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LSBB UNDERGROUND RESEARCH LABORATORY
A NEW PLATFORM FOR FUNDAMENTAL & APPLIED LOW BACKGROUND NOISE
inter-DISCIPLINARY UNDERGROUND SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
UMS 3538
University of Nice, University of Avignon, CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, OCA
http://www.lsbb.eu
Avignon
Rustrel
Nice
Marseille
Toulon
• Overview of the URL LSBB
• Overview of the T2DM2 interdisciplinary project
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INITIAL SETUP
•
UNIQUE SPECIFICITIES INHERITED FROM COLD WAR & CONVERTED
TOWARDS FUNDAMENTAL & APPLIED RESEARCH
 Environment
Low anthropogenic background
Analogue of carbonate reservoir
Superficial and deep unsaturated are of the karstic aquifer
 Infrastructure
EM shielded volume of 28 m × 8 m at 518 m depth
Fully equipped horizontal drifts & underground voids and vaults
Access to ground surface (54 ha) and underground ( 4 km)
…
 Research platform
…
Nice
Ultra sensitive experiments  low background
Access to large cavities
Synchronisation surface / undergound (GPS, FO Internet)
Fractured and porous reservoir
Fluid transfer
…
2008
2010
2009
CFN Lisbonne
CEA/DASE
XILINX
LNBL/ESD Berkeley
IRSN
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UBC Vancouver
ONERA
Golder
Oxford
RD51 CERN
ANDRA
Underground Synergies with ASPERA
Durham, UK
Toulon
2011
2012
URL III network
OMP
COMEX
LSB
Bath
CSIRO
Hermanus
BRGM
…
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GEOPHYSICAL & HYDROGEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT
3D seismic array
SQUID2 magnetometer
Hydro acquisition
1%
2%
• Within one of the main seismogenic region of France
2%
• Access to the unsaturated and saturated zone of the
catchment of Fontaine-de-Vaucluse aquifer
• Easy access to a carbonate platform, geological analog of
middle east Urgonian oil fields
FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLIED INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH ORGANISATION
RESOURCES
INTERACTIONS
FLUIDS & MEDIUM
WAVE PROPAGATION &
RADIATIVE
ENVIRONMENT
HIGH SENSITIVITY
METROLOGY
& MEASURES
Karst underground water
Carbonate platform
Thermo-hydro-mechanical
& poro-elastic processes ,
geomechanics
Seismology, Magnetism
Gamma / Neutrons / Muons
WIMPs
Interferometry,
Densitometry,
Magnetometry, Seismometry
Cold atom gravimetry, …
•4D properties of rocks
(seismic, radar, noise, …)
•Dynamic of fractured
media (petrophysics
within horizontal drifts
and wells …)
•Seismic hazard
•Facility for tests &
comparisons
•Dynamic of transfers in
the deep unsaturated
area of karst
•Geomechanics & induced
seismicity
•CO2 storage /
Environment monitoring
•Electronic vs cosmic
radiation hazard
•Water and rock density
monitoring
•Applied research
•Technological demonstrators
•Sismo-Hydro-Magnetic
couplings
•Dark matter
EMERGING & DISCUSSED NEW THEMES & ISSUES
Life, Chemistry, Contemporary History, Human Sciences and Society
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PLATFORM FOR FUNDAMENTAL & APPLIED LOW BACKGROUND NOISE
INTER-DISCIPLINARY UNDERGROUND SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

o
o
o
DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENTIFIC & APPLIED PROJECTS
R&D, industrial benches for qualifying (XILINX, ONERA, IRSN, GDR Errata, ADEME)
Muons tomography (T2DM2 2012-2014, MAIF, INSU/IN2P3, CERN/RD51, CEA/IRFU)
…

o
o
o
HOSTING OF SCIENTIFIC PROJECTS
EQUIPEX MIGA:
Matter wave – laser based Interferometer Gravitation Antenna
EQUIPEX CRITEX:
Underground water resources – GC vs perimediterranean issues
ANR MAXWELL, HPPPCO2, LINES: Rock properties & imaging, CO2 storage
o
o
o
o
o
EEG, ERI3D4D & EM3D (Collab. UBC/LSBB)
SIMPLE (CFN Lisbon)
SQUIDs (European collab. USAV, UAPV, Oxford UK/FR initiative)
EPHRAT (Bath UK/FR initiative) Energetic charged particles above thunderclouds
…

o
o
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FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLIED RESEARCH, INDUSTRIAL DEMONSTRATORS & SOCIETY
Hosting technology platforms and testing methodological developments
Link with industrial clusters:
RISQUES, TRIMATEC, EA-Ecoentreprise, PEGASE, OPTITEC
Education:
Primary , secondary & high school, heritage day (Cold War)
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NATIONAL & INTERNATIONAL NETWORKING
The national and international recognitions of LSBB allows the integration within
networks of skills and knowledge for interdisciplinary innovation
• NATIONAL FRAMEWORK
 SOERE H+, SOERE RBV & SO KARST: Hydrogeology and multi-scale complex media
 SOERE RESIF:
Broadband seismological network, http://webdc.eu)
 CORPUS research infrastructure:
Modern and contemporary worlds
• INTERNATIONAL FRAMEWORK
 LSBB participates to the ISRM URL Networking Commission “formed to have URL
researchers, industry … linked to set grand vision, enhance academia/industrial
coordination/collaboration, advance rock mechanics/science/technology, …” (J.S.Y. Wang &
J.A. Hudson, 2012). Towards a World network of Underground Research Laboratories for
International, Inter-disciplinary Innovations (i-DUST 2008, SINOROCK 2009, AGU 2009, iDUST 2010 -- EUROCK 2010 -- ISRM 2011 -- i-DUST 2012)
 Research agreements (UBC, Vancouver -- LBNL/ESD, Berkeley)
 Research collaboration (CFN, Lisbon -- Hertford, Oxford -- Dept. EEE, Bath – IAP, Prague)
 Integration within consortium RD51/CERN
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• Overview of the URL LSBB
• Overview of the T2DM2 interdisciplinary project
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T2DM2 PROJECT
TOMOGRAPHY OF TIME VARYING ROCK DENSITY
USING MUONS FLUX MEASUREMENTS
Stéphane GAFFET1,2, Pierre SALIN1,*, Fanny HIVERT1,2,3, José BUSTO3
(1) GEOAZUR; (2) LSBB; (3) CPPM; (*) assigned by APC to GEOAZUR/T2DM2
PARTNERSHIP
GEOAZUR, CPPM, CERN/RD51, CEA/IRFU, GÉOSCIENCES Montpellier, EMMAH (University of Avignon)
INTERDISCIPLINARITY
ASTROPARTICULES - SEISMOLOGY– GRAVIMETRY - HYDROGEOLOGY - ROCK MECHANICS - EM IMAGERY
FUNDED BY
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T2DM2 PROJECT - STRUCTURE OF COLLABORATION
IMAGING
TELESCOPE
DESIGN
MECHANICS
GRAVIMETRY
GEOPHYSICAL IMAGING
INSTRUMENTS & MUON SIMULATION
GEOAZUR
Nice
CERN+BNL
RD51
GEOSCIENCES
Montpellier
THESIS
Fanny HIVERT
EMMAH
Avignon
CEA-IRFU
Saclay
ELECTRONIC
BEAM TESTS
DAQ
CPPM
Marseille
LSBB
T2DM2
EXPERIMENTAL SITE
HYDROGEOLOGY
BEAM-TEST
SIMULATION
THEORY
SIMULATION
MONITOR
PROPOSITION for INTEGRATOR
studied with SCS competitivity Pole
BUILDERS: ELTOS, CIREA, NIKHEF, PRIMA, …
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FUNDAMENTAL QUESTION ADDRESSED
What are the sub-surface mechanical parameters of rock in situ ?
MEASUREMENTS ON SAMPLES OF SMALL SCALES ALTHOUGH THEY APPEAR OF LARGE SIZES
in situ mechanical parameters
are unknown at the scale of a
multi hectometric subsurface
rock mass
Effective stress ?
Rock damage ?
EMPIRICAL METHOD
Measurement
Mechanical
parameters at small
scale
Qualitative description of rock
mass (scale, fracturation,
hydraulic alteration, …)
Estimation
Mechanical
parameters at large
scale
Bieniawski (1976), Hoek & Brown (1980)
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DETERMINING r OPENS NEW FIELDS OF MEASUREMENT AT NATURAL (IN SITU) SCALE
ROCK MECHANICS DESCRIPTION WITH ELASTIC APPROXIMATION :
- Lamé’s coefficients and density: l, m, r
P and S wave velocities : a = ( (l+2m) / r )1/2 , b = ( m / r )1/2
- Young’s modulus and Poisson’s coefficient: E, n
Constraint uniaxial (s = E e), E = ( 3l+2m ) m / ( l+m ), n = ( 2-(a/b)2 ) / ( 2-2 (a/b)2 )
- Compressibility coefficient and shear modulus: K, G
Moduli and elastic coefficients are linked : 1/E = 1/9K + 1/3G
PROBLEMATIC OF REAL ROCK MASS
 Complex structure
- Damaging (evolution of fracturation, …)
- Fluid circulation (chemical erosion, permeability, …)
 Temporal evolution
- Pre/post- volcanic eruptions (Lesparre et al., 2010)
- Fresh water resource (hydrology of karsts)
- Underground engineering (tunnel, mines)
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Jacob et al. (2008)
FUNDAMENTAL QUESTION ADDRESSED
What are the sub-surface mechanical parameters of rock in situ ?
MEASUREMENTS ON SAMPLES OF SMALL SCALES ALTHOUGH THEY APPEAR OF LARGE SIZES
in situ mechanical parameters
are unknown at the scale of a
multi hectometric subsurface
rock mass
Effective stress ?
Rock damage ?
EMPIRICAL METHOD
Measurement
Mechanical
parameters at small
scale
Qualitative description of rock
mass (scale, fracturation,
hydraulic alteration, …)
Estimation
Mechanical
parameters at large
scale
Bieniawski (1976), Hoek & Brown (1980)
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DESIGN THE TELESCOPE ARRAY (EXPOSED SURFACES & SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION)
ON THE BASIS OF SIMULATION
- Simulation of the m flux as a function of the rock thickness, density, atomic and mass numbers
- Determine the sensitivity to spatial density variation vs standard error on determination
- Determine the ability to follow temporal variation vs time exposure required to lower the error
- Calibration of the muons flux model with experimentation in the open sky
LSBB
LSBB
LSBB
Lesparre, N. et al. (2010)
Particle data group, cosmic rays (2008)
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Malmqvist et al. (1979)
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DESIGN THE TELESCOPE ARRAY (EXPOSED SURFACES & SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION)
ON THE BASIS OF SIMULATION
TIME OF EXPOSURE vs SURFACE OF TELESCOPE
The temporal resolution depends on process rates
targeted that allow density variation and depends on the
precision desired for measurements.
Blondel (2008)
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DESIGN OF TELESCOPE AND TECHNOLOGY CHOICES THANKS TO CEA/IRFU & CERN-RD51
MICROMEGAS-BULK IN TPC MODE
µ
drift
E ~ 0.7/cm
e-
10 cm
mesh
E ~ 50 kV/cm
strips
Combine triggering and tracking functions (incidence ,  angles)
Spatial resolution ~ 100 mm, good double track resolution
Time resolution ~5 ns, efficiency > 98%
Rate capability > 5 kHz/cm2
Potential for going to large areas (1 x 2 m2 with industrial processes)
Cost effective
T2DM2 ASSOCIATION: SEISMIC IMAGING (VP , VS) AND MUON DENSITOMETRY (r)
ADAPT THE TELESCOPE
DISTRIBUTION TO REACH THE
SPATIAL & TEMPORAL
RESOLUTIONS EXPECTED
Densitometry
Attenuation (fault/inflow)
Low velocity, high porosity (> 7%)
High velocity, compact limestones
(m)
SIMULATION
Optimisation of the coverage
Surface, aperture and resolution
INVERSION
Iterative process requiring the modeling of muon flux
(tabulation of GEANT simulation)
Maufroy et al. (2012)
VP
(m/s)
Geology &
geophysics
CONCLUSIVE REMARKS
SUMMARY
Measurement ability of the spatial and temporal evolution of rock density function of water
saturation, total porosity, mechanical condition and damage at in situ scale
• Monitoring of aquifer resources and reserves,
• Monitoring the stability of volcanoes (Tanaka et al., 2009; Lesparre, 2011),
• …
NEXT STEPS …
• Qualify the prototype telescope developed at GEOAZUR & LSBB in collaboration with the
consortium RD51/CERN.
• Construct and test a network of telescopes as a methodological demonstrator within the LSBB
URL. Compare and calibrate measurements with the simulations developed at CPPM.
• Merge densitometry and seismic imaging to initiate in situ geo-mechanical imaging
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Thank you
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GOALS:
• Demonstrate experimentally that it is
possible to maintain the functional quality
of gas for several months up to a year with
a few tens liters reserve (10 l/day/TPC unit)
• Determine the gas mixture the more
suitable (drift speed, gain, stability) to
obtain the best angular and spatial
resolution
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