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Spiritual and Beliefs
and Religion in Health
Setting Health and
Illness Responses
Ariani Arista Putri Pertiwi
SPIRITUALITY
RELIGION
Religion
Religio
Religion
Religion
• “a bond between humanity and great-than-human
power” (Hill et al., 2000, p. 56, cit Hussain, D. 2011).
• a commitment of individuals to a supernatural power
• feeling of presence of such power who conceives
them
• carrying out ritualistic acts in respect of that power
• (Hill et all. 2000, cit Hussain. D. 2011)
Spirituality and Religion
• Religion, as a concept, is
perceived by many (in the west) as
not being interchangeable with
spirituality.
Religion
no universally
accepted definition
of religion
Two important aspects:
as an institution, religion comprises of particular
beliefs about the nature of reality (Gorsuch, 1988)
it is concerned with the connectedness of humanity
with greater or dynamic powers such as god, spirit, and
the like, that inspire reverence and devotion (Jung,
1969).
Spirituality
• ‘breadth of life’ (Elkins, 1999)
Spiritus
Spirituality
• The construct spirituality is considered
a kind of subjective experience which
is complex, multifaceted, and difficult
to define precisely (Benner, 1991)
Spirituality
Elkins et al. (1988), “a way of being and experiencing that
comes about through awareness of a transcendent dimension
and that is characterized by certain identifiable values in regard
to self, others, nature, life, and whatever one considers to be
the ultimate.” (p. 10)
Bensley (1991) has described spirituality as a
subjective belief system that incorporates self
awareness and reference to a
transcendence dimension, provides meaning
and purpose in life, and feelings of
connectedness with God or the larger reality.
Spirituality & Religion
• Wright (1999) :
• spirituality  summation of our values
which determines the process of how
interact with the world.
• Religion  a pathway to follow the
practices and thoughts that are
appropriate to the god or gods of a
particular faith.
A person may express
spirituality in the religious context
but a person’s religiosity is not
always a result of
spirituality
(Genia & Shaw, 1991).
SPIRITUALITY/
RELIGION
HEALTH/
ILLNESS
SOME FINDINGS
• Florence Nightingale : spiritual
dimension of nursing, grounded in
the Judeo-Christian tradition
• Many patients are religious, have
religious beliefs and traditions
related to health, and have health
problems that often give rise to
spiritual needs
• .
SOME FINDINGS
• Patients who indicated that their
spiritual needs were being met
reported significantly higher quality of
life. (Harvard Medical School
researcher).
• 9 Factors influence QOL, degree of
spiritual support  the second
strongest predictor
Other reality?
• Consider Asser and Swan's 1998 report11
in the prestigious medical journal
Pediatrics that 172 children died between
1975 and 1995 from parental withholding
of medical care on religious grounds
• children dying from food aspiration,
cancer, pneumonia, meningitis, diabetes,
asthma, and other treatable childhood
illnesses.
Other Reality?
• 83 % of the total fatalities came from five
religious groups: 50 from Indiana (primarily
from Faith Assembly, referred to above),
16 from Pennsylvania (most from Faith
Tabernacle), 15 from Oklahoma and
Colorado (mainly from Church of the First
Born), 5 from End Time Ministries in South
Dakota, and twenty-eight from members of
Christian Science nationwide
• Validity of the research ?
Conflicts between religion and medicine
that affect health care in adulthood
Examples:
• Against receiving blood
transfusions (Jehovah's
Witnesses),
• Seeking psychotherapy (certain
fundamentalist Christian groups)
SOLUSION?
• It is safe to say, though, that a large
number of these problems could be
avoided or minimized with better, more
open communication between HPs and
patients on spiritual issues,
• Almost no systematic research  2011
Dilwar Hussain. Europe’s Journal of
Psychology 1/2011, pp. 187-197
Main Areas Patients may be concerned
Diet
Hygiene
Modesty
Family planning
Childbirth
Blood transfusion
Dress/Jewellery
Organ
Transplantations
Names
Care of the
Dying/Death
Special
Considerations
Post Mortems
always
consult the patient about their
individual needs
Perception of Muslims towards health
and illness
• Athar (1993, 1998) stated that Muslim patients
consider an illness as atonement for their sins,
and death as part of a journey to meet their God
• However, they are strongly encouraged to seek
care and treatment.
• Health and illness become part of the continuum
of being, and prayer remains the salvation in
both health and in sickness.
Health behavior and practices
• Any behavior or activity needs to be
preceded by the act of cleanliness
(Tahara) regard for the sanctity of life
as an injunction
• Circumcision of the male infants is
recommended
• Blood transfusions are allowed after
proper screening
Health behavior and practices
• Assisted suicide and euthanasia are
incriminated
• Autopsy is not permitted unless there
is a legal requirement
• Abortion is not allowed except to save
the mother's life (and in some specific
conditions such as lethal congenital
malformations)
Health behavior and practices
• transplantation in general is allowed, with some
restrictions
• artificial reproductive technology is permitted
between husband and wife only during the span
of intact marriage (and using their own sperm
and eggs)
• while Islam clearly opposes homosexuality, it
does not prohibit Muslim nurses and physicians
from caring for AIDS patients
• genetic engineering to cure a disease is
acceptable, but not the cloning of human beings
SHE/HE WILL HAVE
PREFERENCES AND
NEEDS WHICH ARE
INDIVIDUAL AND PERSONAL
TO THEM ALONE
References
Baets, M&Toews, J. (2009). Clinical Implications of research on
Religion, Spirituality, and Mental Health. Can J Psychiatry.
2009;54(5):292–301
Hussain, Dilwar. (2011). Spirituality, Religion, and Health: Reflections
and Issues. Europe’s Journal of Psychology 1/2011, pp. 187-197
Koenig, H.G. Medicine, Religion, and Health: Where Science and
Spirituality Meet (West Conshohocken, PA: Templeton Foundation
Press, 2008) 21-25
Koenig, H.G. Spirituality in Patient Care: Why, How, When, and What,
2nd ed. (Philadelphia: Templeton Foundation Press, 2007), 108-22
Rassool. G.H. (2000). The crescent and Islam: healing, nursing, and
the spiritual dimension, some considerations towards an
understanding of the Islamic perspectives and caring. Journal of
Advanced Nursing, 32 (6)
South Devon Health care (NHS). Handbook on Cultural, Spiritual, and
Religious Beliefs. http://www.sdhl.nhs.uk/documents/cultural.html (1
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