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Name: ________________________ Global History and Geography II Unit 1: Road to the Enlightenment Middle Ages/Dark Ages/Medieval Period - (500-1500) thousand year period in Europe after the fall of the Roman Empire, when weak kings needed the support of local lords to keep order, power and authority of the Roman Catholic Church was nearly absolute de-centralized government – when a weak ruler needs the support of local lords to maintain order and control – a feudal system divides power like this Renaissance - (1400s) rebirth of Greek and Roman learning, art, and culture at the end of the Middle Ages humanism – Renaissance philosophy which emphasized the value of the individual and focused on this life more than the afterlife, presented a challenge to the church Nicoli Machiavelli- wrote The Prince during the Renaissance which expressed that a ruler must do whatever is necessary to remain in power. “The ends justify the means.” Scientific Revolution- Beginning in the mid 1500s (16th century), scholars published works that challenged the ideas of ancient thinkers and the church regarding the world. dogma- a belief that is to be accepted and not challenged or questioned scientific method- logical way to test a theory. (Observation, hypothesis, test, evaluation, conclusion) geocentric theory- belief that the Earth was the center of the universe. The Catholic and Protestant churches had taught this. heliocentric theory- belief that the Earth and other planets in our solar system revolve around the sun Nicolaus Copernicus- developed the heliocentric theory (1543) Galileo Galilei- supported Copernicus’ theories but was forced by the Church to recant (take back) his support of the heliocentric theory absolute government- there is no limit to the powers of the government. Citizens have no rights. monarchy- government by one person (King or Queen) divine right- the idea that God appointed the monarch and the monarch is God’s representative on Earth mandate of Heaven- Chinese version of divine right Age ofAbsolutism- (17th – 18th centuries) Monarchs centralized (brought to them) power and ruled most European countries with absolute power, weakened feudalism King Louis XIV- Divine right monarch of France who built the palace of Versailles and declared, “I am the State.” Peter the Great- Absolute ruler (Czar) of Russia who instituted many western European fashions, newspapers, and factories in Russia and wanted warm water ports Magna Carta- English document that restricted the power of the king, by stating that the king was not above the law (1215) Thomas Hobbes- wrote The Leviathan which expressed that people are basically wicked and need an absolute ruler to maintain law and order The Enlightenment/Age of Reason – (17th – 18th centuries) time period where writers began to question the power of absolute monarchs and claimed that the people had rights philosopher – lover of wisdom John Locke – Enlightenment philosopher who believed people were born with the natural rights of life, liberty, and property and that a government that failed to protect those rights should be overthrown tyranny- the abuse of power limited government- there is a limit to the powers of the government. Citizens have rights that are protected. democracy- government by the people. Major decisions are made with the consent of the governed (the people) Parliament- group of elected lawmakers to represent the needs of the people in government and limit the power of the monarch The Glorious Revolution- Nearly bloodless revolution in England that resulted in Parliament limiting the rights of the monarch (1688) The English Bill of Rights- List of things the English monarch could not do (1689), guaranteed freedom of speech and press Montesquieu- Enlightenment philosopher who believed government power should be separated into 3 branches which could check each others power to prevent tyranny Jean-Jacques Rousseau – Enlightenment philosopher who came up with the social contract theory social contract – the idea that there is a deal between government and the people – government protects the people’s rights and the people obey the government’s rules Voltaire – Enlightenment philosopher who criticized the wealth and power of the Roman Catholic Church, supported freedom of speech, but believed a fair and just monarch was the best form of government enlightened despots – Absolute rulers who adopted some enlightened ideas but still ruled ruthlessly and absolutely Catherine the Great – Enlightened despot in Russia who outlawed torture, supported education, gave religious freedom, but ruthlessly crushed rebellions against her rule