Download DIENCEPHALON

BASICS OF NEUROBIOLOGY
DIENCEPHALON
ZSOLT LIPOSITS
2016. 11. 24.
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Basics of Neurobiology: Diencephalon
FEATURES OF THE DIENCEPHALON
THE DIENCEPHALON IS IN THE ROSTRAL CONTINUATION OF THE BRAIN STEM. WITH
THE EXCEPTION OF ITS VENTRAL PART, IT IS COVERED BY TELENCEPHALIC STRUCTURES
IT DEVELOPS FROM THE PROSENCEPHALIC VESICLE, ITS CAVITY IS THE THIRD
CEREBRAL VENTRICLE
THE MAJOR CONSTITUENTS OF THE DIENCEPHALON INCLUDE THE THALAMUS,
HYPOTHALAMUS, METATHALAMUS, EPITHALAMUS AND SUBTHALAMUS
THE THALAMUS AND THE BASAL TELENCEPHALIC NUCLEAR COMPLEX FORM A
CLINICALLY IMPORTANT PASSAGEWAY FOR PROJECTING FIBERS, THE INTERNAL
CAPSULE
THALAMIC STRUCTURES ARE IN RECIPROCAL CONNECTION WITH THE CEREBRAL
CORTEX, COMMUNICATE WITH MAJOR MOTOR AND SENSORY SYSTEMS AND THEY
ARE LINKED WITH THE LIMBIC SYSTEM
THE HYPOTHALAMUS CONTROLS AUTONOMIC CENTERS AND VIA THE PITUITARY IT
ORCHESTRATES THE PERFORMANCE OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM. IT SECRETS A WIDE
SCALE OF HORMONES INTO THE SYSTEMIC AND PORTAL CIRCULATIONS
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Basics of Neurobiology: Diencephalon
DIENCEPHALON
THALAMUS
HYPOTHALAMUS
EPITHALAMUS
METATHALAMUS
SUBTHALAMUS
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Basics of Neurobiology: Diencephalon
PARCELLATION OF THE DIENCEPHALON
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COMMISSURA ANTERIOR
LAMINA TERMINALIS
CHIASMA OPTICUM
INFUNDIBULUM
CORPUS MAMILLARE
SULCUS HYPOTHALAMICUS
THALAMUS
EPITHALAMUS
THE PICTURE DEPICTS THE DIENCEPHALON IN THE MID-SAGITTAL PLANE. THE
THALAMUS IS HIGHLIGHTED IN RED, THE HYPOTHALAMUS IN GREEN COLOR
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Basics of Neurobiology: Diencephalon
VIEW OF THE DIENCEPHALON ON THE VENTRAL SURFACE OF THE BRAIN
CHO
CHO: OPTIC CHIASM
HYP: HYPOTHALAMUS
MES: MESENCEPHALON
ON
MB: MAMILLARY BODY
N. III: OCULOMOTOR NERVE
PS
ON: OPTIC NERVE
OT
MB
OT: OPTIC TRACT
HYP
N. III
PS: PITUITARY STALK
MES
FROM THE DIENCEPHALON ONLY THE HYPOTHALAMUS IS VISIBLE ON THE
VENTRAL SURFACE OF THE BRAIN BEHIND THE OPTIC CHIASM
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Basics of Neurobiology: Diencephalon
SCHEMATIC DEMONSTRATION OF THE MAIN DIENCEPHALIC UNITS
POSTERIOR VIEW
CORONAL SEGMENT
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UPPER VIEW
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THALAMUS
HYPOTHALAMUS
III. VENTRICLE
METATHALAMUS
EPITHALAMUS
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Basics of Neurobiology: Diencephalon
THALAMUS
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Basics of Neurobiology: Diencephalon
THALAMIC NUCLEI
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DEMONSTRATION OF THE DIENCEPHALON IN CROSS SECTIONS (I-III)
I.
RETICULAR NUCLEUS
ANTERIOR NUCLEUS
VENTRALIS ANTERIOR NUC.
MEDIODORSAL NUCLEUS
HYPOTHALAMUS
II.
LATERALIS POSTERIOR
VENTRALIS POSTEROLATERALIS
VENTRALIS POSTEROMEDIALIS
MEDIODORSAL NUCLEUS
CENTRUM MEDIANUM
III.
PULVINAR
MEDIAL GENICULATE BODY
LATERAL GENICULATE BODY
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Basics of Neurobiology: Diencephalon
DIFFERENT CELL GROUPS OF THE THALAMUS
ANTERIOR NUCLEAR GROUP
anterodorsal nucleus
anteromedial nucleus
anteroventral nucleus
F
MIDLINE NUCLEAR GROUP
paratenial nucleus
paraventricular nucleus of thalamus
reuniens nucleus
rhomboidal nucleus
subfascicular nucleus
MEDIAL DORSAL NUCLEUS
paralaminar part of medial dorsal nucleus
magnocellular part of medial dorsal nucleus
parvicellular part of medial dorsal nucleus
densocellular part of medial dorsal nucleus
INTRALAMINAR NUCLEAR GROUP
ROSTRAL INTRALAMINAR NUCLEI
central dorsal nucleus
central lateral nucleus
central medial nucleus
paracentral nucleus
centromedian nucleus
parafascicular nucleus
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LATERAL NUCLEAR GROUP
lateral dorsal nucleus
lateral posterior nucleus
PULVINAR
oral pulvinar nucleus
lateral pulvinar nucleus
medial pulvinar nucleus
inferior pulvinar nucleus
VENTRAL NUCLEAR GROUP
VENTRAL ANTERIOR NUCLEUS
parvicellular part of ventral anterior nucleus
magnocellular part of ventral anterior nucleus
VENTRAL LATERAL NUCLEUS
oral part of ventral lateral nucleus
caudal part of ventral lateral nucleus
medial part of ventral lateral nucleus
pars postrema of ventral lateral nucleus
area X
VENTRAL POSTERIOR NUCLEUS
VENTRAL POSTEROLATERAL NUCLEUS
oral part of ventral posterolateral nucleus
caudal part of ventral posterolateral nucleus
VENTRAL POSTEROMEDIAL NUCLEUS
principal part of ventral posteromedial nucleus
parvicellular part of ventral posteromedial nucleus
ventral posteroinferior nucleus
GENICULATE BODIES
LATERAL GENICULATE BODY
dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus
ventral lateral geniculate
MEDIAL GENICULATE BODY
dorsal medial geniculate nucleus
ventral medial geniculate nucleus
magnocellular medial geniculate nucleus
capsule of medial geniculate nucleus
POSTERIOR NUCLEAR COMPLEX
limitans nucleus
posterior nucleus of thalamus
suprageniculate nucleus
submedial nucleus
thalamic reticular nucleus
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CONNECTIONS OF THALAMIC NUCLEI
NUCLEUS
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INPUT
OUTPUT
MEDIODORSAL
ENTORHINAL CORTEX,
SPINOTHALAMIC TRACT
PREFRONTAL CORTEX
ANTERIOR
MAMILLARY BODY
CINGULATE CORTEX
VA, VL
DENTATE NUCLEUS
GLOBUS PALLIDUS
PRECENTRAL GYRUS
PREMOTOR AREA
VPL, VPM
SENSORY SYSTEMS
(SPINAL, TRIGEMINAL)
PARIETAL LOBE,
POSTCENTRAL GYRUS
CM
RETICULAR FORMATION
FRONTAL AND PARIETAL
LOBES OF CEREBRAL
CORTEX
LATERAL GENICULATE
SUPERIOR COLLICULUS
VISUAL CORTEX IN
OCCIPITAL LOBE
MEDIAL GENICULATE
INFERIOR COLLICULUS
AUDITORY CORTEX IN
TEMPORAL LOBE
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THALAMIC FIBER TRACTS
external medullary lamina
internal medullary lamina
anterior thalamic peduncle
superior thalamic peduncle
inferior thalamic peduncle
posterior thalamic peduncle
mammillothalamic tract of thalamus
stratum zonale of thalamus
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SCHEME OF HYPOTHALAMIC NUCLEI IN MID-SAGITTAL SECTION
AC
PARAVENTRICULAR
NUCLEUS
HYPOTHALAMUS
DORSOMEDIAL
NUCLEUS
VENTROMEDIAL
NUCLEUS
SUPRACHIASMATIC
NUCLEUS
MAMILLARY
NUCLEI
OPTIC
CHIASM
SUPRAOPTIC
NUCLEUS
INFUNDIBULAR
NUCLEUS
ANTERIOR
PITUITARY
POSTERIOR
PITUITARY
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Basics of Neurobiology: Diencephalon
DEMONSTRATION OF THE MAGNOCELLULAR NEUROSECRETORY
SYSTEM
AC
PARAVENTRICULAR
NUCLEUS
SUPRAOPTIC
NUCLEUS
HYPOTHALAMUS
OPTIC
CHIASM
ANTERIOR
PITUITARY
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POSTERIOR
PITUITARY
MAGNOCELLULAR NEURONS
LOCATED IN THE SUPRAOPTIC AND
PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEI
SYNTHESIZE OXYTOCIN, VASOPRESSIN, NEUROPHYSINS AND
TRANSPORT THEM DOWN TO THE
POSTERIOR PITUITARY. UPON
SPECIFIC STIMULI, THE HORMONES
ARE RELEASED TO THE SYSTEMIC
CIRCULATION. THEY CONTROL
SMOOTH MUSCLE FUNCTIONS AND
ABSORPTION OF WATER IN KIDNEY
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Basics of Neurobiology: Diencephalon
ILLUSTRATION OF THE PARVICELLULAR NEUROSECRETORY SYSTEM
AC
INFUNDIBULAR
NUCLEUS
PARAVENTRICULAR
NUCLEUS
HYPOTHALAMUS
PERIVENTRICULAR
NUCLEUS
OPTIC
CHIASM
Portal
circulation
ANTERIOR
PITUITARY
POSTERIOR
PITUITARY
PARVICELLUAR NEURONS SECRET
RELEASING (LHRH, CRH, TRH, GHRH)
AND RELEASE-INHIBITING (SRIF) HORMONES INTO THE PORTAL CIRCULATION. THE HORMONES CONTROL THE
TROPH HORMONE OUTPUT OF DIFFERENT ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND
CELLS. THE SYSTEM REGULATES REPRODUCTION, STRESS, ADAPTATION,
BODY GROWTH AND METABOLISM
PITUITARY TROPH HORMONES TO ENDOCRINE ORGANS
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