Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
THE UNITED STATES Enters WORLD WAR II Information in red is not in your notes! Prior to the Outbreak of WWII • America’s isolationists policies: – History of isolationism (except imperialism and WWI) – 1935 Neutrality Acts: outlawed the transportation or sale of arms to warring nations and banned loans to nations at war outside the Western Hemisphere (really a reaction to civil war in Spain) – Watch video clip 1 Who does the bird represent What is Dr. Seuss’s opinion of isolationism? • According to Seuss, what is the impact of the formation of the Axis powers? Moving Away from Neutrality • 1939: Addition to Neutrality Act – the “cash and carry” provision – allowed sale of arms as long as it was paid in cash and the buyer provided their own transportation – Really designed to help Allies – U.S. hoped to retain neutrality while helping to defeat Germany • FDR broke two-term tradition and ran for reelection against Republican Wendell Willkie • Both claim to support neutrality • FDR reelected with 55% of popular votes • Watch video clip 2 • What is ironic about “Uncle Sam” claiming that its “lucky” to have a separate bed? • Does Seuss believe America will be unaffected by war? • “biding time” means waiting. • What does Seuss believe the US waiting will result in? Lend Lease Program • By 1940 France had fallen; FDR wanted to provide Britain “all aid short of war” • But by late 1940, Britain has no more cash to buy arms under the “cash and carry” program • FDR says if Britain falls, Axis powers would be free to conquer the world; thus the U.S. must be an “arsenal of democracy” Lend Lease Program • 1941: Lend-Lease Act: the U.S. would lend or lease supplies to any country “whose defense was vital to the United States” – Example: In exchange for leases on military bases owned by Britain, the U.S. gave them 50 destroyers – These goods could be returned or replaced after the war (yeah right), thus avoiding the prospect of huge new war debts – 1941 -1945, U.S. exported $32.5 billion worth of goods • $13.8 billion to Great Britain • $9.5 billion to the Soviet Union • Included: aircraft, ships, military vehicles, munitions and food • By the end of the war, the total value of American aid to Allied countries was about $50 billion – Watch video clip #3 Supporting Stalin • June 1941, Hitler breaks pact with Stalin, invades Soviet Union because: – he wanted the agricultural capabilities of Western Russia – the Germans feared that Russia was preparing to attack, thus their assault was preemptive war • Roosevelt sends lend-lease supplies to Soviet Union because “the enemy of my enemy is my friend” German Wolf Packs and Shoot on Site • To prevent delivery of lend-lease shipments, Hitler deploys U-boats to attack supply convoys – Wolf packs: groups of 40 German submarines patrol North Atlantic Sink 350,000 tons of shipments in 1 month • FDR allows navy to attack German Uboats in self-defense German Wolf Packs Shoot on Sight • German U-boats fire at U.S. destroyer Greer in September 1941 – documents later prove that the US fired at Uboats before they’d fired at the Greer • German U-boats sink U.S. merchant ship two weeks later • German U-boats torpedoed U.S. destroyer Kearney and sink the U.S. destroyer Reuben James • FDR ordered navy to shoot U-boats on sight • U-boat attacks led Senate to repeal ban on arming merchant ships The Atlantic Charter • FDR and Churchill held a secret meeting in Newfoundland • Result was the Atlantic Charter—joint declaration of war aims – the United States and Britain would not pursue territorial expansion – every nation has the right to choose its own form of government – called for freedom of international trade and equal access for all countries to raw materials – once the war was over, aggressor states should be disarmed The Atlantic Charter • Charter is the basis of “United Nations” – 26 Allied nations sign Declaration • Including Britain, U.S., USSR, France, China, India, Poland, Canada, Australia, Belgium, Yugoslavia, Greece, Netherlands, New Zealand, Union of South Africa, Norway, and Denmark Japanese Ambitions in the Pacific a. Invasion of Manchuria, China 1931-1932 b. Invasion of China (1937): French, Dutch, and British colonies taken over = “total war” c. Southward Push in 1941: Invasion of Indochina (Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos) most of which were French colonial territories d. In an effort to discourage Japan's war efforts in China, the United States passes an embargo stopped selling oil and steel to Japan i. Japan saw this as an “act of aggression;” without these resources Japan's military would be worthless Peace Talks Questioned • 1941 Japan begins preparations to attack the U.S. • The U.S. broke Japanese communication codes – learns Japan planning to attack U.S.; but not where – issued warning to military commanders in Hawaii, Guam, and the Philippines – December 6, Japanese ambassador instructed to reject all U.S. proposals and to destroy key documents as well as decoding machines The Attack on Pearl Harbor • On the morning of December 7, 1941, planes and midget submarines of the Imperial Japanese Navy issued a surprise attack on at Pearl Harbor, the largest U.S. naval base in the Pacific – At 6:00 a.m. six Japanese carriers launched a first wave of 181 planes composed of torpedo bombers, dive-bombers, horizontal bombers and fighters – hit American fleet anchored in Pearl Harbor and military installations / airfields at 7:53 a.m. Results • Overall, 21 ships (8 battleships) of the U.S. Pacific fleet and more than 300 aircraft damaged or destroyed • 2,403 Americans killed; 1,178 wounded • Between 55 to 68 civilians were killed and approximately 35 were wounded in the attack • Watch video clip # 4 – Civilian Eye Witness account http://saturdaybriefing.outrigger.com/dr-kelleys-weekly-briefing/pearl-harbor-attack-killeda-lot-of-civilians-too/ Results • U.S. had not anticipated an aerial attack. They wrongly believed: – Pearl Harbor was too shallow for conventional torpedoes to be dropped (they would bottom out); • however, Japanese modified the tail to allow them to be dropped into shallower water – Japan seen as too far away to launch full attack – Racism played a role – Japanese seen as not strong enough / question of vision from aircrafts • US Focused instead on chance of sabotage – To guard planes and ships against sabotage, the U.S. put all of their planes and ships together so it would be easier to guard them Clues to Pearl Harbor • Japanese’s fleet went off radar and “disappeared” • The Radar station picking up the Japanese aircraft but were dismissed as American B-17 Bombers flying in from mainland USA • The Japanese Embassy closed and began destroying all confidential documents including their decoding machine • Japanese sub sunk outside of Pearl Harbor about 1 hour before attack – http://www.nytimes.com/2002/08/30/us/japanese-submarine-sunk-at-pearl-harbor-is-found.html Primary source report from the radar operator • • • • they phoned the information center and persuaded the switchboard operator to find someone in authority. Soon Lockard was talking with Lt. Kermit A. Tyler. "I told him what we saw on this equipment and how unusual it was and that it was coming from an unusual direction," Lockard said. "I talked to him about as forcefully as I could as a private.“ The now-famous reply was short and simple: "He said, 'Don't worry about it.' “ Tyler, now retired and living in San Diego, didn't say so at the time, but he believed the radar was picking up a squadron of American B-17s that were due from the U.S. mainland. In fact that squadron was in flight, and encountered the Japanese planes during their attack. "It was just a case of mistaken identity," said Tyler. "The [radar] was pretty primitive. It would only tell you something was there," he said. The equipment could not differentiate between friend and foe. Had the information center been fully staffed and trained, it might have been able to track the B-17s and detect the attack, TC Tyler said. It was the first U.S. military use of radar during wartime http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1991-1129/news/1991333114_1_lockard-attack-on-pearl-harbor-attack Great Time Line of the Attack • http://www.nationalgeographic.com/pear lharbor/history/pearlharbor_timeline.htm l • EVEN BETTER – interactive map describing the attack • http://www.nationalgeographic.com/pear lharbor/ax/frameset.html Pearl Harbor Invasion U.S. Ships at Pearl Harbor The USS Arizona ablaze after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor B-17 Bomber after the attack on Hickam Field A navy photographer snapped this photograph of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in Hawaii on December 7, 1941, just as the USS Shaw exploded. USS Utah took a torpedo hit and capsized early in the battle. USS Pennsylvania, behind the wreckage of the USS Downes and the USS Cassin Reaction to Pearl Harbor • • • • • “Yesterday, December 7, 1941, a date which will live in infamy … the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan” Watch video clip # 5 Congress approves FDR’s request for declaration of war against Japan Three days later Germany & Italy declare war on U.S. Japanese interment: Backlash against Japanese-Americans resulted in their removal and detention in camps