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Name: ______________ Hr. ____ AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT QUOTATIONS ACTIVITY DIRECTIONS: Read each quotation taken from enlightened thinkers of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Answer the following questions for each: 1) What idea is the author expressing? (Answer the specific prompt(s) that follow each quote) 2) How does that idea reflect the spirit of and/or issues related to the Enlightenment period? DOCUMENT 1: I…therefore give the name “Republic” to every state that is governed by laws, no matter what the form of its administration may be: for only in such cases does the public interest govern, and the res republica rank as a reality … Laws are, properly speaking, only the conditions of civil association. The people, being subject to the laws, ought to be their authors: the conditions of the society ought to be regulated…by those who come together to form it. JEAN JACQUES ROUSSEAU, THE SOCIAL CONTRACT 1. What natural right is being expressed in this document? Why should citizens be the authors of society’s laws, according to Rousseau? DOCUMENT 2: It is true that in democracies the people seem to act as they please; but political liberty does not consist in an unlimited freedom. … We must have continually present to our minds the difference between independence and liberty. Liberty is a right of doing whatever the laws permit, and if a citizen could do what they [ the laws ] forbid he would be no longer be possessed of liberty, because all his fellow citizens would have the same power. BARON DE MONTESQUIEU, THE SPIRIT OF LAWS 2. Why does Montesquieu believe that disobeying laws leads to a loss of liberty? 1 Name: ______________ Hr. ____ DOCUMENT 3: “…[Women] spend many of the first years of their lives acquiring a smattering of accomplishments; meanwhile strength of body and mind are sacrificed to [indulgent] notions of beauty, to the desire of establishing themselves—the only way women can rise in the world—by marriage.” MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT, A VINDICATION OF THE RIGHTS OF WOMEN. 3. What ideas about women and education are expressed in this quote? Why might men hesitate to give women education and equality under the law? DOCUMENT 4: “If absolute sovereignty [power] be not necessary in a state, how comes it to be so in a family? … If all men are born free, how is it that all women are born slaves?” MARY ASTELL, A SERIOUS PROPOSAL TO THE LADIES 4. What does Mary Astell mean that women are “born slaves”? What natural rights does she imply by her remarks? DOCUMENT 5: …I may disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it… The best government seems to be that in which all ranks of men are equally protected by the laws… VOLTAIRE 5. What type of government does Voltaire recommend? What specific freedom does he feel is essential? 2 Name: ______________ Hr. ____ DOCUMENT 6: The punishment of death is the war of a nation against a citizen whose destruction it judges to be necessary or useful…For a punishment to be just it should consist of only such gradations of intensity as suffice to deter men from committing crimes. CESARE BECCARIA, ON CRIMES AND PUNISHMENT 6. How does Beccaria promote justice and appropriate punishment in this quote? DOCUMENT 7: Although the forms of state—monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy—were united in English government, the powers of government were separated one another. There can be no liberty where the executive, legislative, and judicial powers were united in one person or body of persons, because concentration is bound to result in arbitrary despotism. MONTESQUIEU, THE SPIRIT OF THE LAWS 7. Which type of government does Montesquieu describe and why does he believe it should be organized in this way? DOCUMENT 8: We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. --That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, THOMAS JEFFERSON, DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE 8. Summarize Thomas Jefferson’s enlightened views on government. 3 Name: ______________ Hr. ____ DOCUMENT 9: “Man is born free, and yet is universally enslaved. At the same time an individual frequently conceives himself to be the lord and master over others, though only more eminently deprived of liberty. JEAN-JACQUE ROUSSEAU 9. What human right is the central issue of this paragraph by JJ Rousseau? DOCUMENT 10: Men being … by nature all free, equal, and independent, no one can be…subjected to the political power of another without his own consent…To protect natural rights governments are established…Since men hope to preserve their property by establishing a government, they will not want that government to destroy their objectives. When legislators try to destroy or take away the property of the people, or try to reduce them to slavery, they put themselves in to a state of war with the people who can then refuse to obey the laws. JOHN LOCKE, TWO TREATISES ON GOVERNMENT 10. Why is government established? What natural rights does John Locke describe? Under what circumstances is revolt permissible? EXTENDED RESPONSE QUESTION: Use what you have learned so far about the Enlightenment—including information from this collection of quotes to write an extended response (2 solid paragraphs) to the prompt that follows. Support your response with specific examples from your readings and quotes. Write on your own sheet of paper. Prompt: What is the spirit of the Enlightenment? How is that spirit reflected in the writings of the philosophes? How are those beliefs reflected in society and government in today’s age? 4