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U.S. foreign policy, European Appeasement, German and Japanese Fascism SECTION IN YELLOW HIGHLIGHTER = ON EXAM 2; ALL MATERIAL ON FINAL EXAM European “Appeasement” – best example is Neville Chamberlain Appeasement a diplomatic term which explains European and League of Nation’s response to development and growing fascist violence to avoid war, appeasement supporters use diplomacy rather than war in response to Fascist breaking of each part of the Treaty of Versailles and eventual militarism; as a result, brought constant concessions to Communist Russia and Fascism How horrible, fantastic, incredible it is that we should be digging trenches and trying on gas masks here because of a quarrel in a far-away country between people of whom we know nothing. ” —Neville Chamberlain, September 27, 1938, 8 p.m. radio broadcast, on Czechoslovak refusal to accept Nazi demands to cede border areas to Germany. German Nazis (NSDAP) much attention by Americans? Stalin and Kheimer Rouge killed many more How to Understand World War II, Fascism and the Nazis Fascists not “new” totalitarian state, but extension of historical events that predate their popularity to gain power, Nazis used constant, modern propaganda (radio, movies); appealed to many German people’s fears in 1933; before early 1930s, Germans reject Nazis completely Fascism forces Americans to consider darker side of “progress” in 20th century (science, medicine, industrialization, etc) Rise of Fascism – characteristics: Fascism is not a political party or strict political ideology; instead, Fascism is a group of characteristics that differ by country Japan, Germany and Italy: critique of U.S. individualism, materiality (department stores); corporatism glorification of war and imperialism; critique of capitalism, competition lose individual identity to corporate or collective one of “Nation” (German Volk; Japan’s New Order) racial hatreds; violent nationalism; natalist policies to increase population Fascist enemy = Communism; only German Fascism also attacks race, ethnicity and Jewish pop replace ineffective bureaucratic politicians with dictators who express the spiritual will of ppl “We have buried the putrid corpse of liberty.” Mussolini, Italy Communists internationally - success of Russian Marxism depends on spread of Communism German history leading up to NAZI power nationalism and unification by military force; German nationalism - Volk represent greatness by Anglo-Saxon superiority 2 NEW: Hitler, fascism and Nazis not a “new” totalitarian state, but an extension of historical events 1. darker side of “progress” in 20th century; not negation of previous ideas but added 2. What did Germans expect to gain with Hitler? 3. nuanced visions of Nazis: egs of German working class; women **Nazi political victory not a given until 1939** Hitler and Nazis lose all major early elections (many German fascist parties following WWI) rise of NSDAP (Nazis) and Hitler in 9 months – from outside, ostracized party to political dominance; Nazi policy and philosophy: Hitler and “wrong war”; fervent admiration for England in India; plans to colonize Russia in similar way; but, allies with Russia against England Nazis have two consistent enemies: Communists and Jews (often equated) domestic attack on those who challenge patriarchal, heterosexual, white, healthy (mental and physical), parental, elite social power; wants return to “traditional Germany” German “living space” – justification for taking territory from other countries Germans have right to recreate historical empire by seizing countries with similar culture (Austria – Hitler is Austrian – from Linz; spends early adult years in Vienna) -Nazis end Depression very early with extensive social welfare state Workers back to work in military industry; Germany out of depression much earlier than the U.S. or other European countries -gradually, destroys all parts of Versailles Treaty that forced Germany in position of inferiority -Government Anti-Semitism begins in 1934 - first racial policy against Jews was econ boycott of Jewish shopkeepers “When you start a war, it does not matter who is right, but who wins. Close your hearts to pity. Act with brutality. Eighty million Germans must get what is their due. Their existence must be made secure. The stronger man is right. (Hitler, 1939) ” First labor camp by Nazis in 1933; created for, “undesirables,” Communists, gypsies, prostitutes, mentally and physically handicapped, homosexuals, alcoholics, criminals, juvenile delinquents, etc. Few Germans protested Fascists Mussolini Germany Spain France Italy (first fascist state), Nazis and Hitler Franco Vichy France Francisco Franco in Spanish Civil War Rome-Berlin Axis – will support Spanish fascists -prelude to World War II; Italian and German Fascist states provide military support for Franco; Why? 1. fight against republican forms of government; 2. Testing limits of European appeasement and American isolationism – Would Europe, the League of Nations, or the U.S. declare war on German and Italian Fascists? Answer - No. In Spanish Civil War, Germans and Italians test/introduce their new types of warfare: 1. relentless air attacks on civilian rather than military targets - to demoralize and kill civilian populations – war of nerves 2. intentional war on civilians (see above); 700,000 killed in Spain, many are civilians 2 3 3. “blitzkrieg” – lightening war (important term – see textbook) 4. coordinated attack by all branches of military Abraham Lincoln Brigade; made up of small group of idealistic, left-wing Americans, may of whom intellectuals and activists in Europe in 1930s (alienated from American capitalism, often WWI veterans); See, E. Hemingway, For Whom the Bell Tolls Fascists quickly, completely slaughter the Abraham Lincoln Brigade Non-Aggression Pact (1939) Russia and Germany signed; ideological enemies, but military partners together, they invade Poland after promise Chamberlain peace Russia remains in Poland after WWII; helps create Cold War Germany uses blitzkrieg - lightening war – against Poland Tripartite Pact of 1940 – Germany, Italy and Japan + nonaggression pact with Russia (military alliance Germany, Italy and Japan, existed informally in 1836; formalized in 1940) US – Pre-WWII split into Interventionists vs. Isolationists; FDR internationalist but limited by isolationist government (“quarantine the aggressors” speech, 1937)all Isolationists argue will defend U.S. if attacked, but not intervene in any European wars FDR “Good Neighbor Policy” throughout the Americas (memory of Zimmerman Telegram) FDR argued the New Deal required American “defense of democracy” throughout the Americas Presidential Election of 1940, Roosevelt wins by landslide; has unprecedented third term FDR’s Lend-Lease, 1941 (vague, no real policy; FDR wanted to make policy alone, as he wanted); FDR’s partnership and friendship with England’s Winston Churchill Battle of Britain – unending air war by Germans against England only democracies in world are U.S. and England US loans British govt $7 billion in goods (spur US econ) FDR’s Four Freedoms speech; the Greer and “active defense”; “arsenal of democracy” Vichy France – German Nazi government in France WWII at Home in U.S. War Production Board – oversees all industry at home (fm unemployment to labor shortages) Women and War in US: 1940-1944: 5 million women enter workforce; Rosie the Riveteer; not feminists after war many go home – Bowlby’s theory “maternal attachment” science and social relations “Citizen Army” people very out of shape due to Depression; now, even more public health; urban reform “GI” government issued AND SNAFU “situation normal, all fouled up” radar; “wolf-packs” Discrimination at Home race a social identified at times separate fm economic interests and war safety African Americans workers and soldiers Japanese Amkns – “relocation” - Bill of Right suspended for WW II Truman desegregates military; Pres. Eisenhower makes it a reality when elected president 3 4 Post WWI PLAN - “Atlantic Charter” US/Brit blueprint of post war world (1942, 23 countries, inc. Russia, agree and fight Axis) JAPAN JAPAN - 15 years of constant, extremely violent imperialism – domination of Asia economic self-sufficiency - needed markets and raw materials for economic development Japanese Fascists invade Manchuria, China Considered the start of WWII by many Japan invades then invades Nanking, China to destroy Chiang Kaishek’s Nationalist government tremendous violence is called, “Rape of Nanking” League of Nations condemn but no power to enforce; Japan’s success w/o intervention encourage Mussolini/Hitler Mao Tse-tung and Chiang – unite against Japan Japan divided among two factions: moderates – economic imperialism; militarists – war Japan and US - try to ignore each other through 1938, 1939 US econ boycott of Japan; so replace US goods with raw materials fm French Indochina & Dutch East Indies Tripartite Pact of 1940 – Germany, Italy and Japan + nonaggression pact with Russia General Kideki Tojo; US – must keep traditional “Open Door” with China Pearl Harbor, December 7, 1941 (8 US battleships disabled; Arizona and Oklahoma sunk; 2,300 Amkns killed) FDR – “a day that will live in infamy”; honoring Tripartite Pact, Hitler and Muss war on US Hitler fights Russia in 1941; war on 3 fronts North Africa/Egypt, Rommel – “Desert Fox”- threaten Suez Canal; Russia; West. Euro Now – US politicians unite – war; US, Britain and Soviet Union – Grand Alliance War in Pacific and Europe (Japanese victory and “Bataan Death March” (1941) Final Struggle: air war destroy Germany,1942 ; “D-Day” June 6, 1944; “Operation OVERLORD 4