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SECONDARY EDUCATION Preparation – Weights and Measures QinShiHuangdi(259BCto210BC)wastheFirstEmperorofaunifiedChina.Hecamefromalong dynasty:theQin.Thelatterappearedattheendofthe7thcenturyBCandwerebehindthe creationofvassalsbelongingtotherulingdynastyofthattime,theEasternZhou.Duringthe followingcenturies,theQin,despitetemporarysetbacks,progressivelyimposedtheirauthority onallotherChinesekingdoms.Aftercenturiesofwarfare,QinShiHuangdihadtheprivilegeof proclaiminghimselfFirstEmperorofChina. InordertoconsolidatehispoweracrossallofChina,QinShiHuangdiinitiatedaprogramof administrativereformsundertheguidanceofhischancellor,LiSi.Thesereformswereintended tointroducetheQinadministrativemethodstoallthenewconqueredkingdoms.Oneaspectof thesereformswasthestandardizationofwriting,currencyandtheweightsandmeasures. TheQinalsoimposedasinglecoppercoin,thehalfLiang,toreplacethevariouscurrenciesused intheotherkingdoms.Alltheothercurrencieswereeliminated.Finally,theweightsand measureswerealsostandardized,onceagaininordertoavoidtheuseofdifferentunitsin differentpartsoftheempire.Archeologistshave,forexample,discoveredastandardweightof 32kilograms Assignment One AlgebraicEqualities:TheequationsbelowarebasedaroundtheQinstandardweightof32kg.Find thevalueofeachunknown. 1. If32+A=35+8,thenA=? 2. If32–B=21–4,thenB=? 3. If32xC=8x8,thenC=? 4. If32+11+D=12+22+10,thenD=? 5. If32–E=12–20,thenE=? 6. If32xF=161–161,thenF=? Preparation – Sima Qian SimaQian(from145to86BC),wastheCourtastrologerofEmperorWufromHan,andis generallyrecognizedasthekeyhistoricalsourceonthesubjectofAncientChina.Heisthe ChineseequivalentofThucydides,theauthorof“HistoryofthePeloponnesianWar”,or Suetonius,theauthorof“TheTwelveCaesars”. SimaQianistheauthorof“Shizi”,alsosometimescalled“TheScribe'sNotes”.Itisa historicdocumentcoveringmorethan2,000yearsofChinesehistory.Itisoneoftheonly ChinesepublicationstoprovidedetailsonthevictoryoftheQinkingdom,thereignand personalityoftheFirstEmperor,andonhisdeathandtheendofhisdynasty. WeowehimtheuniquedetaileddescriptionoftheFirstEmperor’stomb,whichiswithin theNecropolisandwasrediscoveredin1974.ThereisnomentionoftheTerracottaArmy inhiswritings,itispossiblehedidnotknowofitsexistenceordidnotconsideritrelevant orworthyofmention. Modernarchaeologicalexcavationsgivecredencetohisdescriptionofthetomb.Wehave, forexample,detectedanabnormalconcentrationofmercuryinthetumulusarea.This findingsupportsSimaQian’sdescriptionoftheriversofmercury,asmentionedinhis writings. In2003,twogeophysicalstudiesshowedresultsthatconfirmedSimaQian’swrittenwork. Inhischronicles,thehistorianmentionstheuseofmercuryinthetomb-toreproducea geographicalmaprepresentingtheriversoftheempire. Assignment Two UsingthePeriodicTableabove,answerthefollowing: 1. WhatisthechemicalsymbolforMercury? 2. Mercuryisknownasa“TransitionalMetal”–namethreeotherTransitionalMetals 3. WhatisMercury’satomicweight? 4. IfHeliumisinGroup18onthePeriodicTable,whatgroupisMercuryin? Preparation – Construction • • • • TheworkforcenecessaryfortheconstructionoftheFirstEmperor’snecropoliswasrecruitedin allcornersoftheempire.AccordingtoSimaQianitrequiredmorethan720,000workersovera periodof36yearstobuild. TheQinwere“obsessed”bylogisticsandqualitycontrol.Allthestatueswerethustraceable. Foremenfrompotteryworkshopshadasealtheyhadtoaffixontotheclay,(generallyona discreetpartofthestatue),justbeforeit’sbaking.Thesealmentionedtheforeman’snameas wellasthenameandplaceoftheworkshopheworkedfor. Thestatueswerebakedatarelativelylowtemperature,between950and1,100C°.Atthis temperature,thebakedclaystillremainedporousandrequiredanothertreatmentinorderto preservethestatues. Theweightofthestatuescanfluctuatebetween150and200kilograms.Eachofthemwas madewithclayfromMountLi,wherethenecropoliswasbuilt. • • Thewholeassemblyhadtobemadeinafairlystricttimeframewithlittledelay.Theclayhadto besufficientlyrigidtosupportitsownweight,butalsostillsomewhatmalleableonthesurface sothattheworkerscouldstillworkonit. Thestatuesweightshrunkby10%whenbakedintheoven. Assignment Three Thecraftsmenhaveassembledtwostatues,beforeputtingthemintheoventobebakedthey haveweighedthem.StatueAweighs200kgandStatueBweighs150kg. Byreadingtheinformationprovidedabout“Construction”,calculatehowmucheachstatuewill weighafterithasbeenbaked. StatueAnowweighs StatueBnowweighs During your visit During Your Visit TheTerracottaArmyisthelastgreatarchaeologicalfindofthe20thcentury,afterthe discoveryofthetombofTutankhamen.Thearcheologicalsitewasdividedintoseveralareas knownas“Pits”.IneachofthesePitstheydiscovereddifferenttypesofstatues;somewere Warriors,someanimalsandmanyothertypesthatyou’lllearnaboutonyourvisit. So,let’sbeginandembarkonafabulousvoyagethatwilltakeyoubacktoChina,asitwas, morethan2,200yearsago. Thereareseveralquestionsandassignmentstoaccompanytheexhibition.Ifyoulook carefully,youwillfindmostoftheanswersyourself. Assignment Four Inordertoproducesuchlargequantitiesofstatuesaprocessofstandardizedproductionneededto becreated.Thisstandardizationwasbasedontheusageofmoldsthatallowedthecraftsmento producethesamepiecesonaconsistentbasis.Therewere,however,variationsdependingonthe workshop. Thisdesireorneedtostandardizealsoexplainswhythestatuesshowremarkablysimilar proportions.Withfewexceptions,thestatuesmeasure1.86to1.90meterstall,plinthsincluded. Thefeetare25to29cmlong.Thetorsocircumferenceisbetween85and107cm.Thewidthofthe headsvariesfrom19to23cmandthelengthofthefacesvariesbetween19and20cm. Thewarriorstatuesareassembledfromsevenmainparts–whatwerethey? 1. ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 2. ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 3. ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 4. …………………………………………………………………………………………… 5. ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 6. ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 7. ……………………………………………………………………………………………. Assignment Five Duringyourvisit The Terracotta Warriors were not the only statues to be unearthed at the site. There were statues of other people and items which were important in the kingdom. There were acrobats and animals, and even civil servants. Thecivilservantpitof144m²islocatedaboutfiftymetersinthesouth-westernpartoftheFirst Emperor'stomb.Itcontainstwelveterracottastatues.Eightofthemarestatuesofcivilservants whilefourotherscouldbecoachmenorlower-rankcivilservants.Thereisalsoanauthenticwar carriageanditshorses'skeletons,aswellasabouttwentyotherhorseskeletonsandabronzeaxe. Insidethepit,thestatuesareplacedinawoodenbuildingcontainingseveralrooms.Thisbuilding representsaworkplacewhichtheywouldhaveusedtooccupyduringtheirlifetime. FindtheinformationanddrawtheCivilServantintheposturetheyarestandingin. FUN. FAST. FACTS. • • TheTerracottaArmywasmadeupofmanytypesofWarriors. EachmemberoftheArmyhadadifferentrole. • • • • CharioteerswhodrovethebeautifulBronzehorse-drawncarriages. HighRankingOfficersworedetailedarmour. TheInfantrymenworelongrobes. ThereweretwotypesofArchers,KneelingandStanding–bothholdingabowandarrow. Assignment Six During your visit – Identify the warriors 1. 2. 3. 4. Assignment Seven During your visit – POP QUIZ! 1. HowoldwasQinShiHuangdiwhenheascendedtothethrone? 2. WhowasQinShiHuangdi’sMother? 3. WhatwasthenameofthecurrencythatQinShiHuangdiintroduced? 4. HowmanystatuesareinPitN°1? 5. ThemostcharacteristicweaponinAncientChina,whatistheDaggerAxealsoknownas? 6. WhichmemberoftheTerracottaArmyhad approx. 195 to 230 large sheets of armour, of various differentshapes? 7. Identifythetwobirdstatuesintheexhibition–whatarethey? 8. Whodiscoveredthenecropoliswhilstdiggingawell? Did you know? AswellasorderingthecreationoftheTerracottaArmy,TheFirstEmperor,ShiHuangdiwas responsiblefortheconstructionofmanyotherimportantbuildingsinChina.Heorderedthe diggingofcanalsandbuiltlotsofpalaces.Butmostimportantly,hebuilttheveryfirst versionoftheGreatWallofChina.Itwasover2000kmlong. Assignment Eight ThesiteoftheTerracottaArmywasoneofthegreatestArchaeologicalDiscoveriesin history.CanyounametheotherimportantArchaeologicalsitesbelowandtheir locations? Name: Name: Location: Location: Name: Name: Location: Location: Assignment Nine • • • IdentifyChinaonthemapbelow MarkanXontheapproximatelocationoftheTerracottaArmy DrawapictureofChina’snationalflagintheboxprovided