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Bird Reproduction
Jessica Harwood
Douglas Wilkin, Ph.D.
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AUTHORS
Jessica Harwood
Douglas Wilkin, Ph.D.
EDITOR
Douglas Wilkin, Ph.D.
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Printed: December 30, 2015
CONTRIBUTORS
Doris Kraus, Ph.D.
Niamh Gray-Wilson
Jean Brainard, Ph.D.
Sarah Johnson
Jane Willan
Corliss Karasov
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C HAPTER
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Chapter 1. Bird Reproduction
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Bird Reproduction
Describe how birds reproduce,
Summarize how bird parents care for their offspring.
Compare altricial to precocial.
Define brood parasitism.
Why do peacocks have huge, bright feathers?
Male peacocks use their colorful feathers to attract females. Females tend to mate with the males with the largest,
brightest feathers. A large, bright tail indicates the male is healthy and likely to produce healthy offspring. You’ve
probably also heard birds "sing." Eagles do aerial acrobatics and tumbling. These are other ways to attract mates.
Reproduction in Birds
How do birds reproduce? We know that chickens lay eggs. But how do they do that?
It all starts with behavior aimed at attracting a mate. In birds, this will involve a type of display, usually performed
by the male. Some displays are very elaborate and may include dancing, aerial flights, or wing or tail drumming.
Most male birds also sing a type of song to attract females. If they are successful at attracting a female, it will lead
to breeding.
Birds reproduce by internal fertilization, during which the egg is fertilized inside the female. Like reptiles, birds
have cloaca, or a single exit and entrance for sperm, eggs, and waste. The male brings his sperm to the female
cloaca. The sperm fertilizes the egg. Then the hard-shelled egg develops within the female. The hard-shelled eggs
have a fluid-filled amnion, a thin membrane forming a closed sac around the embryo. Eggs are usually laid in a nest.
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Protecting Offspring
Why do you think eggs come in so many different colors? Birds that make nests in the open have camouflaged eggs
( Figure 1.1). This gives the eggs protection against predation. Some species, like ground-nesting nightjars, have
pale eggs, but the birds camouflage the eggs with their feathers.
To protect their young, different species of birds make different nests. Birds of all types, from hummingbirds to
ostriches, make nests. Many can be elaborate, shaped like cups, domes, plates, mounds, or burrows. However, some
birds, like the common guillemot, do not use nests. Instead, they lay their eggs on bare cliffs. Emperor penguins do
not have a nest at all; they sit on eggs to keep them warm before they hatch, a process called incubation.
How else might a bird help protect its young from predators? Most species locate their nests in areas that are hidden,
in order to avoid predators. Large birds, or those that nest in groups, may build nests in the open, since they are more
capable of defending their young.
FIGURE 1.1
Nest and eggs of the common moorhen,
showing camouflaged eggs.
Parental Care
In birds, 90% to 95% of species are monogamous, meaning the male and female remain together for breeding for a
few years or until one mate dies. Birds of all types, from parrots to eagles and falcons, are monogamous. Usually,
the parents take turns incubating the eggs. Birds usually incubate their eggs after the last one has been laid. In
polygamous species, where there is more than one mate, one parent does all of the incubating. The wild turkey is
an example of a polygamous bird.
The length and type of parental care varies widely amongst different species of birds. At one extreme, in a group of
birds called the magapodes (which are chicken-like birds), parental care ends at hatching. In this case, the newlyhatched chick digs itself out of the nest mound without parental help and can take care of itself right away. These
birds are called precocial. Other precocial birds include the domestic chicken and many species of ducks and geese.
At the other extreme, many seabirds care for their young for extended periods of time. For example, the chicks of
the Great Frigatebird receive intensive parental care for six months, or until they are ready to fly, and then take an
additional 14 months of being fed by the parents ( Figure 1.2). These birds are the opposite of precocial birds and
are called altricial.
In most animals, male parental care is rare. But it is very common in birds. Often both parents share tasks such as
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Chapter 1. Bird Reproduction
defense of territory and nest site, incubation, and the feeding of chicks. Since birds often take great care of their
young, some birds have evolved a behavior called brood parasitism. This happens when a bird leaves her eggs in
another bird’s nest. The host bird often accepts and raises the parasite bird’s eggs.
FIGURE 1.2
Great Frigatebird adults are known to care
for their young for up to 20 months after
hatching, the longest in a bird species.
Here, a young bird is begging for food.
Summary
• Birds often use flashy displays to attract mates.
• Breeding in birds is through internal fertilization, where the egg is fertilized inside the female.
• Birds generally are monogamous, and both parents help to care for the young.
Explore More
Use the resources below to answer the questions that follow.
Explore More I
• Male Birds Show Off at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gqsMTZQ-pmE (3:24)
MEDIA
Click image to the left or use the URL below.
URL: http://www.ck12.org/flx/render/embeddedobject/57365
1. Describe two of the displays used by male pheasants to attract females.
2. Why might a display be dangerous for the African widow bird?
3. Why do you think birds maintain mating displays which are dangerous to them? What benefit do they seem
to gain?
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Explore More II
• Reproduction in Fish and Birds at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jGnTTcVA5xk (5:07)
MEDIA
Click image to the left or use the URL below.
URL: http://www.ck12.org/flx/render/embeddedobject/57366
1. Do you think that the complexity of birds’ mating behavior is reflective of their intelligence? Explain your
response.
2. How long do mated bird pairs stay together?
3. Why is parental care by both parents important for some birds?
Review
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
What are examples of displays used by birds to attract mates?
Describe parental care of offspring in birds.
Distinguish between altricial and precocial birds.
Give three examples of precocial birds.
What is brood parasitism?
References
1. User:Ori/Wikimedia Commons. Camouflaged bird eggs . Public Domain
2. Duncan Wright. A great frigatebird and its chick . Public Domain
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