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What is a Protist? y Neither an animal, plant, fungus, nor a prokaryote. Chapter 20 Biology Matusiak A protist is considered to be a eukaryote. y Most protist are unicellular y Multicellular protist are made up of hundreds and/or thousands of cells y Some are multi‐cellular y Some protists even look like animals Evolution of Protists Evolution of Protists y Protist comes from the Greek word Protista which means “the very first.” y Where did the protists get all of the organelles? y Hypothesized that chloroplasts and mitochondria found in today's protists occur from a symbiosis of several cells y The first Eukaryotic organisms on Earth were Protists y 1.5 BILLION YEARS AGO!!!!! Groups of Animal‐like Protists How to classify Protist y Not sure. Zoomastigina: Sarcodina y So many protists ACT like either a plant, animal, or fungi. y Can’t classify how they eat because that doesn’t reflect their evolutionary history. Animals Sporozoa Protist y DNA testing must be done and is in progress. Ciliophora Zooflagellates Reproduction of Zooflagelletes y Animal like protists that move using a flagellum. y Can reproduce Asexually y Mitosis y Found in lakes and streams. y Feed on decaying material. Phylum: Zoomastigina: y Also found in larger organisms where it feeds on the food of the host. y Can reproduce Sexually y Meiosis Animals Movement and Feeding of Zooflagellets y Flagella used for movement y Absorbs food through cell membrane y Helpful because it often acts as a decomposer Sarcodina Sarcodines Animals y “Animal‐like” protists that use psuedopods for feeding and moving. THE AMOEBA! Amoeba Reproduction y Very flexible y Asexual reproduction y Pumps cytoplasm into the part of the cell needed to extend its grasp y Extended grasp can be used to move or devour food y Surrounded food is put in a FOOD VACUOLE Animals Other Sarcodines Ciliates y Foraminiferans y Secrete shells of calcium carbonate y Help in production of stone y Have “hair‐like” ciliates y Heliozonas y Looks like the sun Ciliophora y Used for movement and feeding y Can be found in all waters y Considered to be free‐living Internal Anatomy of a Ciliate Internal Anatomy of a Ciliate y Trichocysts y Stiff like projections that shoot out when confronted with danger y Macronucleus y Site to keep a “working‐copy” of the genes for day to day activities y Micronucleus y Site to keep a “reserve copy” of the protists genes Internal Anatomy of a Ciliate Ciliate Reproduction y Uses cilia to move food to the gullet. y Mostly Asexual y When Placed under stress they can conjugate y This allows for the passage of new genes y DOES NOT create a new ciliate y Stores food for digestion in a food vacuole. y Expels waste through the anal pore. Sporozoa Animals Sporozoan y Movement – None, parasite y Reproduces – Spores y Causes – Malaria Nucleus Plantlike protist: Phyta means “Plant” Eyespot Protist contain pigment chlorophyll and are capable of photosynthesis. Protist Plants Chloroplast Chrysophyta Green, red and brown algae fit into this group. Flagella Plants Bacillariophyta Euglenophyta Pyrrophyta Know as: Euglenophytes Has an eyespot Movement: Two flagella Reproduces: Binary fission Euglenophyta Commonly found in lakes and ponds. Phylum: Pyrrophyta (Fire Plant) Help recycle sewage but uncontrolled growth creates a bloom (harmful). Plants Euglenophyta Known as Dinoflagellates: When agitated by movement, it undergoes chemical reaction that produces light. Plants Pyrrophyta Phylum: Chrysophyta (Golden plant) Types of Dinoflagellate cause Red tide Examples: Yellow-green algae, golden algae Plants Plants Chrysophyta Pyrrophyta Known as: Diatoms Cell walls made of silica, main ingredient in glass. Chrysophyta Plants Much of the photosynthesis on Earth occurs on surface of the ocean with plant-like protist. Brown tide in Texas Euglenophyta Bacillariophyta Red tide Pyrrophyta Oomycota Myxomycota Oomycota Fungus Myxomycota Fungus Protist Protist Acrasiomycota Acrasiomycota Funguslike Protist: Lack chlorophyll, absorbs food through cell walls. 3 of 3 Main Groups of Protist: Phylum: Acrasiomycota Know as: Cellular slime mold. Fungus Acrasiomycota Life Cycle: Start as amoeba-like cells, when it runs out of nutrients, it sends out a chemical signal attracting cells of the same species. Phylum: Acrasiomycota Becomes slug-like colony. It moves as a mass, then stops and produces fruiting bodies. (spores), process starts again. Spores Fungus Acrasiomycota Slug-like mass Phylum: Myxomycota Myxomycota Myxomycota Fungus Fungus Known as: Acellular Slime Mold Acrasiomycota Acrasiomycota Acellular Slime Mold Life cycle: Starts as amoeba like cells that grows into large masses. The mass is a single cell with many nuclei (plasmodium). Oomycota Phylum : Oomycota Know as: Water Molds Zoomastigina Oomycota Myxomycota Fungus Acrasiomycota Sarodina Other: Produce spores that swim rapidly & cell wall made of cellulose Some live on land as parasites of plants. Myxomycota Fungus Animals Sporozoan Protist Example: Thin white-ish fuzz growing on a dead fish. Ciliophora Acrasiomycota Chrysophyta Plants Bacillariophyta Euglenophyta Pyrrophyta Disease causing Protists Disease causing Protists y Malaria y Carried by a female mosquito y Only a few vaccines work y How can malaria be controlled? y African sleeping sickness y Spread by flies y Destroys blood cells and other tissue y Can cause severe damage to the nervous system which causes people to lose consciousness y A sometimes fatal sleep Disease causing Protists Question y Amebic dysentary y Caused by Entamoeba y Lives in the intestines y Destroys the intestines and causes bleeding y Passed out of the body in feces y Found in poorly sanitized places y How can Plasmodium(Malaria causing protist) cause a major disruption in the human population?
