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Mr. Sinkinson, p. __
English 9
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Animal Farm
Propaganda
Definition: Propaganda is information aimed at positively or negatively influencing the opinions or
behaviors of large numbers of people.
Types of Propaganda
Appeal to numbers, facts, or statistics – Attempts to persuade the reader by showing how many
people think something is true.
Animal Farm Example(s):
“Milk and apples (this has been proven by Science, comrades) contain substances
absolutely necessary for the well-being of a pig.”
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Name Calling – The opposite of “Glittering Generalities;” using offensive names to win an argument
or distract from the real issue. The names are designed to create negative emotions and are not
founded in facts. For example, “You’re a dirty crook.”
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Glittering Generalities – The opposite of “Name Calling;” Using vague terms that sound wonderful
but have little substance or meaning. For example, “New and improved.”
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Bandwagon Effect – Appealing to people’s desire to belong to a group or be a part of the majority.
Can also be called the “herding instinct” because it exploits our desire to be part of the “in-crowd”
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Red Herring – Using someone or something to distract or divert attention from the real issue
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Emotional Appeal – Appealing to people’s feelings with no regard for rational thought or objectivity.
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Testimonial – Having a famous person support a product, idea, or candidate. Ordinary people also
provide testimonials, appealing to the “average Joe.” The person giving the testimonial usually has
no expertise in the specific topic or area that he/she is endorsing.
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Repetition/The Big Lie – Saying something over and over again until people finally believe the
message.
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Stereotyping/Sweeping Generalization – Making an assumption about an individual or a group
based on false assumptions or limited information. It often applies a trait to an entire group of
people.
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Scapegoating – Singling out a certain group or individual and blaming that group or individual for
the current problems. This distracts people from blaming those who are truly at fault. This can also
be called “pinpointing the enemy” or “common enemy.”
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Circular Argument – Using the conclusion of an argument as a part of the proof. For example,
“She is an excellent communicator because she speaks well”, or “An example of internal conflict is
“person v. self.” This is an example because it happens internally.”
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