparison of surveyed cross-sections (Sava River, surveys 2004 and 2009)
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5.5. Bulgaria – general information
5.5.1. River bed measurements in Bulgaria
The river bed measurements of the Bulgarian section of the river are performed by an
expert team in the Hydrotechnical and Projects Department within the Executive Agency for
Exploration and Maintenance of the Danube River.
Every year detailed hydrographical surveys of the critical sections are performed during
the low water periods. If necessary, these sections are measured twice a year. Complete
topographical and hydrographical surveys of the entire Bulgarian-Romanian section of the
Danube River are performed every ten years not including the cases when it is needed. The last
complete surveys were performed in the period 2004 – 2005. In order to monitor the
hydrotechnical facilities (in the area of Ruse – Giurgiu Bridge) surveys are performed twice a
year – during high and low water levels.
5.5.2. Types of used equipments for measurements in Bulgaria
The surveying is done with the measurement positioning DGPS Novatell with positioning
accuracy ±0.30 m and a single-beam echo sounder Marimatech with measurement accuracy
±0.01 m. Combining of the measurements is immediately done with the HydroNavigation
module of the software product Trimble HidroPRO 1.0, which is installed on a laptop.The data is
acquired and digitally stored in MS Excel and *.ТХТ formats. They are also entered in the data
base server of the Agency. The information gathered for every site is stored in a special register
as well.
5.5.3. Processing of data in Bulgaria
The follow-up processing of data is done at the office using the HidroEdit module
(Trimble HidroPRO 1.0), through which the gross measurement errors are removed and the
necessary corrections regarding water temperatures and others are entered in the data.
The numerical terrain model is elaborated with the software packages AutoDesk Land Desktop
3.0 and Pythagoras. The terrain is displayed by levels and/or depths and the respective lines
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(horizontal and isolines) related to zero elevation of the closest gauge station on the Bulgarian
riverbank and taking into account the incline of the water surface.
The so called Danube polygon is formed along the entire Bulgarian riverbank. The
polygonal points are within the Bulgarian national coordinate and height systems. They are
included in the National triangulation network. Currently EAEMDR is initiating a project related
to the update of the supporting network for topo-hydrographic measurements for applying the
GPS technology. The DGPS technology helps the survey needs by allowing the determination of
additional supporting points for the referent station at locations which are suitable for the
survey.
5.6. Romania – general information
5.6.1. River bed measurements in Romania
One of the main hydrographical activities is the river bed measurements. They are performed
by particular surveys to determine the depth. Measurements to determine depth includes two
data acquisition systems: single-beam and multi-beam echosounder.
The detailed river bottom measurements are made generally performed four-five times per
year. They are made with single and multi beam equipment and mounted on specialized
vessels. In critical areas and into the passage difficult they are execute monthly by signalisation
vessels with single beam equipment. In periods of extreme levels or when there are frequent
changes of riverbed, teams are located in areas difficult measurements to monitor the areas
concerned.
5.6.2. Types of used equipments for measurements in Romania
The river bed measurements are made using echo-sounders. For this work we are using
two systems: single-beam and multi-beam echo-sounders.
The single-beam system is a simpler and faster processing is used for shallow water
areas, for controlling the depths with signalisation ships, for measurements in harbour areas
(because of obstacles), for winter basins and channels, secondary branch,etc.
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mounted in the bow of ships or in one of the board.
When we use the single-beam system the measurements are done by crossed profiles
with equidistant different depending on needs (25m, 50m, 100m).The system uses GPS
technology, software acquisition and processing , echo-sounder and sound velocity profiles.
The measurements are made using Atlas Deso 350 –dual channel 33-210 KHz(depth range
600m; accuracy-0.01m) or Odom Hydrotrac (single channel).
Figure 4: single-beam echosounder (Atlas)
For positioning we are using Trimble DSM 232 /Trimble SPS 750 ( RTK, DGPS, GPS) and
Omnistar 3200 (DGPS). For data acquisition and processing –Hypack 2008.
The system multibeam we are using him for detailed measurements, determination
sized sailing line, execution profile longitudinal for Danube, determining obstacles, engineering
works, works on the bridges, etc. For this type of measurement we use equipment Atlas
Fansweep 20, which is fixed and installed by special vessels (Donaris). For the sector of the
Danube 1075 km we have a number of such ships, three (two for river and one is maritime wich
work and for Sulina bar). This ships are equipped and singlebeam equipment (Atlas), Radar Pilot
720 and boats for making measurements in areas with shallow water. For positioning we are
using Trimble DSM 232 /Trimble SPS 750 ( RTK, DGPS, GPS) and Omnistar 3200 (DGPS). For data
acquisition and processing –Hypack Max 2008.
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For a higher accuracy we use motion sensors (TSS-DMS 3-01 for peach, heave and roll) ,
RTK positioning (base station and rover) and differential correction.
For river bed measurements we have three ships (Donaris I, II and III) with multibeam
system and seven singlebeam systems mounted on other vessels.
Figure 5: survey vessel (Donaris)
-equipments on board (Donaris):
-singlebeam Atlas Deso 350
-software Hypack.
-multibeam Atlas fansweep 20
-Radar pilot 720
-motion sensor TSS DMS 3-05
-internet connection
-GPS Trimble DSM 232/Trimble SPS 750
-printer
-motorola GM360-VHF radio (for RTK)
-sound velocity – Odom/SVC 300
5.6.3. Processing of data in Romania
After the work of field data collection, data should be processed. Depending on the
method chosen for measurement, there are two ways of processing: from single-beam data
collected and the multi-beam system.
In general, measurements with single-beam is accomplished by making cross sections
and the need to complete and a few longitudinal profiles. For the survey, before, should be
preparing an action plan that includes a base with profiles drawn.
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Figure 6: single-beam raw data
Both sets of data collected are processed by Hydrographic software Hypack .
For processing the raw data are over several steps :
Figure 7: Workflow for process single-beam data
- first, all single-beam data should be run for apply tide and sound velocity corrections;
- examine quality (manual corrections or filter applied), output bad data and edit cleaned data;
- run the single beam editor statistics – can overlayng previous survey beam data;
- sorted sounding- a optional program that reduce the data in an attempt to speed the final
product;
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- calculation for TIN (triangulation irregular network) model – connect three soundings to
represent a surface, interpolated soundings (figure 7) and export files (contour lines, 3D files,
2D files, ASCII files, CAD systems files,etc);
Figure 8: interpolated soundings
After this, the data can be analyze and can be use for determine the gauges navigation and
many others information. The single-beam system is a cheaper way for surveys, because is need
for less time to measure and process the raw data.
The processing of multi-beam data is done by the same software Hypack. The procedure
involves a few steps for output data:
- check that all sensors are working (GPS, motion sensors, RTK tides, etc);
- swath editing – review line – by-line (filtering, cleared data and editing );
- area based editing and output data;
- save, create TIN model (remove unwanted triangles, modify edit tin) and computation for a
DTM, after calculate and export data (depth polygons, 3D files, 2D files, ASCII files, CAD systems
files,etc) – figure 9.
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Figure 9: topohydrographical chart in Calafat area
All these operations are carried out with Hypack software and AutoCAD. We are producing
charts in different scales (bathymetric, topohydrographical, profiles, etc) – figure 9.
5.7. Romania – Danube-Black See – general information
5.7.1. River bed measurements in Danube-Black See canal
The maintenance of fairway suppose to maintain the wet section of the canals in limits
of the designed parameters through periodic dredging of alluvial material deposits by water
taken from the Danube and rising from hidrographic basin.
In The Rules of operation and maintenance of navigable canals are included articles
regarding dredging works, which will be executed in order to maintain the wet section of
canals between the designed parameters.
Dredging periods will be established so that solid deposits on the bottom of canals does
not exceed thickness of 1 m ... max 1.25 m for the Danube Black Sea Canal and 0,75 m ... max 1
m for Poarta Alba-Midia Navodari Canal.
In these line, ACN performs regulary hidrographical measurements , check the channel
section, especially the fairway in junction area of the canal wih Danube River and the entire
route, including the attachament areas of the tributary valleys to the canals.
Hydrographic measurements is essential to be realised at least once a year, completely
on both canals, and in critical points, where are solid deposits, whenever is necessary.
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During the dredging period the measurements has to be realised every month.
Responsible
for
this
activity
is
ACN
through
Measurement-UCC
office.
Data from hydrographic measurements are used to:
-
Determining the volume of water
-
Determine the necessary volume for dredging /dredging reported in report with a
project level
-
By comparison with previous measurements (systematic measurements) we can
track deposits areas and areas with erosion and can be estimated volume and
length of them
- If a statistical set of successive measurements is available it can be adopt different
models of prediction
Acquisition and data processing
The coordinate system used is ellipsoidal geographic coordinate system WGS 84.
The advantages by using this sistem is:
Portability of geographic data (import-export facilities in various GIS platforms,
exchange information with hydrographic autorities, design and research
institutes from the country and from abroad
Possibility of making repeated measurements on the same routes for systematic
tracking of the evolution of land covered by water
Minimum error in processing
Low costs of production (does not require network support are local-global
coordinates)
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Defining of the land line breaks
In order to carry out hydrographic measurements and digital maps it is necessary to be
determined ,first,the line of land and main constructions (the quays corners, the limits of dams,
buildings, signs and others)
Sailing Routes
On the digital map containing land line it is indicated: navigation routes (the limits of proposed
dredging area) for collecting hydrographic datas.
Navigation
routes
have
to
form
a
rectangular
grid
with
constant
step.
In the network nodes it will be verified the accuracy of the depth measured by ultrasound.
Density routes will be chosen depending on future design needs. For a detailed edification the
recommended equidistance is between 5-10 m and for a large areas edification with relatively
linear bottom configuration is recommended an equidistance between 25-100 m.
In present, in ACN hydrographic measurements are runing by a motor boat equipped
with the following equipment:
- ecosounder transducer mount on the boat, sank at least 30 cm into the water
- WADGPS antenna mounted on the vertical transducer
- Ecosonda and WADGPS receiver for real time transmission of the position / depth to a PC unit
-Portable computer whereupon is coupled the transducer and GPS
-Navigation and online data acquisition program
ACN is developing a project of implementation for a complete hydrographic measurements
system on navigable canals.
The system includes two components:
-
A relatively small vessel size (length 15 to 16 m, width 5m, 1 m maximum depth,
autonomy for 10 hours). On the main deck of the ship it will be located a control
cabin and a cabin for measuring work activity;
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-
A group of equipments and softwares necessary to manage the informations
submitted by the equipments, the processing of them , the calculation of water and
dredged materials volums, processing the datas.
The set contains the following components:
-hydroacoustic system for depth measuring ;
-hydroacoustic system for profiling the layers of sediments;
- accurately positioning system;
- motion sensors;
- processing unit with the necessary programs, software programs necessary for the
preparation and execution of hydroacoustic research;
-programs required for final processing.
5.7.2. Discharge and current measurements in Danube-Black See canal
The main bottleneck on the waterways administrated by ACN is the confluence of the
Danube river with Danube - Black Sea Canal, because of solid deposits accumulated on bottom
of the canal, in this area.
In accordance with the existing studies, solid flow considered initially that will be seek
on the bottom is about 340.000 cubic meters per year wherefrom 200.000 cubic meters per
year is coming from suspension in water taken from the Danube and filed the first part of the
canals and 140.000 cubic meters per year is coming from the tributary valleys and deposited
into the canal,in connection area with these valleys.
Due to the hydrological state of the Danube, the carrying silt and inclusiv of morphological
characteristics of the Danube at the confluence with the canal was changed, so that in the area
has been a continuous process of accumulation of deposits, including on the I stream .
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At this moment the only solution is dredging.
Dredging works are realised by keeping traffic open at least one way of navigation with
corresponding signalization. The navigation dispatcher of ACN has the responsability to
comunicate to each skipper, the existing dredging works
and its position. Performer is
announced by radio, for the ship or convoy departure time and about the time it arrives in the
area.
The navigation dispatcher of ACN has the responsability to notify the seafarers, by
notification, all changes on sailing conditions.
Taking into acount the hidrographic measurements that was realised last years by ACN ,
for the next 3 years are estimated to be dredged about 500,000 cubic meters per year.
For the sediments dredging from the inland waterways can be used in on acceptable
economic terms, the following :
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-ladder dredger
-absorbent dredger
-dredger with cranes or floating cranes equipped with claw
-Mobile cranes equipped with claw, located on the pontoon crane
-ballast dredger
The executor can use any other equipments, by keeping the conditions imposed by
„Dredging technology on the navigable canals“. In the water,oil or gas pipes area and the
related slopes area will be not use absorbent dredger.
The executor can do the dredging works with other types of equipments, only with the
approval of the general designer of the waterways.
We present below some of the characteristics of dredging machines built in Romania.
Ladder dredger features:
 Productivity: 750mc
 Dimensions: length-65 m, width = 11.50 m
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 Maximum depth of dredging-22 m
 Minimum depth of dredging-8m
 Dredging-capacity of 750 m³ / h
Floating crane features:
Length-27.40 M
width- 16, 00 m
The hook-loading - maximum 10 tonnes
Lifting height from water level-20 m
Underwater immersion level -8 m
Maximum opening of arm -27 m
Minimum opening arm -8m
Absorbent dredger
a) Lungime- 25- 30 m,
b) width = 17.00 m
c) Maximum depth of dredging-8, 00 m
d) Minimum depth of dredging-2, 50 m
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6 LEGISLATIVE MEASURES – GENERAL INFORMATION
6.1. Austria – general information
The tasks and duties of via donau are defined in the Waterway Act (Federal Law
Gazette177/2004 of 30.12.2004). The company is mainly responsible for the administration of
federal waterways, the development of inland waterway transport and the operation of
navigation information systems (RIS).
Monitoring network and warning system:
The information about current fairway depths is very important for navigational purposes. The
development of a monitoring and warning system for shallow water areas is within the scope of
the customer-specific waterway management system.
The goal is to elaborate a work flow, including continuous control measurements, generating
plans and publishing of the depth information on the website.
Transboundary cooperation:
In addition to the bilateral discharge measurements together with Slovakia and the Czech
Republic the hydrographic team measures “evidence profiles” at the river March. For this
reason 66 river cross profiles are defined, there from 13 profiles include the floodplains. The
amount of work is divided between Slovakia and Austria, because these measurements are
done within the scope of the Austrian-Slovakian Cross Border Commission every ten years.
6.2. Slovakia – general information
6.2.1. Institutional and Legislative Measures in Slovakia
Slovak Water Management Enterprise
Under the Constitution of the Slovak Republic, all water bodies are owned by the state.
The Slovak Water Management Enterprise (in Slovak, Slovenský vodohospodársky podnik) is a
state-owned organisation dedicated to the satisfaction of the public needs, public policies
concerning water bodies, water, and flood management and protection. The Slovak Water
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Management Enterprise is managed and controlled by the Ministry of the Environment of the
Slovak Republic, and is part of the Water Section.
The Slovak Water Management Enterprise manages all the stream networks in Slovakia,
except for little brooks and streams, which are not important from a water management point
of view. These are managed by the forest and agricultural authorities and in some areas by
municipal authorities. Flood protection is one of the major tasks of the Slovak Water
Management Enterprise.
Slovak Hydro-Meteorological Institute
The dominant mission of the Institute, which combines meteorological and hydrological
services, is:
monitoring the quantity and quality parameters characterising the state of the air and
waters in the Slovak territory
collection, validation, assessment, archiving and interpretation of data and information on
the state and regime of the air and waters
providing data and information on the state and its air and water regime
study and description of the atmosphere’s and hydrosphere’s phenomena.
ACTS supporting basic meteorological, hydrological data and water management
Act No. 201/2009 Coll. of Laws on State hydrological service and state meteorological service
State hydrological service and state meteorological service safeguard state through
Slovak Hydro-Meteorological Institute. Institute is corporate entity establish by Ministry of
Environment SR to provide monitoring, evaluation and achieving meteorological and
hydrological data.
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Act No. 7/2010 Coll. of Law on Flood protection
The Act contains the rules for permitted activities in the floodplains. The Flood
Protection Act and connected by lows will be amended in order to achieve accordance with
Directive 2007/60/EC of the European Parliament and the Council on the assessment and
management of flood risk. Regulations for activities in the floodplains are stricter in ongoing
proposal of the amended law.
The Water Act and the Flood Protection Act create a legal framework for regulation of
activities in the territories that are endangered by floods only. Neither from them has power to
order the modification of the land use or change of spatial plans.
6.3. Hungary – general information
6.3.1. For monitoring network in Hungary
The collection, systematization, forwarding, publication, exchange and storing of
hydrological, hydrographical data; the operation, maintenance and development of the
monitoring network and warning system are based on the following legislative basis:
In general:
Act LVII of 1995 on water management
Act LIII of 1995 on environment protection
GOVERNMENT DECREE 23 4/1996.(26.12) ABOUT THE AUTHORITY AND
MANAGEMENT DUTIES OF OVF (FORMER NAME OF VKKI) AN D THE
TERRITORIAL DIRECTORATES
Ministerial Decree 31/2004.(30.12) about the observation of the characteristic of the
surface waters
Legal background regulations defining the scope of duties of the administration organizations at
different levels:
- Ministry of Environment and Water (KvVM)
- Act LV. of 2006 about the listing of the ministries of the Hungarian Republic
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The ministry received the present scope of duties in connection with water in 2002, from the
reorganized Ministry of Transport, Communication and Water Management.
- Central Directorate for Water & Environment (VKKI)
The Central Directorate for Water and Environment (VKKI) was established on 1st April 2007
with a Modifying Deed of Foundation by the Minister of Environment and Water. The
organisation was created by the reorganisation of the direct predecessor of VKKI, the Centre of
Water Management and Library (Museum), i.e. by the modification of its scope of duties and
management system. VKKI is an autonomous organisation; its competence covers the whole
country, including the coordination and control of the directorates of environment and water
(KÖVIZIG). VKKI is operating under the control of the Minister of Environment and Water.
The directorates of environment and water (KÖVIZIG – in 12 places all around the country –
since 1953) are operating according to the modifying deed of foundation effective from
30.07.2008, on the basis of the government decree 15/2008 (30.01) modifying the former
government decree 347/2006. (23.12) about the assignment of organisations for authority and
management duties in environmental and nature protection and water.
The competent three directorates along the Danube:
- North –Trans-danubean Environment and Water Directorate
- ÉDU KÖVIZIG (Győr)
- Middle - Danube - Valley Environment and Water Directorate
-
KDV
KÖVIZIG
(Budapest)
- Lower – Danube - Valley Environment and Water Directorate
- ADU KÖVIZIG (Baja)
- Environmental and Water Management Research Institute Non-profit Ltd. (VITUKI kft.)
The foundation year of the predecessor of the organisation was 1952. VITUKI Kht. was
registered by the Registry Court – as general successor of VITUKI Rt. on 1st September 2004. At
the beginning of 2009 VITUKI Kht. was transformed into a non-profit limited company,
registered by the Registry Court on 23.02.2009 as VITUKI Non-profit Ltd.
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The founder of the organisation is the Hungarian State the proprietary rights are born by the
National Asset Management Council through the Hungarian State Holding Company. In the field
of water management the organisation is the only research centre dealing with several scopes
of science. It is performing the prominently public benefit activities on the basis of yearly
contracts with the Ministry of Environment and Water.
6.3.2. Warning systems in Hungary
The territorial organisation, management and operation of the protection, in case of
emergency concerning the damages caused by water and in the status of water – within that
the warning system – is performed by the district directorates (KÖVIZIG) according to the
government decree 232/1996 (26.12). In case of emergency the national coordination and
management is the task of the National Technical Management Body (OMIT) in the
headquarters of VKKI. The operation of the warning system is respecting the national and
international relations. VKKI is operating the Environmental Security Duty with national
competence, too (24/365).
The National Association of Radio Distress-signalling and Infocommunications
(Hungarian abbreviation is RSOE) – is a prominently public benefit organization. The Association
is in cooperation particularly with governmental administrations, or rather with organizations
which the latter have control over do those activities, with that according to the relating
regulations and agreements it constantly supports the work of the governmental sphere. It
performs its activity on the basis of a contract concluded with the Ministry of Transport,
Communication and Energy (KHEM). The activity is performed according to the constitution
modified on the latest general assembly on 24.05.2008.
In that frame RSOE is operating the NAVINFO Central Dispatcher Service and
Information Centre (24/365)
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6.3.3. Transboundary cooperation in Hungary
Figure HU-14: Hungary and its seven neighbouring countries
Hungary has seven neighbouring countries (Austria, Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania,
Republic of Serbia, Croatia and Slovenia - see Figure HU-14). On the state boundary stretches of
water and other waters and channels, or on the stretches where the state frontier crosses
them, the water management activity is effected on the basis of agreements on transboundary
waters. Hungary has got cooperation agreements (“Water Management Agreement”) with all
four (Austria, Slovakia, Croatia, Serbia) neighbouring countries along the Danube River.
The Agreements are in line with the valid international regulation, among others with:
the Belgrade convention of 18. August 1948 regarding the Regime of Navigation on the
Danube,
the Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and
International Lakes signed on 17.03.1992 in Helsinki,
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the Convention on the Transboundary Effects of Industrial Accidents signed on
17.03.1992 in Helsinki,
the regulations of the Sofia Convention on Cooperation for the Protection and
Sustainable Use of the Danube River signed on 29.06.1994,
the regulations of the European Agreement on Main Inland Waterways of International
Importance signed in Geneva on 19.01.1996.
Hungarian – Austrian relation:
Decree with legal force No. 32 of 1959: Agreement between the Austrian Republic and the
Hungarian People’s Republic concerning the regulation of the issues in water management.
The contact organisation is the Hungarian – Austrian Water Commission, its subcommittees,
and expert groups.
Hungarian – Slovak relation:
Agreement about the water management issues of the transboundary waters signed on 31. 05.
1976 in Budapest by the government of the Hungarian People’s Republic and the government of
the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic.
The contact organisation is the Hungarian – Slovakian Water Commission, its subcommittees,
and expert groups.
A new Agreement is being under preparation, about „The cooperation on common catchment
areas and transboundary waters between the Government of the Hungarian Republic and the
Government of the Slovak Republic”.
Hungarian – Croatian relation:
Agreement about the cooperation in water management issues signed on 10.06.1994 in Pécs
between the Government of the Hungarian Republic and the Government of the Croatian
Republic.
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The contact organisation is the Hungarian – Croatian Water management Commission, its
subcommittees, and expert groups.
Hungarian – Serbian relation:
The Agreement on water management issues signed on 08.08.1955 in Belgrade between the
Governments of the Hungarian People’s Republic and that of the Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia.
The contact organisation is the Hungarian – Serbian Water management Commission, its
subcommittees, and expert groups.
A new Agreement is being under preparation, about the cooperation on common catchment
areas and transboundary waters.
Beyond the bilateral ones, Hungary has a huge of multilateral connections with some
international organizations such as
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE),
International Commission for the Protection of Danube River (ICPDR),
Danube Commission (DC),
“Tisza Forum” (cooperation among Hungary, Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, Republic of
Serbia) etc.
In these bodies (within its commissions, subcommittees, expert groups, permanent and ad hoc
working groups) the Hungarian representatives are active participants.
The hydrographical (and the hydrological, of course) data collection, systematization,
forwarding, exchange; as well as the national monitoring network and warning system are
operated taking into consideration the decisions, understandings and recommendations of
these international organizations.
6.4. Serbia – general information
Activities performed by the RHMZ are defined by the number of laws. Most important
among them are:
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-
Law on Ministries, Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia 65/08
-
Water Law, Official Gazette RS 46/91, 53/93, 67/93, 48/94, 54/96
-
Law on Hydrometeorological Service of Interest for Whole Country, Official Gazette of
the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia No. 18/1988
-
Law on Protection Against Natural and Other Major Disasters, Official Gazette of the
Republic of Serbia, No. 20/77, 27/85, 6/89, 52/89, + 53/93, 67/93, 48/94 and 101/2005.
Other documents important for the field of flood protection are:
-
General Flood Defense Plan,
-
Flood Defense Action Plan, and
-
By-law on Establishment and Program of Works of Hydrometeorological Stations on the
Territory of Republic of Serbia, 2003.
International (sub-basin) co-operation is based on Serbia’s membership in the Danube Commission,
and on bilateral agreements with neighboring countries within the Danube River Basin. The former
Yugoslavia signed several bilateral and multilateral agreements and conventions governing the use
of the international waterways that form or cross national borders.
Some of these agreements are still in force (Table 2). Bilateral agreements governing
sustainable management of transboundary water resources are still not signed with Bosnia &
Herzegovina and Macedonia. The agreement on navigation on navigable waterways with
Republic of Croatia is in the ratification phase. The responsible Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry
and Water Management - Directorate for Water of Serbia has initiated extensive preparations
for the formulation of agreements and the commencement of a negotiation process with
neighboring countries, incorporating contemporary solutions and the best of international
practices. Such agreements are not only a precondition for the bilateral, but also for
multilateral cooperation.
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Table 2: Bilateral agreements and co-operation on transboundary waters
Rivers
Riparian
countries
Treaties
Year of
establishment
Danube, Tisza
Serbia
Hungary
Agreement between the governments of the
FPR of Yugoslavia and the PR of Hungary
regarding water management issues
1955
Serbia
Romania
Agreement between the governments of FPR
of Yugoslavia and the PR of Romania
concerning water engineering issues related
to boundary and transboundary systems and
watercourses
1955
Danube
(Iron Gate)
Serbia
Romania
Several agreements and conventions
governing the construction, operation and
maintenance of the Hydro Power and
Navigation System “Iron Gate”
1963, 1964,
1967, 1976,
1977, 1987,
and 1998.
Nisava, Timok
Serbia
Bulgaria
Agreement between the governments of the
FPR of Yugoslavia and the PR of Bulgaria
concerning water management issues
1958
Danube
Serbia
Croatia
Agreement between the governments of
Republic of Serbia and Republic of Croatia
concerning the navigation on navigable
waterways, their marking and maintenance
In the process
of ratification
Danube, Begej,
Tamis, and
other rivers in
Banat region
6.5. Bulgaria – general information
The Bulgarian law includes a number of measures regarding the management,
monitoring and preservation of the country’s waters. As a member-state of the EU, Bulgaria has
harmonized with the European legislation its national regulations in this respect.
Our country together with other countries is an active participant in the elaboration and
cooperation of policies, programs, and strategies for management and preservation of the cross
border waters.
On a national level the usage of waters and water sites is strictly regulated by the Law
for waters. In relation to that a special permissions regime has been foreseen. The water
management is performed at both national and basin level.
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Regarding the measurements the Law for measurements has a number of regulations
connected that regulate the ways and means for measurement performing as well as their
control and supervision. The purpose is to provide traceability, accuracy and reliability of
measurements, to guarantee their quality, the environment safety and the safety and health of
people.
In relation to that there is a rich sub-law normative base. One main example of that is
Regulation №5 for water monitoring dd. 23rd April, 2007.
6.6. Romania – general information
The "Lower Danube River Administration" Galati is a Romanian legal person operating as
autonomous administration under the authority of the Ministry of Transports and
Infrastructure of Romania, in compliance with the provisions of the Decision no. 492/2003 of
the Romanian Government and those of the international conventions and agreements in
which Romania is part and according to the provisions of the Convention Regarding the Regime
of the Navigation on the Danube.
To the European level there is a cross-border collaboration between countries by
international agreements concluded (Romania-Bulgaria; Romania-Serbia;Romania-Ucraina).
Romania is also member of the Danube Commission in Budapest.
Each country submits information about the navigational conditions in the section that it
is maintaining and is obliged to maintain and improve them. According to this Agreement a
Romania –Bulgaria and Romania-Serbia Commission for fairway maintenance and improvement
was established. The Commission has regular sessions twice a year (Romania-Bulgaria) and
once a year Romania-Serbia as they are held on a successive base on the territory of each
country.
The mutual exchange of information and documents is done according to the
Regulations for Organization and Work. Daily, there is a constant for exchange of information
(levels, depth, fairway dimension, etc). Annually, are a series of surveys common to many
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sectors, changing the date and information with partners (measurements in Belene area, bridge
Calafat-Vidin area, Iron Gate area, etc).
6.7. Romania – Danube-Black See canal – general information
6.7.1. For the monitoring network in Danube-Black See canal
The right to use, as well as the obligations that correspond to the results from the
protection and conservation of water resources are made according to the Water Laws no.
107/1996, with subsequent modifications and additions.
The banks and their river beds are submitted to the current law, as well as the
stipulations from the international conventions at which Romania is part of.
There are also submitted to the present law the works that are built on waters or which
have a connection to the waters and through which, directly or indirectly, produce temporary
or definitive changes on the water quality or flow system.
The conservation, protection and development of the aquatic environment, in the
conditions of its durable use of water resources have at the basis the principles of precaution,
preventing and avoiding the damages at the source and the polluter pays and has to take into
consideration the vulnerability of the aquatic ecosystems located in the Delta of the Danube
and in the Black Sea because their equilibrium is strongly influenced by the water quality of the
inland waters which flow into it.
6.7.2. Avertisment and alarm systems in Danube-Black See canal
The alarm and advertisement system is incondite and it is based only on level measurement.
There are no automatic systems of measurement and adaptation of the rainfall volume from
the hydrographic basin and on the flows from the affluent valleys.
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