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nI £ jaa UQ $[O* SUO!4VpUfld od SpeI1er 6 o • READ • are word-conscious; they notice the way words are spelled • proofread their own work; they know when a word doesn’t look right, and they know what to do to correct the spelling • Practice, practice, practice • use tools such as a word wall, dictionary, thesaurus or spell checker • use many spelling Strategjf: * sound out words with predictable spelling (i.e. catnip) * visualize the word in their minds * look familiar patterns in words such as word families (i.e. They notice the all in ball or igh in night and light) * separate words into syllables, and spell each syllable * use rules to help them spell (i.e. rules for adding vowel suffixes and consonant suffixes) AND know the exceptions to the rules * use clever clues to remember difficult words (i.e. The word ear is in the word hear.) * memorize the spelling of trick words * use their knowledge of word meanings to help spell words • READ Fundations Six Types of Syllables in English 0 Closed Syllable 0 R-Controlled Syllable 1 This syllable can only have one voweL 1 This syllable contains a single vowel followed by 2 The vowel is followed by one or more cmants (dosed in). 3 The vowel sound is short, marked with a breve (“) 4 This syllable can be combined with other syllables to make multisyflabic words. £xmpl an r (ar, a-, ir. or. in). 2 The vowel is neither long nor short: it is controlled by the r. 3 This syllable can be combined With other syl lables to make multisyllabic words. Mark-up Sample start up hat ship fir hurt art lastlást r C 0 Double Vowel “D” Syllable - 0 Vowel-Consonant-e Syllable 1 This syllable has a voweL then a consonant, then 2 The first vowel has a long sound, marked with a macron ( I. 1 This syllable contains a vowel digraph or a diph thong. These are vowel teams. 2 This syllable can be combined with other syl laNes to make multisyllabic words. 3 The e is silent ‘kiwel Digraph Two vowels tother that repre sent one sound (ee). 4 This syllable can be combined with other syllables to make multisyilabic words. Diphthong: A sound that begins with one vowel sound and glides into another (oh. - Examples Mark-up Samç4e bike ape stove stövK Mark-up Sample . v—c bet fçI g!t nc 0 Open Syllable 0 Consonant4e Syllable 1 This syllable has only one vowel which is the last letter in the syllable. 1 This syllable has only three letters: a ainsonant. an 1, and an e 2 The vowel sound is long, marked with a macron 2 The e is silent it is the vowel. Evenj syllable needs at least one vowel. The consonant and the I are sounded like a blend. (). 3 This syllable can be combined with other syl laNes to make isynainc rcIs. 3 This syllable must be the last syllable in a multisyllabic word. Mark-up ample Examples I he shy hi cradle SIX TYPES OF SYUABLES IN ENGLISH Mark-up SampLe hi little bubble bub bfr’ -le E12003 Wisax Language Traimnq Corporauon W.Isan ze.ons” Unit I Clásed Syllables 1 These syllables can have only one vowel. 2 The vowel is followed by one or more consonants (closed in). 3 The vowel sound is short, marked with a breve (%1). Examples: dad peg big hop run catch milk socks crunch sketch 4 This syllable can be ëombined with other syllables to make multisyllabic words. Examples:. member carpet understand Five Excep tions to Closed Syllables An exception is something that does not follow the rules. The following examples are exceptions to the closed vowel rule, because the vowels all have a long sound. These are all glued/welded sounds. Examples: olt bolt old sold ost most ild wild md find L1. Unit 1 Glued/welded sounds It is easier to read and spell some words if we glue or weld together some of the sounds. Examples: ball cill ang sprang ank tank am clam ing string ink brink plan an ong strong onk honk • ung lung unk shrunk When the letter a is in the gLued pattern —all or when it comes after the letter w or the letters q, a makes the same sound as o in hot. Examples: ball wash squash quarter Sound of 1k! The Letter k is used at the end of a word if the 1k! does not immediately following the vowel. Example: The word milk is spelled with a k at the end of a word, because the k does not immediately follow a short vowel. Sound of tch The letters tch at the end of a word form a trigraph (3 letters that make 1 sound). This trigraph is used after a short vowel. Examples: catch patch Unit 2 Suffixes s cind es Adding the suffix s or es to base words makes the words plural. 1 A suffix is an ending that is added to a base word that changes the spelling and meaning of base words. 2 Spell the base word correctly and then add the suffix. 3 When tapping out a word, only tap out the base word, do not tap out the suffix. 4 Adding the suffixes —s or —es to a word makes the word plural. Examples: books benches whi tebocirds brushes markers boxes playgrounds lunches Suffix ed Adding the suffix ed to base words changes the verb to past tense. Examples: sprinted jumped filled C Unit 2 Two kinds of suffixes: Vowel suffixes: es ‘pictrai able, ed en er 4 est ing ive ish Consonant suffixes: s (‘plural).. y... ly ty ful, less,. ment, ness 4dding suffixes to 1-1-1 words 1. When adding a vowel suffix to 1-1-1 words, double the final consonant and add the vowel suffix Examples: hop, hopping run, running shred, shredder 2. When adding vowel suffixes to words with two vowels or two ending consonants, do not make any changes to the base word before adding the suffix. Examples: cleanest prevented helper singing 3. The vowel suffix —ed is added to a verb to make the verb past tense. Examples: edit edited walk walked wander wandered 4. The vowel suffix —ed can make three different sounds: lid!, Id! and /t!’. 5. When adding a consonant suffix to a 1-1-1 word, make no change in the base word. Examples: ship shipment Unit 3 Voweieonsonante Syllable This syllable has a vowel, then a consonant, then an e. It is called the VCe or v-e syllable 2 The first vowel has a long sound, marked with a macron (-) 3 The e is silent 4 This syllable can be combined with other syllables to make multi-syllable words Examples: scrape chose wise nose invite reptile explode mistake 1 • Some compound words have one syllable that is a short vowel closed syllables and one that is a vowel-consonant-e syllable. fireman Example • In multisyllabic words, vowel-consonant-e syllables are usually found in the final syllable. de.bate debate in.vite Examples: invite • In compound words, vowel—.consonant-e syllables are frequently found in the first syllable. fire.man somewhere some.where fireman Examples: 4 Unit 3 Four Rules of Syllable Division: p.zai Rule 1: Divide syllables between two consonants. Examples : downtown down.town Rule reptile rep.tile a: In a word with only one consonant in the middle of the word, divide the syllable before a single middle cOnsonant. Examples: open o.pen report re.port Exception: When the first syllable is a closed syllable, divide the syllables after the first consonant. That consonant is needed to close in the first syllable. Examples: habit hob.it relish rel.ish Rule 3: In a word with 3 consonants (including a digraph) between two vowels, the digraph stays together. Almost always two of the consonants go to the second syllable. Examples: nutshell nut.shell bathtub bath.tub In a word with only a digraph between two vowels, keep the digraph together to close in the first syllable. Examples: fishing fish.ing Rule 4: In a word with 3 consonants between two vowels and no digraph, almost always two of the consonants go to the second syllable. Examples: contract con.tract explode ex•plode Unit 3A The spelling of hornonyms or Sound Alike words: Think of the meaning of the homophone to decide the correct spelling of the word. Examples: weather whether father farther a condition of the air and climate referring to an option between two or more choices a parent who is a man when two objects have a large amount of space between them to Unit 4 Exception to the VowelConsonante Syllable Rule: Some words are exceptions, to the —VCe rule. In these words, the first vowel has a short sound. The letter -e is added to the letter —v because words in English cannot end with the letter —v. Examples: give olive have lye as a Suffix The suffix lye can be added to the end of a base word. The letter / has a short sound. As ci suffix, lye is used to make words that describe someone or something Examples: act active Spelling Rule: Making Silent e Words Plural: • When pluralizing a Silent e Word, simply add the letter s. bike Examples: bikes Adding $uffixes to vce words 1. When adding a vowel suffix to CVCe words, drop the final e and add the vowel suffix, Examples: Love Loved dance dancing 2. When adding a consonant suffix to cvce words, make no changes in the base word. ExampLes: hope, hopeful I’ Unit 4 Silent e Spelling Rules: • When pluralizing a Silent e Word, simply add bike hopes hope Examples: -s. bikes • When adding a consonant suffix to the end of a Silent e Word, just add the suffix. hopeful hopeless hope Examples: • When adding a vowel suffix to the end of a Silent e Word, drop the e and add the suffix. hoping bravest brave hope Examples: Identifying a Base word: • Look at these two words. What do you notice? The suffix changes the spelling of the base words in predictable ways. hoping Hoping is a silent e word, and the base word is hope. * If there is only one consonant before the suffix, the vowel in the base word has a long sound. hopping Hopping is a 1-1-1 word, and the base word is hop. • If there are two consonants before the suffix, the vowel in the base word has a short sound. UnIt 5 Accented and unaccented syllables and the schwa sound: 1. When a syllable is said clearly it is called the accented syllable. 2. When a syllable is not said clearly, it is called the unaccented syllable. Examples: travel tray accented - el - unaccented The schwa sound can make it challenging to spell a word. 3. When a vowel in an unaccented syllable does not sound as it should, it is called a schwa sound. It may take on the sound of short u or short i or it may disappear. Examples: travel wagon el says lull on says /un/ Unit 5 The schwa sound in et words: 1. When a vowel in an unaccented syllable does not sound as it should, it is called a schwa sound. It may take on the sound of short u or short i or it may disappear. Examples: pocket magnet et says /it/ et says lit! The spelling of the ikI sound when it comes after a short vowel: In the word pocket, the sound 1k! is spelled ck. When the /k! sound comes after a short vowel, it is spelled with a ck. Unit 6 Open Syllables This syllable has only one vowel, which is the last letter in the syllable. 2. The vowel sound is long. To indicate the long sound, the vowel is marked with a macron (-). 3. This syllable can be combined with other syllables to make multisyllabic words. 1. Examples: he so lo re mote u nite rot ate ba sic re mind pre tend V as a vowel at the end of a syllable: In open syllable words, Y can be a vowel. In a one-syllable word, the fetter y will make the sound of long /1/. Examples: sky try why shy In a two-syllable word, the letter y will make the sound of long /e/. When separating the word into syllables, remember that y likes to have another letter with it in a two-syllable word. Examples: can dy migh ty sil ly glad ly Unit 6 Open Syllables us. fly have vowels that make a long souid. However there are exceptIons: Schwa in Open Syllables with a: 1. The scwha sound happens in the unaccented open syllable. 2. Whenever a multisyllabic word ends with the letter a in an open syllable, the letter a makes a short u sound. When the letter a begins a word in an open syllable, the letter a makes a short ii sound. Examples: ex tra scu ba a lone a wake a maze A las ka Schwa in Open Syllables with. I: 1. The scwha sound happens in the unciccenfed open syllable. 2. In the middle of a multisyllabic word, when the middle syllable ends in the letter i, and is followed by a consonant, the letter I makes the short u sound (the schwa sound). Examples: corn ph ment an i mal hos p1 tal Schwa in Open Syllables with I: 3. The scwha sound happens in the unaccented open syllable. 4. In the middLe of a multisyllabic word, when the middle syllable ends in the letter i, and it is followed by a vowel, the letter i makes the LONG E sound. Examples: chom p1 on pat i o o be di ent • Unit 7 Sounds of y review: When the letter y acts as a vowel at the end of a one-syllable word it usually says the long sound of I. Examples: sky my try When the letter y acts as a vowel at the end of a two -syllable word it usually says the long sound of e. Examples: many pretty happy The y and Suffix Spelling Rule When the letter y follows consonant in an open syllable, change the y i when adding any suffix except a suffix that already begins with y. The i retains the original sound of the ci to y. Example Base word Base word with a suffix empty emptiness or emptied V When a word already has y as a suffix, for example: chilly, the y suffix also changes to an i when another suffix is added. Base word Base word with a y suffix Base word with a y suffix and another suffix added chill chilly chilliest Exceptions: When the suffix begins with the letter i, do not change the y to i, just add the suffix. Examples: baby babyish Pfuriiizing Words ending in y: When a word ends in —es. Examples: a y in an open baby babies syllable, change the y to i and add candy candies Unit 8 Consonant’le Syllable 1. This syllable has only three letters: a consonant an I and an e. 2. The e is silent. It is the vowel. Every syllable needs at (east one vowel. The consonant and the I are sounded like a blend. 3. The consonant I e syllable is always the last syllable in a mulFisyllabic word. Examples: trouble fizzle idle maple bugle raffle tackle Coflso:haflt’Le sylia ble c%pLtI When a word ends in —stle, the t and the e are silent Examples: castle whistle AddIng suffixes to consoriantie syllables 1. When adding a vowel suffix to a consoncint—le syllable, drop the e and add the suffix. Examples: settle settling whistle whistling 2. When adding a consonant suffix to a consonant—le syllable, just add the suffix. Examples: settle settlement Schwa sound with words ending in /1/ Although the consonant-le spelling is more common, some words that have the Ill sound at the end are spelled with the letter I at the end Examples: model bagel label Unit 9 The r-controtled syllable This syllable contains a single vowel followed by an r (ar, er, ir, or, u r). This would normally be a closed syllable, but when an r follows the vowel, r controls the sound of the vowel. 2. The vowel is neither long or short: it is controlled by the r 3. This syllable can be combined with other syllables to make multisyllabic words. bird ir her er or car Examples: burn horn ur or 1 — — — — Syllable division in words with r—controlled syllables: When the first syllable of the word is an r-controlled syllable, it is usually divided after the r. party par fy Examples: The r-eontrolled syllable exception When the r is followed by another r, the preceeding vowel is often short. hurry berry carry Examples: Sound of ar and or at the end of a word, and following w: war, wor, ward The letter combination or says when it comes at the end of a warm Example: The letter combination or says when it comes at the end of a worm Example: Ion when it follows the letter w, or word. westward len when it follows the letter w, or word. doctor Adding suffixes to r-controlled syllable: the 1-1—1 spelling rule applies to r—controtled syllables When the base word is a closed or an n—controlled syllable with only one consonant following the one vowel, double the final consonant on the base word if adding a vowel suffix. For example, the r is doubled in the 1—1—1 word stir when adding a vowel suffix. Examples: stir stirred Unit 9A Suffix and Prefix Meanings Suffix Meaning less not have able can, ability to ard in a direction or manner (adverb) ful V marked by (adjective) Prefix Meaning un not or opposite re back or again pre before or near bi two tn three mis wrong or wrongly V V 0 Unit 10 Double Vowel Syllables When two vowels together make one sound in a word, it makes the double vowel syllable. The two vowels work as a team. Examples: train remain Vowel teams that make the long Ia! sound: eight ei ea The letter e says /e/ most of the time, but sometimes it says Ia!. Examples: eight vein steak The exception is the word bread. Vowel teams that make the long /e/ sound: ea ei 1€ The letter € Examples: makes the long /e/ sound in these vowel teams eat field piece The exception is the word cije owe! team that makes the long /u/ sound: uI Examples: suit fruit Letter team that makes the long /1/ sound: igh Although the letters g and h are consonants this Letter team follows the “D” syllable type. Examples: light fright Unit 10 Vowel team that makes a sound of /u/ 00 The vowel team oo makes the same sound as ui in fruit. Example: hoot The vowel team oo makes the same sound as u in put. Example: book The y and Suffix Spelling Rule If the letter y follows a consonant in an open syllable, change the y to I when adding any suffix. The I retains the original sound of the y. Examples: empty empty + + ness = emptiness emptied ed Exceptions: When the suffix begins with the letter i, do not change the y to I, just add the suffix. Examples: baby babyish Unit 11 Contractions are word$ that are formed by combining two words to make a shorter word. Replace one or more letters with an apostrophe to make the shorter word. Words with: Examples: not Take away a and replace it with should riof: shouldn t is Take away / and replace it with what is: what’s are Take away a and replace it with were will Take away wi and replace it with she’ll would Take away woul and replace it with we’d have Take away ha and replace it with they’ve Watch outl These are ‘tricky contractions! let us Take away u and replace it with let’s I am Take away u and replace it with I’m can not will not must not Take away no and replace it with can’t Take away no and rep/ace it with won’t (note: the first t is not sounded) mustn’t )47 Unit 12 Soft Sounds of /c/ and /9/ Soft /c?: The letter c changes its sound to e,i,ory. Examples: city /5/ when it is followed by the letters cycle cent Soft /g/: The letter g changes its sound to e, i, or y. Examples: gem hi when it is followed by the letters giant apology Words ending with nce and nge In the letter blend nce, the silent e makes the letter c say ending in nce are closed syllables. glance dance fence Examples: /5/. Syllables In the letter blend nge, the silent e makes the letter g say ending in nce are closed syllables. fringe plunge lunge Examples: hi!. Syllables The trigraph dge In the trigraph dge, the silent e makes the letter g say hi!. The letters dge are a trigraph because together the letters make one sound. Syllables ending in dge are closed syllables. badge fudge budge Examples: Adding suffixes to a Trigraph When adding suffixes to trigraphs, follow the silent Examples: € spelling rule fence fencing dance dancing budge budging judge judging glance glancing Unit 13 Sounds of the d!graphs eb and ph Digraph eh /k/ The digroph ch says /ch/ in some words. the sound 1k!. Examples: DIgraph ph In some other words, it makes chorus If? The digraph ph says If!. Examples: phone SIlent !etters Letters and Sounds Examples wr rh In In! wring rhinoceros gn kn In! In! gnawing knitted mn mb /m/ /m/ autumn climber gh /g/ ghostly >4- Unit 14 Words ending in Hon When a word ends in f/on, the f/on says /shun/ action Examples: vacation motion Words ending in sien When a word ends Th sion, the s/on can say /shun/ V mission Examples: tension comprehension OR When a word ends in s/on, the s/on can say /zhun/ occasion Examples: confusion television Words endIng in ture When a word ends in fure, the ture says /cher/ capture Examples: picture adventure Words with tu When a word has tu in in the tu says /chu/ Examples: actual statue fortune Words with ti and CI V The letter combinations ti and ci make the sound /sh/. Examples: patient quotient glGcier caution 1 aI. ent an Words advanced suffix endings ous The sound/.sh/ is spelled either ci or ti when folio wed by these endings: ous, a!, eat, and an. Examples: spacious potential efficient musician 2I’