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• READ
•
are word-conscious; they notice the way words are spelled
• proofread their own work; they know when a word doesn’t look
right, and they know what to do to correct the spelling
• Practice, practice, practice
• use tools such as a word wall, dictionary, thesaurus or spell
checker
• use many spelling Strategjf:
*
sound out words with predictable spelling (i.e. catnip)
*
visualize the word in their minds
*
look familiar patterns in words such as word families
(i.e. They notice the all in ball or igh in night and light)
*
separate words into syllables, and spell each syllable
*
use rules to help them spell (i.e. rules for adding vowel
suffixes and consonant suffixes) AND
know the exceptions to the rules
*
use clever clues to remember difficult words
(i.e. The word ear is in the word hear.)
*
memorize the spelling of trick words
*
use their knowledge of word meanings to help spell words
• READ
Fundations Six Types of Syllables in English
0 Closed Syllable
0 R-Controlled Syllable
1 This syllable can only have one voweL
1 This syllable contains a single vowel followed
by
2 The vowel is followed by one or more cmants
(dosed in).
3 The vowel sound is short, marked with a breve
(“)
4 This syllable can be combined with other syllables to make multisyflabic words.
£xmpl
an r (ar, a-, ir. or. in).
2 The vowel is neither long nor short: it is controlled by the r.
3 This syllable can be combined With other syl
lables to make multisyllabic words.
Mark-up Sample
start
up
hat
ship
fir
hurt
art
lastlást
r
C
0 Double Vowel “D” Syllable
-
0 Vowel-Consonant-e Syllable
1 This syllable has a voweL then a consonant, then
2 The first vowel has a long sound, marked with a
macron ( I.
1 This syllable contains a vowel digraph or a diph
thong. These are vowel teams.
2 This syllable can be combined with other syl
laNes to make multisyllabic words.
3 The e is silent
‘kiwel Digraph Two vowels tother that repre
sent one sound (ee).
4 This syllable can be combined with other syllables to make multisyilabic words.
Diphthong: A sound that begins with one vowel
sound and glides into another (oh.
-
Examples
Mark-up Samç4e
bike ape stove
stövK
Mark-up Sample
.
v—c
bet fçI g!t nc
0 Open Syllable
0 Consonant4e Syllable
1 This syllable has only one vowel which is the last
letter in the syllable.
1 This syllable has only three letters: a ainsonant.
an 1, and an e
2 The vowel sound is long, marked with a macron
2 The e is silent it is the vowel. Evenj syllable
needs at least one vowel. The consonant and the
I are sounded like a blend.
().
3 This syllable can be combined with other syl
laNes to make
isynainc rcIs.
3 This syllable must be the last syllable in a multisyllabic word.
Mark-up ample
Examples
I
he
shy
hi
cradle
SIX TYPES OF SYUABLES IN ENGLISH
Mark-up SampLe
hi
little
bubble
bub bfr’
-le
E12003 Wisax Language Traimnq Corporauon W.Isan
ze.ons”
Unit I
Clásed Syllables
1 These syllables can have only one vowel.
2 The vowel is followed by one or more consonants (closed
in).
3 The vowel sound is short, marked with a breve (%1).
Examples:
dad
peg
big
hop
run
catch
milk
socks
crunch
sketch
4 This syllable can be ëombined with other syllables to make
multisyllabic words.
Examples:.
member
carpet
understand
Five Excep tions to Closed Syllables
An exception is something that does not follow the rules. The
following examples are exceptions to the closed vowel rule,
because the vowels all have a long sound. These are all
glued/welded sounds.
Examples:
olt bolt
old sold
ost most
ild wild
md find
L1.
Unit 1
Glued/welded sounds
It is easier to read and spell some words if we glue or weld
together some of the sounds.
Examples:
ball
cill
ang sprang
ank tank
am clam
ing string
ink brink
plan
an
ong strong
onk honk
•
ung lung
unk shrunk
When the letter a is in the gLued pattern —all or when it comes
after the letter w or the letters q, a makes the same sound as
o in hot.
Examples:
ball
wash
squash
quarter
Sound of 1k!
The Letter k is used at the end of a word if the 1k! does not
immediately following the vowel.
Example: The word milk is spelled with a k at the end of a word,
because the k does not immediately follow a short vowel.
Sound of tch
The letters tch at the end of a word form a trigraph (3 letters that
make 1 sound). This trigraph is used after a short vowel.
Examples:
catch
patch
Unit 2
Suffixes s cind es
Adding the suffix s or es to base words
makes the words plural.
1 A suffix is an ending that is added to a base word that
changes the spelling and meaning of base words.
2 Spell the base word correctly and then add the suffix.
3 When tapping out a word, only tap out the base word, do
not tap out the suffix.
4 Adding the suffixes —s or —es to a word makes the word
plural.
Examples:
books
benches
whi tebocirds
brushes
markers
boxes
playgrounds
lunches
Suffix ed
Adding the suffix ed to base words changes
the verb to past tense.
Examples:
sprinted
jumped
filled
C
Unit 2
Two kinds of suffixes:
Vowel suffixes: es ‘pictrai able, ed en er 4
est ing ive ish
Consonant suffixes: s (‘plural).. y... ly ty ful, less,. ment, ness
4dding suffixes to 1-1-1 words
1. When adding a vowel suffix to 1-1-1 words, double the final
consonant and add the vowel suffix
Examples:
hop, hopping
run, running
shred, shredder
2. When adding vowel suffixes to words with two vowels or
two ending consonants, do not make any changes to the
base word before adding the suffix.
Examples:
cleanest
prevented
helper
singing
3. The vowel suffix —ed is added to a verb to make the
verb past tense.
Examples:
edit edited
walk walked
wander wandered
4. The vowel suffix —ed can make three different sounds:
lid!, Id! and /t!’.
5. When adding a consonant suffix to a 1-1-1 word, make no
change in the base word.
Examples: ship shipment
Unit 3
Voweieonsonante Syllable
This syllable has a vowel, then a consonant, then an e.
It is called the VCe or v-e syllable
2 The first vowel has a long sound, marked with a macron (-)
3 The e is silent
4 This syllable can be combined with other syllables to make
multi-syllable words
Examples:
scrape
chose
wise
nose
invite
reptile
explode
mistake
1
• Some compound words have one syllable that is a short
vowel closed syllables and one that is a vowel-consonant-e
syllable.
fireman
Example
• In multisyllabic words, vowel-consonant-e syllables are usually
found in the final syllable.
de.bate
debate
in.vite
Examples: invite
• In compound words, vowel—.consonant-e syllables are frequently
found in the first syllable.
fire.man somewhere some.where
fireman
Examples:
4
Unit 3
Four Rules of Syllable Division:
p.zai
Rule 1:
Divide syllables between two consonants.
Examples : downtown
down.town
Rule
reptile rep.tile
a:
In a word with only one consonant in the middle of the
word, divide the syllable before a single middle cOnsonant.
Examples: open o.pen
report re.port
Exception: When the first syllable is a closed syllable, divide
the syllables after the first consonant. That consonant is needed
to close in the first syllable.
Examples: habit
hob.it
relish
rel.ish
Rule 3:
In a word with 3 consonants (including a digraph) between two
vowels, the digraph stays together. Almost always two of the
consonants go to the second syllable.
Examples: nutshell
nut.shell bathtub
bath.tub
In a word with only a digraph between two vowels, keep the
digraph together to close in the first syllable.
Examples: fishing
fish.ing
Rule 4:
In a word with 3 consonants between two vowels and no
digraph, almost always two of the consonants go to the second
syllable.
Examples: contract
con.tract
explode
ex•plode
Unit 3A
The spelling of hornonyms or
Sound Alike words:
Think of the meaning of the homophone to decide the correct
spelling of the word.
Examples:
weather
whether
father
farther
a condition of the air and climate
referring to an option between two or
more choices
a parent who is a man
when two objects have a large
amount of space between them
to
Unit 4
Exception to the
VowelConsonante Syllable Rule:
Some words are exceptions, to the —VCe rule. In these words,
the first vowel has a short sound. The letter -e is added to
the letter —v because words in English cannot end with the
letter —v.
Examples:
give
olive
have
lye as a Suffix
The suffix lye can be added to the end of a base word.
The letter / has a short sound. As ci suffix, lye is used
to make words that describe someone or something
Examples:
act
active
Spelling Rule: Making Silent e Words
Plural:
• When pluralizing a Silent e Word, simply add the letter s.
bike
Examples:
bikes
Adding $uffixes to vce words
1. When adding a vowel suffix to CVCe words, drop the
final e and add the vowel suffix,
Examples: Love Loved
dance dancing
2. When adding a consonant suffix to cvce words, make
no changes in the base word.
ExampLes: hope, hopeful
I’
Unit 4
Silent e Spelling Rules:
• When pluralizing a Silent e Word, simply add
bike
hopes
hope
Examples:
-s.
bikes
• When adding a consonant suffix to the end of a
Silent e Word, just add the suffix.
hopeful
hopeless
hope
Examples:
• When adding a vowel suffix to the end of a Silent e Word,
drop the e and add the suffix.
hoping
bravest
brave
hope
Examples:
Identifying a Base word:
•
Look at these two words. What do you notice? The suffix
changes the spelling of the base words in predictable ways.
hoping
Hoping is a silent e word, and
the base word is hope.
*
If there is only one consonant before the
suffix, the vowel in the base word has a
long sound.
hopping
Hopping is a 1-1-1 word, and the base word
is hop.
• If there are two consonants before the
suffix, the vowel in the base word has a
short sound.
UnIt 5
Accented and unaccented syllables
and the schwa sound:
1. When a syllable is said clearly it is called the accented
syllable.
2. When a syllable is not said clearly, it is called the
unaccented
syllable.
Examples:
travel
tray accented
-
el
-
unaccented
The schwa sound can make it challenging to spell a word.
3. When a vowel in an unaccented syllable does not sound as it
should, it is called a schwa sound. It may take on the sound
of short u or short i or it may disappear.
Examples:
travel
wagon
el says lull
on says /un/
Unit 5
The schwa sound in et words:
1. When a vowel in an unaccented syllable does not sound as it
should, it is called a schwa sound. It may take on the sound
of short u or short i or it may disappear.
Examples:
pocket
magnet
et says /it/
et says lit!
The spelling of the ikI sound when
it comes after a short vowel:
In the word pocket, the sound 1k! is spelled ck. When the
/k! sound comes after a short vowel, it is spelled with a ck.
Unit 6
Open Syllables
This syllable has only one vowel, which is the last letter
in the syllable.
2. The vowel sound is long. To indicate the long sound, the
vowel is marked with a macron (-).
3. This syllable can be combined with other syllables to make
multisyllabic words.
1.
Examples:
he
so lo
re mote
u nite
rot ate
ba sic
re mind
pre tend
V as a vowel at the end of a syllable:
In open syllable words, Y can be a vowel.
In a one-syllable word, the fetter y will make the sound of
long /1/.
Examples:
sky
try
why
shy
In a two-syllable word, the letter y will make the sound of
long /e/. When separating the word into syllables, remember
that y likes to have another letter with it in a two-syllable
word.
Examples:
can dy
migh ty
sil ly
glad ly
Unit 6
Open Syllables us. fly have vowels that make
a long souid. However there are exceptIons:
Schwa in Open Syllables with a:
1. The scwha sound happens in the unaccented open syllable.
2. Whenever a multisyllabic word ends with the letter a in an
open syllable, the letter a makes a short u sound. When the
letter a begins a word in an open syllable, the letter a makes
a short ii sound.
Examples:
ex tra
scu ba
a lone
a wake
a maze
A las ka
Schwa in Open Syllables with. I:
1. The scwha sound happens in the unciccenfed open syllable.
2. In the middle of a multisyllabic word, when the middle
syllable ends in the letter i, and is followed by a
consonant, the letter I makes the short u sound (the
schwa sound).
Examples:
corn ph ment
an i mal
hos p1 tal
Schwa in Open Syllables with I:
3. The scwha sound happens in the unaccented open syllable.
4. In the middLe of a multisyllabic word, when the middle
syllable ends in the letter i, and it is followed by a vowel,
the letter i makes the LONG E sound.
Examples:
chom p1 on
pat i o
o be di ent
• Unit 7
Sounds of y review:
When the letter y acts as a vowel at the end of a one-syllable word it
usually says the long sound of I.
Examples:
sky
my
try
When the letter y acts as a vowel at the end of a two -syllable word it
usually says the long sound of e.
Examples:
many
pretty
happy
The y and Suffix Spelling Rule
When the letter y follows
consonant in an open syllable, change the y
i when adding any suffix except a suffix that already begins with y.
The i retains the original sound of the
ci
to
y.
Example
Base word
Base word with a suffix
empty
emptiness or emptied
V
When a word already has y as a suffix, for example: chilly,
the y suffix also changes to an i when another suffix is added.
Base word
Base word with a y suffix
Base word with a y suffix and another suffix added
chill
chilly
chilliest
Exceptions:
When the suffix begins with the letter i, do not change
the y to i, just add the suffix.
Examples:
baby
babyish
Pfuriiizing Words ending in y:
When a word ends in
—es.
Examples:
a
y
in
an
open
baby babies
syllable, change the y to i and add
candy candies
Unit 8
Consonant’le Syllable
1. This syllable has only three letters: a consonant an I and an e.
2. The e is silent. It is the vowel. Every syllable needs at (east one
vowel. The consonant and the I are sounded like a blend.
3. The consonant I e syllable is always the last syllable in a
mulFisyllabic word.
Examples:
trouble
fizzle
idle
maple
bugle
raffle
tackle
Coflso:haflt’Le sylia ble c%pLtI
When a word ends in —stle, the t and the e are silent
Examples:
castle
whistle
AddIng suffixes to consoriantie syllables
1. When adding a vowel suffix to a consoncint—le syllable, drop the e
and add the suffix.
Examples:
settle
settling
whistle
whistling
2. When adding a consonant suffix to a consonant—le syllable, just
add the suffix.
Examples:
settle
settlement
Schwa sound with words ending in /1/
Although the consonant-le spelling is more common, some words that have
the Ill sound at the end are spelled with the letter I at the end
Examples:
model
bagel
label
Unit 9
The r-controtled syllable
This syllable contains a single vowel followed by an r (ar, er, ir, or,
u r).
This would normally be a closed syllable, but when an r follows the
vowel, r controls the sound of the vowel.
2. The vowel is neither long or short: it is controlled by the r
3. This syllable can be combined with other syllables to make
multisyllabic words.
bird
ir
her
er
or
car
Examples:
burn
horn ur
or
1
—
—
—
—
Syllable division in words with r—controlled syllables:
When the first syllable of the word is an r-controlled syllable, it is
usually divided after the r.
party par fy
Examples:
The r-eontrolled syllable exception
When the r is followed by another r, the preceeding vowel is often short.
hurry
berry
carry
Examples:
Sound of ar and or at the end of a word,
and following w: war, wor, ward
The letter combination or says
when it comes at the end of a
warm
Example:
The letter combination or says
when it comes at the end of a
worm
Example:
Ion when it follows the letter w, or
word.
westward
len when it follows the letter w, or
word.
doctor
Adding suffixes to r-controlled syllable: the
1-1—1 spelling rule applies to r—controtled syllables
When the base word is a closed or an n—controlled syllable with only one
consonant following the one vowel, double the final consonant on the base
word if adding a vowel suffix. For example, the r is doubled in the
1—1—1 word stir when adding a vowel suffix.
Examples:
stir
stirred
Unit 9A
Suffix and Prefix Meanings
Suffix
Meaning
less
not have
able
can, ability to
ard
in a direction or manner (adverb)
ful
V
marked by (adjective)
Prefix
Meaning
un
not or opposite
re
back or again
pre
before or near
bi
two
tn
three
mis
wrong or wrongly
V
V
0
Unit 10
Double Vowel Syllables
When two vowels together make one sound in a word, it makes the double
vowel syllable. The two vowels work as a team.
Examples:
train
remain
Vowel teams that make the long Ia! sound:
eight ei ea
The letter e says /e/ most of the time, but sometimes it says Ia!.
Examples:
eight
vein
steak
The exception is the word bread.
Vowel teams that make the long /e/ sound:
ea ei 1€
The letter
€
Examples:
makes the long /e/ sound in these vowel teams
eat
field
piece
The exception is the word cije
owe! team that makes the long /u/ sound:
uI
Examples:
suit
fruit
Letter team that makes the long /1/ sound:
igh
Although the letters g and h are consonants this Letter team follows the
“D” syllable type.
Examples:
light
fright
Unit 10
Vowel team that makes a sound of /u/
00
The vowel team oo makes the same sound as ui in fruit.
Example: hoot
The vowel team oo makes the same sound as u in put.
Example: book
The y and Suffix Spelling Rule
If the letter y follows a consonant in an open syllable, change the y to I
when adding any suffix. The I retains the original sound of the y.
Examples:
empty
empty
+
+
ness = emptiness
emptied
ed
Exceptions:
When the suffix begins with the letter i, do not change
the y to I, just add the suffix.
Examples:
baby
babyish
Unit 11
Contractions are word$ that are formed by combining
two words to make a shorter word. Replace one or more
letters with an apostrophe to make the shorter word.
Words with:
Examples:
not
Take away a and replace it with
should riof: shouldn t
is
Take away / and replace it with
what is: what’s
are
Take away a and replace it with
were
will
Take away wi and replace it with
she’ll
would
Take away woul and replace it with
we’d
have
Take away ha and replace it with
they’ve
Watch outl
These are ‘tricky contractions!
let us
Take away u and replace it with
let’s
I am
Take away u and replace it with
I’m
can not
will not
must not
Take away no and replace it with
can’t
Take away no and rep/ace it with
won’t
(note:
the first t is not sounded) mustn’t
)47
Unit 12
Soft Sounds of /c/ and /9/
Soft /c?:
The letter c changes its sound to
e,i,ory.
Examples:
city
/5/
when it is followed by the letters
cycle
cent
Soft /g/:
The letter g changes its sound to
e, i, or y.
Examples:
gem
hi when it is followed by the letters
giant
apology
Words ending with nce and nge
In the letter blend nce, the silent e makes the letter c say
ending in nce are closed syllables.
glance
dance
fence
Examples:
/5/.
Syllables
In the letter blend nge, the silent e makes the letter g say
ending in nce are closed syllables.
fringe
plunge
lunge
Examples:
hi!. Syllables
The trigraph dge
In the trigraph dge, the silent e makes the letter g say hi!. The letters
dge are a trigraph because together the letters make one sound. Syllables
ending in dge are closed syllables.
badge
fudge
budge
Examples:
Adding suffixes to a Trigraph
When adding suffixes to trigraphs, follow the silent
Examples:
€
spelling rule
fence fencing
dance dancing
budge budging
judge judging
glance glancing
Unit 13
Sounds of the d!graphs eb and ph
Digraph eh /k/
The digroph ch says /ch/ in some words.
the sound 1k!.
Examples:
DIgraph ph
In some other words, it makes
chorus
If?
The digraph ph says If!.
Examples:
phone
SIlent !etters
Letters and Sounds
Examples
wr
rh
In
In!
wring
rhinoceros
gn
kn
In!
In!
gnawing
knitted
mn
mb
/m/
/m/
autumn
climber
gh
/g/
ghostly
>4-
Unit 14
Words ending in Hon
When a word ends in f/on, the f/on says /shun/
action
Examples:
vacation
motion
Words ending in sien
When a word ends Th sion, the s/on can say /shun/
V
mission
Examples:
tension
comprehension
OR
When a word ends in s/on, the s/on can say /zhun/
occasion
Examples:
confusion
television
Words endIng in ture
When a word ends in fure, the ture says /cher/
capture
Examples:
picture
adventure
Words with tu
When a word has tu in in the tu says /chu/
Examples:
actual
statue
fortune
Words with ti and CI
V
The letter combinations ti and ci make the sound /sh/.
Examples:
patient
quotient
glGcier
caution
1 aI. ent an
Words advanced suffix endings ous
The sound/.sh/ is spelled either ci or ti when folio wed by these endings:
ous, a!, eat, and an.
Examples:
spacious
potential
efficient
musician
2I’