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Spiritual and Beliefs and Religion in Health Setting Health and Illness Responses Ariani Arista Putri Pertiwi SPIRITUALITY RELIGION Religion Religio Religion Religion • “a bond between humanity and great-than-human power” (Hill et al., 2000, p. 56, cit Hussain, D. 2011). • a commitment of individuals to a supernatural power • feeling of presence of such power who conceives them • carrying out ritualistic acts in respect of that power • (Hill et all. 2000, cit Hussain. D. 2011) Spirituality and Religion • Religion, as a concept, is perceived by many (in the west) as not being interchangeable with spirituality. Religion no universally accepted definition of religion Two important aspects: as an institution, religion comprises of particular beliefs about the nature of reality (Gorsuch, 1988) it is concerned with the connectedness of humanity with greater or dynamic powers such as god, spirit, and the like, that inspire reverence and devotion (Jung, 1969). Spirituality • ‘breadth of life’ (Elkins, 1999) Spiritus Spirituality • The construct spirituality is considered a kind of subjective experience which is complex, multifaceted, and difficult to define precisely (Benner, 1991) Spirituality Elkins et al. (1988), “a way of being and experiencing that comes about through awareness of a transcendent dimension and that is characterized by certain identifiable values in regard to self, others, nature, life, and whatever one considers to be the ultimate.” (p. 10) Bensley (1991) has described spirituality as a subjective belief system that incorporates self awareness and reference to a transcendence dimension, provides meaning and purpose in life, and feelings of connectedness with God or the larger reality. Spirituality & Religion • Wright (1999) : • spirituality summation of our values which determines the process of how interact with the world. • Religion a pathway to follow the practices and thoughts that are appropriate to the god or gods of a particular faith. A person may express spirituality in the religious context but a person’s religiosity is not always a result of spirituality (Genia & Shaw, 1991). SPIRITUALITY/ RELIGION HEALTH/ ILLNESS SOME FINDINGS • Florence Nightingale : spiritual dimension of nursing, grounded in the Judeo-Christian tradition • Many patients are religious, have religious beliefs and traditions related to health, and have health problems that often give rise to spiritual needs • . SOME FINDINGS • Patients who indicated that their spiritual needs were being met reported significantly higher quality of life. (Harvard Medical School researcher). • 9 Factors influence QOL, degree of spiritual support the second strongest predictor Other reality? • Consider Asser and Swan's 1998 report11 in the prestigious medical journal Pediatrics that 172 children died between 1975 and 1995 from parental withholding of medical care on religious grounds • children dying from food aspiration, cancer, pneumonia, meningitis, diabetes, asthma, and other treatable childhood illnesses. Other Reality? • 83 % of the total fatalities came from five religious groups: 50 from Indiana (primarily from Faith Assembly, referred to above), 16 from Pennsylvania (most from Faith Tabernacle), 15 from Oklahoma and Colorado (mainly from Church of the First Born), 5 from End Time Ministries in South Dakota, and twenty-eight from members of Christian Science nationwide • Validity of the research ? Conflicts between religion and medicine that affect health care in adulthood Examples: • Against receiving blood transfusions (Jehovah's Witnesses), • Seeking psychotherapy (certain fundamentalist Christian groups) SOLUSION? • It is safe to say, though, that a large number of these problems could be avoided or minimized with better, more open communication between HPs and patients on spiritual issues, • Almost no systematic research 2011 Dilwar Hussain. Europe’s Journal of Psychology 1/2011, pp. 187-197 Main Areas Patients may be concerned Diet Hygiene Modesty Family planning Childbirth Blood transfusion Dress/Jewellery Organ Transplantations Names Care of the Dying/Death Special Considerations Post Mortems always consult the patient about their individual needs Perception of Muslims towards health and illness • Athar (1993, 1998) stated that Muslim patients consider an illness as atonement for their sins, and death as part of a journey to meet their God • However, they are strongly encouraged to seek care and treatment. • Health and illness become part of the continuum of being, and prayer remains the salvation in both health and in sickness. Health behavior and practices • Any behavior or activity needs to be preceded by the act of cleanliness (Tahara) regard for the sanctity of life as an injunction • Circumcision of the male infants is recommended • Blood transfusions are allowed after proper screening Health behavior and practices • Assisted suicide and euthanasia are incriminated • Autopsy is not permitted unless there is a legal requirement • Abortion is not allowed except to save the mother's life (and in some specific conditions such as lethal congenital malformations) Health behavior and practices • transplantation in general is allowed, with some restrictions • artificial reproductive technology is permitted between husband and wife only during the span of intact marriage (and using their own sperm and eggs) • while Islam clearly opposes homosexuality, it does not prohibit Muslim nurses and physicians from caring for AIDS patients • genetic engineering to cure a disease is acceptable, but not the cloning of human beings SHE/HE WILL HAVE PREFERENCES AND NEEDS WHICH ARE INDIVIDUAL AND PERSONAL TO THEM ALONE References Baets, M&Toews, J. (2009). Clinical Implications of research on Religion, Spirituality, and Mental Health. Can J Psychiatry. 2009;54(5):292–301 Hussain, Dilwar. (2011). Spirituality, Religion, and Health: Reflections and Issues. Europe’s Journal of Psychology 1/2011, pp. 187-197 Koenig, H.G. Medicine, Religion, and Health: Where Science and Spirituality Meet (West Conshohocken, PA: Templeton Foundation Press, 2008) 21-25 Koenig, H.G. Spirituality in Patient Care: Why, How, When, and What, 2nd ed. (Philadelphia: Templeton Foundation Press, 2007), 108-22 Rassool. G.H. (2000). The crescent and Islam: healing, nursing, and the spiritual dimension, some considerations towards an understanding of the Islamic perspectives and caring. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 32 (6) South Devon Health care (NHS). Handbook on Cultural, Spiritual, and Religious Beliefs. http://www.sdhl.nhs.uk/documents/cultural.html (1 of 30)15/05/2005 08:27:35