Download Lesson 2-1 Guided Reading

NAME _______________________________________ DATE _______________ CLASS _________
netw rks
Studying Geography, Economics, and Citizenship
Lesson 1 Studying Geography
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
How does geography influence
the way people live?
GUIDING QUESTIONS
1.
What methods do geographers use
to show the Earth's surface?
2.
How do geographers use the five
themes and six essential elements
of geography?
3.
What are some of the key ways that
maps are used?
4.
What are the uses of charts, graphs,
and diagrams?
5.
How do geographers study
population and culture?
Terms to Know
projection a way of showing the Earth on
a flat sheet of paper
hemisphere a "half sphere," used to refer
to one-half of the globe
latitude imaginary lines that circle the
Earth parallel to the Equator
longitude imaginary lines that circle the
Earth from pole to pole
physical map a map that shows land and
water features
political map a map that shows the names
and borders of countries
special-purpose map a map that shows
themes or patterns such as climate, natural
resources, or population
scale a measuring line that shows the
distances on a map
cardinal directions north, south, east,
and west
choropleth a special-purpose map that
uses colors to show population density
migration the movement of people from
one place to settle in another place
culture the set of beliefs, behaviors, and
traits shared by a group of people
What do you know?
Copyright by The McGraw-Hill Companies.
Read the list of Six Essential Elements of Geography. Draw a line to match the element on
the left with the description on the right of what a geographer in that field might study.
The World in Spatial Terms
How people change their environment
Places and Regions
Earthquakes and volcanoes
Physical Systems
Where things are located
Human Systems
The relationships among people, places,
and environments
Environment and Society
How people have shaped the world
The Uses of Geography
Land, weather, and the plants and animals
of an area
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NAME _______________________________________ DATE _______________ CLASS _________
netw rks
Studying Geography, Economics, and Citizenship
Lesson 1 Studying Geography,
Continued
Displaying the Earth's Surface
Geographers use globes and maps to show where things
are on the Earth. Globes are round models of the Earth.
Maps are flat drawings of the Earth. They can show very
detailed areas and are easy to carry. On a globe, the land
and water look the same as on the Earth. A map stretches
out the Earth, changing the size and shape of land and
water. Mapmakers choose different ways of showing the
Earth on a flat map. Each way is called a projection.
Globe
A round, 3-D
model that
shows the
surface of the
Earth as it is
1. Why do maps and
globes show the
Earth in different
ways?
Map Projection
A flat drawing that
stretches the Earth's
surface out of proper
size and shape
Lines of latitude circle the Earth from east to west.
Lines of longitude circle the Earth from north to south.
The two sets of lines cross each other. Each point where
they cross has a latitude measurement and a longitude
measurement. These are shown in units called degrees. If
you know the latitude and longitude of a spot, you know its
exact location on the Earth.
Five Themes and Six Essential
Elements of Geography
For many years, geographers have used the Five Themes
of Geography to study the world. The Five Themes of
Geography are (1) location, (2) place, (3) humanenvironment interaction, (4) movement, and (5) regions.
Geographers now divide their field into Six Essential
Elements. Each element looks at a different set of facts
about our world and the people in it.
Analyzing
2. How are the Equator
and Prime Meridian
related to latitude
and longitude?
Reading
Check
3. What are an
advantage and a
disadvantage to
using a map rather
than a globe to
study the Earth's
geography?
Copyright by The McGraw-Hill Companies.
Globes and maps have some features in common. Both
use imaginary lines to locate places on Earth. One key line
is the Equator. It circles the Earth from east to west and
divides Earth into northern and southern hemispheres. A
hemisphere is half of a globe. Another key line is the
Prime Meridian. It circles the Earth from north to south. It
divides Earth into the eastern and western hemispheres.
14
Finding the
Main Idea
NAME _______________________________________ DATE _______________ CLASS _________
netw rks
Studying Geography, Economics, and Citizenship
Lesson 1 Studying Geography,
Reading
Check
4. Which Essential
Elements of
Geography might be
involved in the study
of an area's
landforms and how
they affect people
living there?
Continued
Geographers who study The World in Spatial Terms want
to know where things are located. People interested in
Places and Regions study the land, the weather, and the
plants and animals of an area. Geographers analyze how
Physical Systems, such as earthquakes and volcanoes,
shape the Earth's surface. They also learn how living things
depend on each other and their surroundings. Human
Systems deals with how people have shaped the world.
Those who study Environment and Society want to know
how people change their environment and are changed by
it. The Uses of Geography helps us understand the
relationships among people, places, and environments.
Types of Maps
Reading
Check
5. Why is reading the
map key important
when looking at a
special-purpose
map?
Copyright by The McGraw-Hill Companies.
Describing
6. Cut a two-tab
Foldable to make
four tabs. Place it
along the dotted
line. Write
Geography uses . . .
on the anchor tab.
Label the four tabs
Maps, Charts,
Graphs, and
Diagrams. On the
back, describe how
each item is used in
geography.
Geographers use different types of maps to show different
information. Physical maps show land and water on the
surface of Earth. Political maps show the borders and
names of countries. Special-purpose maps show specific
kinds of information. They could show the number of
people who live in a state or where resources are located.
Most maps have a map key. This tells you what the lines
and colors used on a map represent. It also explains any
symbols, or signs and pictures. A map scale helps you
measure distances on a map. Many maps also show the
cardinal directions—north, south, east, and west.
Using Charts, Graphs,
and Diagrams
Glue Foldable here
Charts, graphs, and diagrams are tools for showing
information. Charts arrange numbers and other data in
rows and columns. To read a chart, look at the labels at
the top of each column and on the left side. They explain
what the chart is showing.
There are different types of graphs. Bar graphs use wide
lines to show data. They are useful for comparing amounts.
Line graphs work well for showing changes over time. The
amounts being measured are shown on a grid above each
year. To read line and bar graphs, first look at the labels
along the side and bottom of the graph. Pie, or circle,
graphs are circular graphs that show how the whole of
something is divided into parts.
15
NAME _______________________________________ DATE _______________ CLASS _________
netw rks
Studying Geography, Economics, and Citizenship
Lesson 1 Studying Geography,
Continued
Diagrams are special drawings. They show steps in a
process, point out the parts of an object, or explain how
something works.
Reading
Check
7. What type of graph
shows changes over
time?
Bar Graph
Line Graph
Pie Graph
Population and Culture
Population is the number of people who live in a specific
place. Geographers study this in great detail. A
choropleth map uses colors to show population density.
This is the average number of people living in a square
mile or square kilometer. Geographers also study the
movement of people from one place to settle in another
place. This movement is called migration.
Reading
Check
8. Why are
geographers
interested in contact
between cultures?
Throughout history, different peoples have met through
exploration, migration, and trade. Change often happens as
a result of such meetings. Strong groups may conquer
weaker ones. Different groups may share part of their
culture with others. In this way, ideas are spread from one
group to another. Sometimes the mixing of two or more
groups forms a new culture. Such meetings between
different peoples are a key part of world history.
Glue Foldable here
Check for Understanding
Why do geographers use different types of
maps and map projections?
1.
List two things that geographers study other
than the location of places on earth.
2.
3.
16
9. Place a two-tab
Foldable to cover
the Check for
Understanding.
Label the anchor
tab Geographers
Study . . . . Label the
two tabs Physical
Systems and Human
Systems. Make a
memory map by
drawing arrows
below each title. List
words or phrases
that you remember
about each. Use
your notes to help
you answer the
questions under
the tabs.
Copyright by The McGraw-Hill Companies.
Geographers are interested in how people think and act.
They study this by looking at culture, the set of beliefs,
behaviors, and traits shared by members of a group.
Language, religion, and government are part of culture.