Download Plant tissue

Thanks! Plants
Produce oxygen and Ozone
Food :
Wood and Paper
Fossil Fuel
Fiber
Flavors and Fragrances :
Medicines, Latex and Resins
Decoration :
Shade :
Shelter :
식물의
Parts
of a형태
plant
(생식지(줄기); 꽃)
(끝눈)
(마디)
(마디사이)
(끝눈)
(지상부계; 어린싹계)
(영양지(줄기))
(잎; 잎몸, 잎자루)
(곁눈)
(줄기)
(원뿌리)
(곁뿌리)
(뿌리계)
Overview of Lecture
 Plant tissue
Ground tissue
Epidermal tissue
Vascular tissue
Meristem tissue
Structure of Plant Body
 The plant body consists of organs that are composed of different
tissues and these tissues are teams of different cell types.
tissues,
types
 식물의 구조적 체계화: Cell- Tissue(유조직, 관다발 조직 등)-tissue system (기본조직계, 표피
조직계, 관다발조직계)-Organ(잎, 뿌리, 줄기 등..)
 Tissue (조직) : cells of common function, structure, or both
 Tissue system (조직계) : a collection of tissues , functional unit (기능적 단위)
 vascular tissue system,
y
, dermal tissue system,
y
,g
ground tissue system
y
 Organ (기관) : several types of tissues
Evolution of Plant to Environment
 식물은 지구(soil)로부터의 영양분 흡수하고 대기와 태양으로부터의 CO2,
광을 이용 하도록 진화


Soil provides water and minerals and air is the main sources of
CO2, however light does not penetrate far into soil.
So, plants have evolved two systems: a subterranean root
system
y
and an aerial shoot system
y
of stems and leaves
 Root system
(뿌리계)와
Shoot system
(지상부)로 구분
Plant Tissue Systems
 Roots, shoots and leaves contain three basic tissue systems
(Permanent tissue)
Ground tissue system (기본조직계) : For storage, photosynthesis and secretion,
compose most of plant body
•Parenchyma (유조직), Collenchyma (후각조직), Sclerenchyma (후벽조직)
Vascular tissue system (관다발조직계) : For conduction
•Xylem (물관부, 목부), Phloem (체관부, 사부)
Dermal tissue system (표피조직계) : For protection
 Meristems (분열조직)
Apical meristem (정단분열조직 ) :
Lateral meristem (측생분열조직) :
1.1 Schematic representation of the body of a typical dicot
일반적인 쌍자엽식물의 모식도.
아마(Linum usitatissum)의 경단 및
근단 등 정단분열조직다
Ground Tissue
 Consist of three types of cells
 Parenchyma


(유조직)
storage of food and water, photosynthesis, and secretion
Nuclei, chloroplast
Collenchyma


(후각조직)
provide support for plant organs allowing them to bend without
breaking, 예) celery의 texture
Living protoplast
Sclerenchyma


(후벽조직)
Tough and thick walls
Lack living protoplast
Parenchyma
the most common type of plant cell

Perform
P
f
the
th mostt metabolic
t b li functions.
f
ti
May
M live
li for
f many years,
functioning in storage, photosynthesis and secretion

Some contain chloroplasts and are called chlorenchyma
thin and flexible primary walls :
세포벽이 얇고 유연.
(엽록조직)
Collenchyma
grouped in strands and help support young parts of the plant shoot
provide support for plant organs
organs, allowing bending but not breaking

Have living protoplasts and may live for many years

have thicker and uneven cell walls, lack secondary walls

Sclerenchyma
have tough thick walls
세포벽에 리그닌을 침적하여 압력에 저항하고 보호 (thick walled)
Lack living cells at maturity
세포에서 분화된 죽은 세포로 되어 있음
Two general types : Both strengthen tissues
Fibers (섬유소): Long, slender cells that are usually grouped in strands
Sclereids (보강세포, 후벽세포) or stone cells (석세포): Variable shape; branched;
may occur singly or in groups
5 µm
S l id cells
Sclereid
ll iin pear (LM)
25 µm
Cell wall
Fiber cells (cross section from ash tree) (LM)
1.3 (A) Outer epidermis of leaf of Welwischia mirabilis; (B)
Parenchyma
웰위시아(Welwischia mirabilis)의 잎의 (B) 유조직,
(C) 후각세포, (D) 후벽세포.
The dermal tissue system
식물의 표피(epidermis)
Covered with a fatty cutin layer constituting the cuticle
잎과 대부분의 줄기의 표피 : cuticle이라는 waxy coating이 있어 water loss 억제,
UV damage로부터 보호
Contains special cells, including guard cells, trichomes and root hairs

nonwoody plants (초본식물) :
woody plants (목본식물) :
 Periderm : The outer layers of tissue of woody roots and stems, consisting
of the cork cambium and the tissues produced by it, such as cork
식물의 표피 : stoma, trichomes & root hairs
Guard cells (공변세포) are paired sausage-shaped
cells
Flank a stoma, which is the passageway for oxygen and
carbon dioxide, as well as the diffusion of water in vapor
form.
form
Roots hairs (뿌리털) are tubular extensions of
individual epidermal cells

Trichomes (毛茸) are cellular or multicellular hairlike
outgrowths of the epidermis
 Keep leaf surfaces cool and reduce evaporation by covering
stomatal openings
관다발 조직 (vascular bundle)
 The vascular tissue system
(관다발 조직계)
long–distance transport of materials
(원거리수송).
섬유와 유조직으로 싸여 있음.
관다발 조직 안쪽의 기본조직을 pith (髓), 바깥쪽을 cortex (피층)라 함.
stele


(중심주)
: 줄기와 뿌리의 내피 안쪽의 기본조직과 관다발조직을 통칭
Xylem (물관부, 木部)
The main water- and mineral-conducting tissue
also conducts inorganic ions such as nitrates
supports the plant body
(구조적 지지)

Typically includes parenchyma cells in horizontal rows called ‘rays’
Function in lateral conduction and food storage
Xylem (물관부, 木部)
Treachery element
(통수요소)
= vessel element + tracheid
 an efficient system for transporting water (including necessary minerals) from
the root to the leaves and other parts of the plant.
 Continuous
C ti
ttubes
b off d
dead
d cylindrical
li d i l cells
ll arranged
d end-to-end
d t
d
Vessels element
(물관요소)
 one of the cell types found in xylem
 the building blocks of vessels, which constitute the major part of the water
transporting system in the plants


Tracheids
(헛물관, 가도관)
 part of the transport system : transporting water
 structural support

Pits
Perforation
plate
Vessel
element
Vessel elements, with
perforated end walls
Tracheids
1.3 (E) Conducting cells of the xylem and phloem
(E) 물관부와 체관부 통도세포의 모식도.
Xylem (물관부, 木部)
Pit pairs
(벽공쌍)
The tracheids have bordered pit pairs with a central torus that provides a way of sealing
the tracheids if necessary
 pit membrane (벽공막) : pit pair 사이의 1차 세포벽과 middle lamella (중층)
 과도한 압력의 차이에 의한 물의 이동을 막아줌
 4.7 Tracheary elements and their interconnections; 관상요소와 이들의 상호연결. (C) 벽공강의 중심에 자리잡거나
또는 벽공강의 한쪽으로 머물러 흐름을 막는 유연벽공의 모식도. 두 헛물관 사이의 압력차가 작다면 벽공막은 유연막공의 중심 부근에 위치하여
벽공막의 다공성 주변부위를 통하여 물이 흐르게 만든다. 한 헛물관이 기포로 찼고 다른 헛물과은 장력하의 물로 채워져 있을 때처럼 두 헛물관
사이의 압력차가 크면 벽공막은 원절이 휘어진 벽을 막게 만들어 다른 헛물관으로 공동현상이 전파되지 못하게 만든다. (D) 대조적으로, 피자식
물과 송백류에 속하지 않는 유관속식물들의 벽공막은 구조가 비교적 균일하다. 이 벽공막의 구멍은 매우 작아 공동현상을 막지만 송백류 벽공에
비하여 상당한 정수압을 부과한다.
Phloem (체관, 篩部)
the living tissue that carries organic nutrients (known as
photosynthate), particularly sugars, amino acids, carbohydrates etc.
from leaves to roots or flowers
Contains two types of elongated cells;
Sieve cell (체관세포, 사세포) :
Sieve tube
b elements
l
(체관요소, 사관요소) :
Sieve tubes elements (체관요소,
체관요소, 사관요소
사관요소))
Sieve tubes elements join to
form continuous sieve tube (체관)
a type of elongated parenchyma
cell
ll in
i phloem
hl
tissue.
ti
Pores in sieve plate (체판)
between sieve tube elements are
open channels for transport
Each sieve tube element is
associated with one or more
companion cells.

C
Companion
i
cells
ll (伴細胞)
Role in transport of photosynthesis products from producing cells in mature
l
leaves
t sieve
to
i
plates
l t off the
th small
ll vein
i off the
th leaf
l f

Synthesize the various proteins used in the phloem (has a large number of
ribosomes)
Contain many mitochondria for cellular respiration to provide the cellular
energy required
i d for
f active
ti
transport
t
t
3 µm
Sieve-tube elements:
longitudinal view (LM)
Sieve plate
Sieve-tube element (left)
and companion cell:
cross section (TEM)
Companion
cells
Sieve-tube
elements
Plasmodesma
Sieve
plate
Nucleus of
companion
i
cells
Sieve-tube elements:
longitudinal view
30 µm
10 µm
Sieve plate with pores (SEM)
Meristematic tissues
 clumps of small cells with dense cytoplasm and large nuclei
 They act as stem cells do in animals : One cell divides producing
a differentiating cell and another that remains meristematic
 Apical Meristems and Lateral Meristems
Meristematic tissues
 Apical meristems
 located at the tips of stems and roots
 give rise to primary tissues (1기조직)
 Three primary meristems  Primary growth
 Protoderm (원표피)  gives rise to epidermis
 Ground meristem (기본분열조직)  ground tissue
 Procambium
P
bi
(전형성층)  1st vascular
l ti
tissue
Meristematic tissues
 Lateral Meristems (측생분열조직) : Secondary growth
 Give rise to secondary tissues (2기분열조직) which are collectively
called the secondary plant body
 Woody plants have two types
Cork cambium (코르크형성층)  Outer bark
Vascular cambium (관다발형성층)  2nd vascular tissue
현화식물
 As primary producers, flowering plants are at the
base of the food web of nearly terrestrial
ecosystems

Although all angiosperms have a number of features in
common, two plants groups, the monocots and dicots, differ
in many anatomical details.
Vegetative organs and systems
Monocots and Eudicots
Monocot
Characteristics
The two main groups of angiosperms are monocots
and eudicots
Eudicot
Characteristics
Embryos
One cotyledon
Two cotyledons
Leaf
venation
Monocots
 More than one-quarter of angiosperm species are
monocots

Veins usually
parallel
Veins usually
netlike
Stems
Vascular tissue
usually arranged
in ring
Vascular tissue
scattered
Eudicots
 More
M
th
than ttwo-thirds
thi d off angiosperm
i
species
i are eudicots
di t

Roots
Taproot (main root)
usually present
Root system
usually fibrous
(no main root)
P ll
Pollen
Pollen grain with
one opening
Pollen grain with
three openings
Fl
Flowers
Floral organs
usually in
multiples of three
Floral organs usually
in multiples of
four or five