Download Order Coleoptera

Morphological Characteristics of Insect
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CONTENTS:
Superorder endopteygota
Introduction
Characteristics
Order Neuroptera
Introduction
Morphological Characteristics
Examples
Order coleoptera
Introduction
Morphological Characteristics
Examples
Order Tricoptera
Introduction
Morphological Characteristics
Examples
Superorder Endopterygota
• Endo means "within" and pterygos means "wing".
• The Endopterygota are among the most diverse
insect superorders, with approximately 850,000
living species divided between eleven orders,
containing insects such as butterflies, fleas, bees,
ants and beetles.
Complete Metamorphism
• The Endopterygota, also known as
Holometabola, which go through distinctive
larval, pupal, and adult stages. They undergo a
radical metamorphosis, with the larval and
adult stages differing considerably in their
structure and behaviour. This is called
holometabolism, or complete metamorphism
Complete metamorphosis
Differance from Exopterygota
• Endopterygota (meaning literally "internal
winged forms") develop wings inside the body
and undergo an elaborate metamorphosis
involving a pupal stage. Exopterygota
("external winged forms") develop wings on
the outside of their bodies and do not go
through a pupal stage.
Order Neuroptera
• Neuro-ptera, from Greek
neuron = nerve, pteron = wing
• The insect order Neuroptera,
or net-winged insects, includes
the lacewings, mantidflies,
antlions, and their relatives.
• 5,000 species are known.
• The lacewing derives its name
from the delicate, intricatelyveined wings that are a feature
of insects belonging to the
order Neuroptera.
Body shape and size
• Neuropterans are softbodied insects with
relatively few
specialised features.
Their bodies are
long,thin and soft .Their
size is from very small
as 5mm to wings spans
as large as 150mm.
Difference from dragon fly
• Because of they have two pair of lace wings,
when they are flying, they may be mistaken as
dragonflies. However, their wings fold on their
back as a tent-like shape when rest which
dragonflies never do. Also they are easily
distinguished by their pair of long antenna
which all dragonflies have very short antenna.
Eyes
• They have large lateral
compound eyes, and
may or may not also
have ocelli. Their eyes
are compounds,
meaning they consist of
thousands of individual
photoreceptor units.
Mouthparts
• They have the biting and
chewing mouthparts.Their
mouthparts have strong
mandibles suitable for chewing,
and lack the various
adaptations found in most
other endopterygote insect
groups.
Abdomen
• Abdomen fairly slender,
without cerci. There is a
complex
metamorphosis, with a
pupal stage.
Antennae
• Antennae generally long and
thread-like, sometimes with a
terminal club.
Wings
• They have two pairs of
large,transparent wings of
about the same size and
shape.
• The wings of these insects
are lace-like, with a
complex network of veins
and cross veins .
• The veins supply blood to
the wings, but the thinness
of the membrane in
between the veins means
that lacewings are weak
fliers.
• Some Neuropterans
have specialised
sense organs in their
wings, or have
bristles or other
structures to link
their wings together
during flight.
Lacewings can have
a wingspan of 1 ½
inches.
Larvae
• The larvae are specialised
predators, with elongated
mandibles adapted for
piercing and sucking.
• They possess a pincher-like
mandible with opposing
maxillae. The mandible is
grooved, the maxilla acting
as a cover. Together they
form a food channel that
connects with the mouth.
• They have three pairs of
thoracic legs, each ending
in two claws. The
abdomen often has
adhesive discs on the last
two segments.
• They bear on the
abdomen a series of pairs
of gills that are jointed
and which are moved by
intrinsic muscles.
Antlion with clubbed antennae
GreenLacewing
mantidfly
Snakefly
Alderfly and Larvae
Order Coleoptera
• This order is commonly
called Beetles.
• Its name derived from
Greek koleos, "sheath";
and, pteron, "wing", thus
"sheathed wing", which
contains more species than
any other order in the
animal kingdom.
• largest orders of insects,
with 350,000–400,000
species.No other group of
animals vary as much in
size, shape and color.
Elytra
• The most distinctive feature
of beetles is the hardening of
the forewings into elytra; it is
from this that they get their
formal name. This elytra
separates it from most other
insect species, except for a
few Hemiptera species. The
elytra serve to protect the
more delicate hind wings, as
well as the dorsal surface of
the abdomen.
• During flight the forewings
are opened enough to
allow the hind wings to
unfold and function. Typical
beetles have two pairs of
wings, but the front pair,
called elytra are stiff and
not used for flying. When a
beetle is not flying the
elytra meet each other in a
straight line as they lie over
the back, and the hind
wings are folded and
hidden under the elytra.
Hard Exoskeleton
• Species in the order Coleoptera
are generally characterized by a
particularly hard exoskeleton and
hard forewings (elytra). The
beetle's exoskeleton is made up of
numerous plates called sclerites,
separated by thin sutures. This
design creates the armored
defenses of the beetle while
maintaining flexibility.
Body Colouration
• It is highly variable and
diverse. Particularly brightly
coloured are large beetles
with diurnal activity. Many
beetles moving over soil
surface preferring nocturnal
activity and also many
beetles inhabiting in water
are characterized often dark
colouration.
Eyes
• The eyes are compound and may
display remarkable adaptability,
as in the case of whirligig beetles
where they are split to allow a
view both above and below the
waterline.
• Other species also have divided
eyes (longhorn beetles and
weevils ) while many have eyes
that are notched to some
degree. A few beetle genera also
possess ocelli.
Clavate antennal forms.
Pectinate antennae
Filiform antennae.
Lamellate antennae
Legs
• The multi-segmented legs end
in two to five small segments
called tarsi. Like many other
insect orders beetles bear
claws, usually one pair, on the
end of the last tarsal segment
of each leg.
Fossorial legs for digging
Cusorial legs.
Natorial legs with hairs.
Mouthparts
• Similar to those of
grasshoppers.
• The mouthparts of beetles
are jaws adapted for
chewing or biting. They
never have sucking beaks.
Attached to the beetle's
mouthparts are two pairs of
finger-like appendages
called palps.
Thorax
• Segmented into the two
parts, the pro- and
pterathorax. The
pterathorax is the fused
meso- and metathorax,
which are commonly
separate in other insect
species. A hard plate called
the pronotum, is only the
front part of the thorax.
Unusal pronotum of scarab beetles
Abdomen
• It is made up of a series of
rings, each with a hole for
breathing and respiration,
called a spiracle; composing
three different segmented
sclerites: the tergum,
pleura, and the sternum.
• The pleura are usually
small or hidden in some
species. The sternum is the
most widely visible part of
the abdomen
Order Trichoptera
• Tricho-ptera, from Greek trichos = hair, pteron
= wing). The wings and body of Trichoptera
are covered with long silky hairs ( setae) from
which the name of the order is derived.
• Species of the order Trichoptera, commonly
known as caddisflies or sedge flies, number
well over 7,000 worldwide.
• They represent a vast group occupying niches
in both still and running water.
Difference from Lepidoptera
• They are closely related to
the Lepidoptera (butteflies
and moths) and structurally
very similar to certain
moths. Smaller members of
the two groups are easily
confused, but the hairy (not
scaled) wings and the lack of
a coiled proboscis will
distinguish the Caddis Flies.
Body
• All caddisflies have hardshelled head capsules.
Sometimes the first three
segments behind the head also
have hard-shelled plates on the
top surface above the
attachments for three pair of
legs. The rest of the body is
soft and often cylindrical.
• Body colour
Green, orange, cream, brown
or grey.
Caddis larvae
• All caddis larvae are
aquatic. They are grub like
in appearance having three
pairs of thoracic legs, a
segmented abdomen, with
two hooked prolegs on the
last segment.
• Many species also have
gills along the sides or
undersides of the
abdomen.
Pharate adults
• The pharate adults of many
species have long median
legs fringed with hairs.
These paddle like legs allow
them to swim effectively.
Their wings and antenna
are usually folded back
along their abdomen.Their
thorax and folded wings
often appear much darker.
Wings
• Moth-like insects, with two
pairs of membranous wings
densely covered with tiny hairs
and held roof-wise over the
body at rest.
• All are weak flyers and the
females of a few species are
wingless.Adults' wings are
mostly in shades of brown,
grey, and black; sometimes
bearing camouflage patterns.
Antennae and Mouthparts
• Most species have long
thread like antennae,
but some have antennae
four or five times the
length of their bodies.
• Simple biting
mouthparts, but these
are poorly developed
and often vestigial.
Protective cases of larvae as
identification
• Most caddis larvae surround themselves with a
protective case, made from various materials
from their surroundings fastened together with a
sticky silk-like secretion produced from a gland
near the mouth.
• Each species uses its own particular materials grains of sand, plant fragments and even empty
snail shells - and builds its case to a specific
design. It is often possible to identify a species
simply from its case.
Protective cases of
larvae
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